The name of the area west of the Ural Mountains with rich soil called Chernozem is Black Earth Belt.
The correct option is C.
The Black Earth Belt, also known as the Chernozem region, is an area located west of the Ural Mountains in Russia. It is called the Black Earth Belt because of the rich, dark soil that is found in this region. The soil is rich in organic matter, which makes it very fertile and suitable for agriculture.
The region covers a vast area of land and includes several countries such as Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. The area contains some of the world's most productive agricultural land, and it is a major source of grain and other crops. Wheat, corn, sunflowers, and sugar beets are some of the crops that are grown here.
The Black Earth Belt is an important region for agricultural production and has been for centuries. The area's fertile soil has made it an attractive place for human settlement since ancient times. The region's climate, with cold winters and warm summers, is also ideal for agriculture. The correct option is C.
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The paris climate accord relies on strict, enforceable national limits on carbon dioxide emissions to address the environmental problem of climate change.
The Paris Climate Accord is a global agreement aimed at addressing the issue of climate change. One of the key components of this accord is the establishment of strict, enforceable national limits on carbon dioxide emissions.
The goal is to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases that are released into the atmosphere, which is the main cause of global warming and climate change. By working together to limit emissions, countries around the world can help to mitigate the negative effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels, more frequent and severe weather events, and loss of biodiversity.
The Paris Climate Accord is an international agreement that aims to address the issue of climate change by setting voluntary national targets for reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Under this agreement, countries develop their own plans to limit greenhouse gas emissions, and while these commitments are not legally enforceable, the accord does promote transparency and regular reviews of each nation's progress. The overall goal of the Paris Climate Accord is to limit global warming to well below 2°C, and ideally, to 1.5°C above pre-industrial level.
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defining characteristics of a wetland involve which of the following? A. hydrology B. soil type C. species D. composition
The defining characteristics of a wetland involve hydrology, soil type, and vegetation. Hydrology refers to the presence of water, which can be either standing or flowing. Option a , b , c
The soil type in wetlands is typically composed of hydric soils, which are saturated or inundated with water for extended periods of time. Wetland vegetation is adapted to grow in wet soils, and includes species such as cattails, sedges, and various types of wetland trees. The composition of a wetland ecosystem can vary greatly depending on factors such as water depth, nutrient availability, and climate. Together, these characteristics create a unique ecosystem that supports a variety of plant and animal species.
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a large boulder deposit of a different rock type than the local bedrock that has been carried long distances by glacial ice is called a/an:
A large boulder deposit of a different rock type than the local bedrock that has been carried long distances by glacial ice is called an erratic.
Erratics are a common feature of glacial landscapes, and they can vary greatly in size and composition. They are often used by geologists to help map the extent and direction of ancient glaciers, as they can provide clues about the direction and speed of ice flow. Erratics can also be used to study the geological history of an area, as they can provide information about the types of rocks and minerals that were present in different regions at different times. Overall, erratics are an important part of understanding the complex and dynamic nature of glacial landscