The mass of the molecule of CO₂ is 5.04 kg
Avogadro's number represents the number of units in one mole of any substance. This has the value of 6.022 x 10²³units / mole.
It is used to make very large number easier to handle.
Firstly we will calculate the moles of CO₂
As, 6.022 x 10²³ molecules of CO₂ is present in 1 mole of CO₂
So, 6.89 × 10²⁵ molecules of CO₂ present in mole of CO₂will be found as
6.89 × 10²⁵/6.022 x 10²³ = 114.4 moles of CO₂
Now we have to calculate the mass of CO₂
mass = moles × molar mass
mass =114.4 moles× 44.01 g/mol
mass = 5.034 Kg
So it will be nearly equal to 5.04kg
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Steel is an alloy containing Fe atoms and C atoms. Which of the following diagrams best represents the particle-level structure of steel?
A
The figure presents a particle diagram consisting of 12 large unshaded circles, which represent C atoms and 6 small shaded circles, which represent F e atoms. The large C atoms are arranged in a 3 by 4 array. The small F e atoms are located throughout this lattice, at every intersection of four large C atoms.
B
The figure presents a particle diagram consisting of 12 large unshaded circles, which represent F e atoms and 6 small shaded circles, which represent C atoms. The large F e atoms are arranged in a 3 by 4 array. The small C atoms are located throughout this lattice, at every intersection of four large F e atoms.
C
The figure presents a particle diagram consisting of 6 unshaded circles, which represent C atoms and 6 shaded circles, which represent F e atoms. The circles are all the same size and are in a 3 by 4 array, alternating between F e atoms and C atoms. Rows 1 and 3 begin with a F e atom, and row 2 begins with a C atom.
D
The figure presents a particle diagram consisting of 6 large unshaded circles and 3 small unshaded circles, which represent C atoms, and 6 large shaded circles and 3 small shaded circles, which represent F e atoms. The large C and F e atoms are in a 3 by 4 array, alternating between F e atoms and C atoms. Rows 1 and 3 begin with a F e atom, and row 2 begins with C atom. The small C and F e atoms are located throughout this lattice, at every intersection of four large atoms. The small atoms alternate between C and F e atoms, such that the first row of intersections begins with a C atom, and the second row of intersections begins with a Fe atom.
Steel is an interstitial alloy made from Carbon and iron atoms. It is usually composed of 98-99% Iron and 1-2% Carbon. The possible answer here will be option B.
As we said Steel is an interstitial alloy, not a substitutional. So option D is not possible. The iron atoms are larger in size, so depicting both Iron and Carbon as equal size is not correct. Thus option c cannot be the structure. Also in the case of option A, if we examine it, the percentage amount and size of the atom will be problematic. This gives us the only possible answer B.
As we said steel is an interstitial alloy, which in a particle level structure will show 12 large iron atoms, arranged in a 3 by 4 array and carbon atoms are present in the intersection of four Iron atoms. Small carbon atoms will be seen throughout the lattice.
So the answer will be option B.
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a chemist measures the amount of hydrogen gas produced during an experiment. she finds that 66.1 g of hydrogen gas is produced. calculate the number of moles of hydrogen gas produced. round your answer to 3 significant digits.
368 g of hydrogen gas is produced. calculate the number of moles of hydrogen gas produced.
Where is hydrogen found?It is found in the sun and most of the stars, and the planet Jupiter is composed mostly of hydrogen. On Earth, hydrogen is found in the greatest quantities as water. It is present as a gas in the atmosphere only in tiny amounts – less than 1 part per million by volume.
What is hydrogen used for?Hydrogen can be used in fuel cells to generate electricity, or power and heat. Today, hydrogen is most commonly used in petroleum refining and fertilizer production, while transportation and utilities are emerging markets.
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a solution is made by dissocling 100 grams of colbat(ii) chloride in 250 grams of water to make a solution that has a density of 1.25g/ml. calculate the molality of the solution
100 gram of cobalt and chloride in 250 gram of water to make solution that its density 1.25g/ml then the molarity of the solution will be 2.42m and 2.16 M.
Determine some important information:
Solute = CoCl₃ (molar mass = 165.29 g/m); mass of 100 g
Solvent = Water, mass of 250 g
Solution of mass = mass of CoCl₃ + mass of water
250 gram + 100 gram = 350 gram of solution
If we want to reach a molarity (mol/L), let's determine solution volume with its density:
Solution of density = solution mass / volume of solution
1.25 g/mL = 350 g / volume of solution
Volume of solution = 350 g / 1.25 g/mL = 280 mL
Let's convert the volume into Liter → 280 mL = 0.280L
Let's convert the mass of a solute into moles = 100 g / 165.29 g/m →0.605 mol
Mol/L = 0.605 mol / 0.280 L = 2.16 M
Now let's to calculate the molalilty (mol/kg of solvet)
We must to convert mass of a solvent into kg → 250g = 0.250 kg
Then, 0.605 mol / 0.250 kg =2.42 m
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Energy stored in bonds of molecules is called:
a. chemical
b. nuclear
c. light
d. none of these
Answer:
a. chemical
Explanation:
Chemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.
Starting with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate what is the maximum number of ATP molecules that could be made through substrate-level phosphorylation?
Starting with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate the maximum number of ATP molecules that could be made through substrate-level phosphorylation is one
Cells primarily employ adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, as their source of energy. It can be broken down to liberate the energy held in its phosphate bonds, which have a lot of energy. In the first stage of the citric acid cycle, isocitrate is changed into alpha-ketoglutarate, which causes substrate-level phosphorylation to produce one molecule of NADH.
The remaining phases of the citric acid cycle use the NADH and FADH2 created during the cycle to make ATP through the electron transport chain rather than substrate-level phosphorylation. Therefore, one isocitrate molecule can only be converted into one ATP molecule through substrate-level phosphorylation.
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what mass of copper would be deposited if a 1.5 a current is passed through an aqueous solution of copper(ii) sulfate for 4.0 minute
0.12g Cu
The rate of flow of charge, measured in amperes, can be represented as coulombs per second.
4.0 minutes x 4.0 min x (60 s / 1 min) x (1.5 coulomb / 1s) x (1 mol e- / 96485 coulomb) x (1 mol Cu / 2 mol e-) x (63.55g Cu / 1 mol Cu) equals 0.1186g Cu.
Approximately 0.12g Cu.
Apply the unit-factor approach as known as dimensional analysis. You can reach the solution with a one-line setup and a series of computations.
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plese hurrry Which of the following best describes a predator/prey relationship in the forest? 100 points.
Question 8 options:
mistletoe growing on a Mesquite tree
a deer eating the green leaves and berries on a holly bush
bacteria and mold break down fallen leaves on the forest floor
a spotted owl swoops down and captures a mouse
Answer: A spotted owl swoops down and captures a mouse
Explanation: The owl is the predator and the prey is the mouse. :)
Answer:
A spotted owl swoops down and captures a mouse best describes a predator/prey relationship in the forest.when water changes from solid to liquid, the h2o particles present in the solid form become h2o particles in the liquid form. during this process there is in the chemical composition of the substance. this is defined as a(n) change.
Because HNO3 is a potent acid, it totally ionizes to produce the H+ and NO3- ions. Phenolphthalein's base color is pink, while its acid color is less colorful. ·
Which of the following describes hno3's characteristics?Nitric acid (HNO3) is an industrial chemical used in the production of fertilizers and explosives. It is a colorless, fuming, and extremely corrosive liquid with boiling and freezing points of 83 and 42 degrees Celsius, respectively. It is poisonous and can result in serious burns.
HNO3 undergoes what kind of reaction?Neutralization is a chemical process that happens when an acid is put to a base. Nitric acid, HNO3, reacting with the basic potassium hydroxide, KOH, is one example.
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HNO3 is a strong acid, therefore it completely ionizes to form the ions H+ and NO3-. The acid hue of phenolphthalein is less vibrant and has a pink base tone.
If any of the following best sums up the traits of hno3?An industrial chemical called nitric acid (HNO3) is used to make explosives and fertilizers. It has a boiling point of 83 degrees Celsius and a freezing point of 42 degrees Celsius. It is a translucent, fuming, and exceedingly corrosive liquid. It is noxious and highly burning.
What sort of reaction occurs with HNO3?When such an acid is added to a base, a chemical reaction called neutralization takes place. One example is the reaction of nitric acid (HNO3) and the basic caustic soda (KOH).
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As the number of bonds between two carbon atoms increases, which one of the
following decreases?a. number of electrons between the carbon atoms
b. bond energy
c. bond length
d. all of these
e. none of these
As the number of bonds between two carbon atoms increases, bond length decreases
The bond length is the separation among two bound atoms' centres. It represents the separation of the two atoms inside each nucleus along the potential energy curve at the lowest potential energy state of the system. Since there are more bonds between two carbon atoms, the electrons are shared more tightly and the bond length is shortened.
As an illustration, the average bond length for a single bond is about 154 pm, while the average bond length for a triple bond is about 120 pm. This is because numerous bonds have shorter bond lengths because of the stronger attraction of the electrons to the atom nuclei.
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A 25.0-mL sample of 0.125 M pyridine is titrated with 0.100 MHCl.
Part A
Calculate the pH at 0 mL of added acid.
Part B
Calculate the pH at 10 mL of added acid.
Calculate the pH at 20 mL of added acid.
Calculate the pH at equivalence point.
Calculate the pH at one-half equivalence point.
Calculate the pH at 40 mL of added acid.
Calculate the pH at 50 mL of added acid.
pH in Part A is 9.16, pH in Part B is 5.56, and pH in Part C is 4.98.
The meaning of pHa method for determining how basic or acidic something is. pH is measured on a scale from 0 to 14. On this scale, a pH of 7 denotes neutrality, meaning it is neither acidic nor basic. If the pH is less than or equal to 7, it is more acidic, and if it is greater than 7, it is more basic.
What causes the pH scale to range from 0 to 14?A pH value of no greater than 0 is produced by a hydrogen ion concentration of no more than 1M at the far end. On the opposite extreme, there are no more than 1M hydroxide ions, resulting in a pH of no more than 14.
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An electron is placed just above the surface of the Earth. In which direction (upwards or downwards) must an electric field be applied to keep the electron stationary?
answer choices
upwards
downwards
The Earth's surface is covered with an electron. To maintain the electron immobile, an electric field must always be applied downward.
Who or what is an electron?A negative charge subatomic particle known as an electron can either be free or attached to an atom. One of the three main types nuclear particles within an atom is an ion that is bonded to it; some other two are neutrons and protons.
In how many atoms do electrons consist?For dispassionately charged species, the concentration of electrons within an atom is similar to the atomic weight of an element. This indicates that an element has an equal amount of both protons and electrons. Consequently, oxygen contains 8 electrons.
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In the following reactions: C3H8 + 5O2--> 3 CO2 + 4 H2O If you wanted to produce 9 moles of CO2, how many moles of C3H8 would you need
9 moles of CO2 would require 9 moles of C3H8 since the ratio of C3H8 to CO2 is 1:3. This is because the balanced chemical equation for the reaction is C3H8 + 5O2 --> 3CO2 + 4H2O. This equation shows that for every 1 mole of C3H8, there will be 3 moles of CO2 produced.
Furthermore, the stoichiometric coefficients of the reactants and products indicate the relative amounts of each reactant and product in the reaction. Hence, reaction stoichiometry can be used to calculate the amount of each reactant or product needed to produce a desired amount of product.
This is especially useful in determining the amount of a reactant needed to produce a certain amount of product. In this case, the stoichiometry of the equation indicates that 9 moles of C3H8 would be needed to produce 9 moles of CO2.
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taking into account which direction the meter points, what is being reduced and what is being oxidized in the zinc and copper galvanic cell?
Taking into account the direction the meter points will be from left to right, the copper (||) ions are being reduced and Zn is being oxidized in the zinc and copper galvanic cell.
The direction of the flow of elections will be indicated by the direction of the needle, which will move from left to right. At this point, oxidation takes place at the Zn electrode, resulting in the release of e-, whilst the reduction of Cu+2 ion takes place at the Cu electrode, leading to the movement of electrons from left to right.
The correct answer is that the copper (||) ions are being reduced while the zinc ions are being oxidized.
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locate the main groups of elements in each column on the periodic table, and identify the number of valence electrons there are in each element in a particular group. infer why some elements are more reactive than others due to their number of valence electrons. interpret and describe an example of a chemical formula. summarize the two parts a chemical formula must have. why do atoms bond? describe examples of the two ways elements complete their valence shell through bonding.
Number of valence electrons determine how fast/easy for an atom to gain stability. Either by gaining electrons or losing electrons. Group 1 & 7 elements react fast because they only have 1 electron to gain or lose.
What does the term "element" mean to you?A chemical substance is a species of atoms, such as the pure substance made entirely of that species, with a specific amount of protons in their nuclei. Chemical elements, in contrast to compounds, cannot be converted either by chemical reaction into simpler substances.
What are the 20 crucial elements?The first twenty elements include metals such as lithium, beryllium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, aluminum, and calcium. The non-metals in the first twenty are hydrogen, helium, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon, phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, and argon.
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If you find a chemical in the lab and are unsure ofits identity, what is the best way to find out what itis?
The best way to find out what a chemical is in the lab is to consult the safety data sheet (SDS) for the chemical. An SDS will provide detailed information about the chemical, including its identity, hazards, and safe handling instructions.
If an SDS is not available, contact the supplier to request an SDS or consult a professional chemical reference book. Additionally, if there is a label on the container, it may provide the chemical identity. If the chemical is a mixture of multiple components, the best way to identify it is to run a chromatography analysis to separate and identify the components.
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From your knowledge about the distribution of electrons in the levels and from the atomic number (in parentheses), indicate the most likely charge on the ion when this atom forms an ion. (Remember the 2, 8, 18 level distribution.)
The most likely charge on the ion when this atom forms an ion O⁻².
Actually any atom tries to reach its nearest noble gas electron distribution, which is 8 electrons in its last shell (2 in case of helium). To achieve the total of 8 electrons in its last shell an atom takes up or gives up electrons.
Like in case of oxygen, it has 6 electrons in its last shell, thus generally takes up 2 more electrons to achieve the electron distribution of noble gas neon(10) and it can be written as O⁻².
Now when an atom takes up electron it becomes electronegative(because of more negative charged entities in it i.e, electrons) and when one gives up electron it becomes electropositive(because of extra positive charged entities in it i.e, proton).
But there can be some extra valencies other than the most stable one(which has the noble gas configuration). For example, oxygen has valencies of +1, +2, -1 other than -2(most stable).
Your question is incomplete most probably your full question was
From your knowledge about the distribution of electrons in their shells and from the atomic number (in parentheses), indicate the most likely charge on the ion when this atom forms an ion. (Remember the 2-8-18 shell distribution.) Oxygen (8) +1 +2 -2 -1
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at a certain time, the partial pressure of the gases in the reaction mixture represented above had the values shown in the table below. based on the information above, which of the following occurred as the reaction mixture moved toward equilibrium? (a) morewas produced because the rate of the forward reaction was higher than the rate of the reverse reaction. (b) more was produced because the rate of the reverse reaction was higher than the rate of the forward reaction. (c) morewas produced because the total pressure of the and combined was higher than that of the products; thus the reaction shifted to the side with the fewest number of moles of gas. (d) more was produced because the pressure of was the least and the reaction shifted to the side with the smaller number of moles of gas
A partial pressure of a gases inside the reaction mixture depicted above reached the levels based on (a) more at a certain point because the forward reaction's rate was greater than its reverse reaction's rate.
What is a mixture?A mixture is a substance created by mixing two or more distinct ingredients without causing a chemical reaction to take place. Usually, a combination may be broken down again into its constituent parts. When two or more substances come together physically rather than chemically, a mixture is created. Basic characteristics of a mixture: The components of a combination can be easily separated. The components each preserve their original properties. The components' relative weights vary.
What is a mixture example?A combination of organic substances known as crude oil (mainly hydrocarbons) Seawater is a combination of different salts and water. An amalgam of different gases, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, neon, etc., is called air. A blend of colored dyes is called ink. Carbon, potassium nitrate, and sulfur are the main ingredients in gunpowder.
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A block of granite has a mass of 660 g. It is heated to 155˚C and placed in a container of water at 25˚C. After a few minutes, the temperature of the water has reached a maximum of 88˚C. How many grams of water are in the container?
The mass of water in the container that contains a block of granite of mass 660g is 132.53g.
How to calculate mass using calorimetry?Calorimetry is the science of measuring the heat absorbed or evolved during the course of a chemical reaction or change of state.
The mass of the granite in this question can be calculated using the following formula;
Q = mc∆T
Where;
m = mass c = specific heat capacity∆T = change in temperaturemc∆T (water) = - (mc∆T) {granite}
m × 4.184 × {88 - 25} = - {660 × 0.79 × (88 - 155)
263.592m = 34,933.8
m = 132.53g
Therefore, 132.53g is the mass of the water in the container.
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what information is provided in the study guide found at the end of the chapter? how to read a chemistry text
A study guide found at the end of a chemistry chapter typically provides a summary of the key concepts and information presented in the chapter, as well as a list of key terms and definitions.
study guide may also include review questions and exercises designed to help students test their understanding of the material and identify areas where they may need additional practice or review. Additionally, it may also include some sample problems, tips for solving problems, and explanations of key concepts, as well as a summary of the key equations, formulas, and laws that were discussed in the chapter.In general, a study guide is a useful tool for students to use as they work their way through a chemistry textbook. It can help students to identify the most important information in the chapter, focus their study efforts, and check their understanding of the material. Additionally, it can also serve as a useful reference for students as they review for exams or complete homework assignments.
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if 4.0 l of a 4.9 m srcl2 solution is diluted to 40. l , what is the molarity of the diluted solution?
The concentration terms are molality, normality and mole fraction. Molarity can be used to find out the ionic strength of any solution. Therefore, 0.49M is the molarity of the diluted solution.
What is molarity?Molarity can be calculated by dividing number of moles of solute by volume of solution in litre. Molarity is affected by temperature. Its unit is mole/liter. It measure the concentration of any solute in a solution.
Mathematically,
According to the neutralization law,
M₁V₁=M₂V₂
where,
M₁ = molarity of stock solution =4.9 M
V₁ = volume of stock solution = 4.0l
M₂ = molarity of dilute solution =M₂
V₂ = volume of dilute solution = 40l
substituting all the given values we get
M₁V₁=M₂V₂
4.9 ×4.0=M₂×40
M₂=0.49M
Therefore, 0.49M is the molarity of the diluted solution.
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The chemical reaction that causes aluminum to corrode in air is given by
4Al+3O2?2Al2O3
in which at 298 K
?Hrxn? = ?3352 kJ
?Srxn = ?625.1 J/K
What is the standard Gibbs free energy for this reaction? Assume the commonly used standard reference temperature of 298 K?
What is the Gibbs free energy for this reaction at 5975K ? Assume that ?H and ?S do not change with temperature.
At what temperature, Teq, do the forward and reverse corrosion reactions occur in equilibrium?
This reaction has a standard gibbs free energy of 3538.2798 kJ. The reaction's Gibbs free energy at 5975 K is 7086.97 kJ.
What is gibbs free energy?The Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic potential in thermodynamics that can be used to determine the maximum amount of work that a thermodynamically closed system is capable of performing at constant temperature and pressure.
Here,
The formula for the gibbs free energy is:
ΔG° = ΔH° - T * ΔS°
⇒with ΔG° = the gibbs free energy for this reaction = TO BE DETERMINED
⇒with ΔH° = the standard enthalpy of the reaction =3352 kJ
⇒with T = the temperature of the reaction in Kelvin = 298 K
⇒with ΔS° = standard entropy of the reaction = 625.1 J/K
ΔG° = 3352 kJ - 298 K* (0.6251 kJ/K)
ΔG° = 3352 kJ + 186.28kJ
ΔG° = 3538.2798 kJ
Gibbs free energy for this reaction at 5975K,
ΔG° = 3352 kJ - 5975K* (0.6251 kJ/K)
ΔG° = 3352 kJ + 3734.97kJ
ΔG° =7086.97 kJ
The standard gibbs free energy for this reaction is 3538.2798 kJ. Gibbs free energy for this reaction at 5975K is 7086.97 kJ.
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• The vapour preure of the ketone carvone (M= 150. 2 g
mol-1), a component of oil of pearmint, i a follow:
θ/°C 57. 4 100. 4 133. 0 157. 3 203. 5 227. 5
p/Torr 1. 00 10. 0 40. 0 100 400 760
What are (a) the normal boiling point and (b) the enthalpy
of vaporization of carvone?
Carvone boils at 227 °C when its vapour pressure reaches 760 mmHg, which is normal pressure
What does vapour pressure mean?Vapour pressure rises with temperature and is a measurement of a substance's propensity to transform into a gaseous or vapour state. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the pressure exerted by its surroundings equals the vapour pressure present at the liquid's surface.
What makes vapour pressure so crucial?An indicator of a chemical's volatility is vapour pressure. Authorities and professionals frequently use it to forecast airborne chemical concentrations, occupational exposure, and environmental releases to the atmosphere. Data on vapour pressure is also necessary as a prerequisite for studies involving animals and the environment.
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.
a. What is the electron-domain (charge-cloud) geometry of BrF5? Enter the electron-domain geometry of the molecule.
b. What is the molecular geometry of BrF5?
c. Ignoring lone-pair effects, what is the smallest bond angle in BrF5?
d. Which choice best describes the polarity of BrF5?
The molecule is polar and has polar bonds.
The molecule is nonpolar and has polar bonds.
The molecule is polar and has nonpolar bonds.
The molecule is nonpolar and has nonpolar bonds.
(a) Electron domain geometry - Octahedral. (b) Molecular geometry - Square pyramidal. (c) Smallest bond angle - 90° (d) The polarity of BrF₅, best choice is: The molecule is polar and has polar bond. (e) AsH₃ is polar molecule.
A molecule's valence shell electrons are shown in a very simple manner via a Lewis structure. It serves as a visual representation of how the electrons surrounding certain molecules' atoms are positioned.
It demonstrates the bonds that exist between a molecule's atoms and its lone pairs of electrons. When used in conjunction with hybrid orbitals, Lewis structures can also be helpful in predicting molecular geometry.
(a) Electron domain geometry - Octahedral.
(b) Molecular geometry - Square pyramidal.
(c) Smallest bond angle - 90°
(d) The polarity of BrF₅, best choice is: The molecule is polar and has polar bond.
(e) AsH₃ is polar molecule.
Your question is incomplete most probably your full question was
a. What is the electron-domain (charge-cloud) geometry of BrF5? Enter the electron-domain geometry of the molecule.
b. What is the molecular geometry of BrF5?
c. Ignoring lone-pair effects, what is the smallest bond angle in BrF5?
d. Which choice best describes the polarity of BrF5?
The molecule is polar and has polar bonds.
The molecule is nonpolar and has polar bonds.
The molecule is polar and has nonpolar bonds.
The molecule is nonpolar and has nonpolar bonds.
e. Of the molecules below, only ________ is polar.
H2
SiS2
CH4
AsH3
PF5
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why is carbon especially well suited to serve as the structural foundation of many biological molecules?
The significance of carbon bonding in biological molecules because it enables the synthesis of a variety of chemical compounds that are necessary for the survival and proper functioning of all living things.
Because it is the foundation for the structural and functional variety of biological molecules, carbon bonding plays a crucial role in these molecules. Carbon is a remarkable element that may be used to make a diverse range of chemical compounds because it can form stable covalent bonds with so many different elements, including other carbon atoms, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and phosphorus. Carbon-based compounds make up the majority of biological molecules, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. These molecules are important for all living organisms to function and live.
Carbohydrates like sugars and starches are the primary energy source for all living things. Their structure is composed of covalently bonded simple carbohydrates like glucose and fructose. Fats and oils are lipids that are essential for the development of cell membranes as well as energy storage and insulation. Covalent bonds hold the fatty acids that make up their structure together. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA make up the genetic material found in all living organisms. They are composed of nucleotides, which are connected by covalent bonds and are in charge of storing and transmitting genetic information. Proteins are essential for structure, regulation, and catalytic reactions in living things. The amino acids that makeup them are joined together by peptide bonds in their construction.
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balance the following sodium borohydride reduction equation below.
Therefore, C₁₄H₁₀O₂ + NaBH₄ = C₁₄H₁₄O₂ + Na₂ + B₄ is the balanced equation for sodium borohydride reduction.
Why is sodium borohydride used?Aldehydes, ketones, or acid chlorides can be reduced using sodium borohydride when other easily reducible functional groups are present. 32 The solvents employed for the reduction are indicative of sodium borohydride's comparatively low reactivity. converts ketones and aldehydes to the corresponding alcohols. Esters, epoxides, lactones, carboxylic acids, nitro compounds, and nitriles are not reactive to sodium borohydride; nonetheless, it decreases acyl chlorides.
What is sodium borohydride made of?In chemistry, sodium borohydride is a widely used reducing agent. Its formula is NaBH4, and its constituent elements are sodium (Na), boron (B), and hydrogen (H). Since it is a safer reagent for reduction than other options, it is frequently employed in chemistry labs. NaBH4 is primarily utilised in the production of Na2S2O4 (sodium dithionite), a bleaching agent for wood pulp that is also used to convert aldehydes and ketones to alcohols, from SO2.
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A solution contains 2.2 x 10^-4 M Ag+ and 1.3 x 10^-3 M Pb^2+.
If NaI is added, will AgI (Ksp = 8.3 x 10^-17) or PbI2 (Ksp = 7.9 x 10^-9) precipitate first?
Specify the concentration of I- needed to begin precipitation.
The concentration of I- needed to begin precipitation will be [I⁻] = 3.77 x 10⁻¹³ M and (I)⁻² = 6.07 x 10⁻⁶.
Concentration is termed as the amount of a substance in a defined space.
2.2 x 10⁻⁴ M Ag⁺ (1)
1.3 x 10⁻³ M Pb₂⁺ (2)
1) Ag⁺ + NaI → AgI + Na⁺ (Ksp = 8.3 x 10⁻¹⁷)
2) Pb²⁺ + NaI → PbI₂ + Na+ (Ksp = 7.9 x 10⁻⁹)
Ksp = [Ag⁺] [I⁻] = (2.2 X 10⁻⁴ M) (I⁻)
Ksp = [Pb²⁺] [I]² = (1.3 X 10⁻³M) (I⁻)²
(1) 8.3 X 10⁻¹⁷ = (2.2 X 10⁻⁴M) (I⁻)
(I-) = 3.77 X 10⁻¹³ M
(2) 7.9 X 10⁻⁹ = (1.3 X 10⁻³M) (I⁻)²
6.07 X 10⁻⁶ = (I⁻)²
(I⁻)² = 6.07 X 10⁻⁶
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A small generic section of the primary structure of an a helix is given below. ?amino acid1 ?amino acid2 ?amino acid3 ?amino acid4 ?amino acid5 ?amino acid6 ?amino acid7? (a) Which amino acid residue?s backbone forms a hydrogen bond with the backbone of the sixth (6th) residue? Choose the correct residue from the drop-down menu. amino acid Select answer (b) Which of the following peptide segments is most likely to be part of a stable a helix at physiological pH? (c) How many hydrogen bonds can be formed within the backbone of 7 residues? Do not count the hydrogen bonds between this section and outside the section.
The an alpha helix amino fundamental structure Amino acid 1 two amino acids acid three −Glu−Leu−Ala−Lys−Phe− is the answer and three hydrogen bonds with water.
What are amino acids from helix?On a polypeptide chain, a -helix is a correct helix of amino-acid residues that normally has between 4 & 40 residues. The oxygen of the top coil (C=O) and the protons of the bottom coil (N-H) form hydrogen bonds that keep this coil together.
What makes proline the "helix breaker"?Alpha-helical and beta-sheet architectures of soluble (globular) proteins are known to be easily broken by the amino acid proline. This creates a structural conundrum because the Pro residue is frequently found in the presumed transmembrane helices of membrane proteins, deliver excellent proteins.
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At constant pressure which of these systems do work on the surroundings? Check all that apply.a. A(g) + B(g) → C (g)b. 2A (g) + B(g) → C (g)c. A (g) + B(g) → 3C (g)d. A(s) + B(g) → 2C(g)
At constant pressure the one of these systems do work on the surroundings is the : C) A(g) + B(g) ----> 3C.
The reaction is :
A(g) + B(g) ----> 3C
The number of the moles of gaseous reactants :
n = 1 + 1 = 2
The number of the moles of gaseous of the products :
n = 3
Δn = 3 - 2 = 1
The work done is given as :
W = -Δn RT
W = - RT
Thus, the work is negative , so the systems do work on the surroundings. Therefore the system that works on the surroundings is the correct option is C) A(g) + B(g) ----> 3C.
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what volume of an hcl solution with a ph of 1.3 can be neutralized by one dose of milk of magnesia? If the stomach contains 220 mL of pH 1.3 solution, will all the acid be neutralized?
Milk of magnesia is often taken to reduce the discomfort associated with acid stomach or heartburn. The recommended dose is 1 teaspoon, which contains 4.00×102mg of Mg(OH)2.
One dose of milk of magnesia needs to be neutralized with 0.35 L of HCl at a pH of 1.3
From the pH, we may calculate the hydrogen ion concentration as follows;
pH equals -log[H+]
Antilog: [H+] (-pH)
Antilog = [H+] (-1.3)
[H^+] = 0.0398 M
The reaction equation is now;
Milk of Magnesia with 2HCl leads to MgCl2 plus 2H2O.
Mg[tex](OH_{2} )[/tex] reaction mass is 4.00102mg or 0.4 g.
Mg[tex](OH_{2} )[/tex] moles are equal to 0.4 g/58 g/mol, or 0.00689 moles.
If two moles of HCl and one mole of Milk of Magnesia react, Mg[tex](OH_{2} )[/tex] interacts with 0.00689 moles of 0.00689 moles of 2 moles/1 mole.
equals 0.0138 moles of HCl
Observe that
Number of moles = volume concentration
Volume equals moles times concentration
Volume is 0.0138 moles per 0.0398 M.
Amount = 0.35 L
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Identification of the phenolic compounds contributing to antibacterial activity in ethanol extracts of Brazilian red propolis
Red propolis is a complex bee product. It is a resin produced by Apis mellifera bees and studies show that they have various beneficial properties.
The extraction of compounds can be done using water or ethanol. The components extracted depend upon the solvent used. Red propolis has characteristic phenolic compounds. They seem to have a wide range of activity from antibacterial to antifungal to antioxidant properties. The most activity was shown in extracts using aqueous solutions of ionic liquids or eutectic solvents.
The main compounds found in Red propolis are daidzein, formononetin, biochanin, medicarpin, neoflavanoids, chalcones, and flavonols, the characteristic red color of the product is due to pigments called retusapurpurins. Extracts having a high content of flavonoids shows high antioxidant activity. Extracts seem to have effects on commonly encountered cocci and Gram-positive rods, such as human tubercle bacillus, but only limited activity against Gram-negative bacilli.
So Brazilian red propolis seems to affect Gram-positive rods and commonly seen cocci.
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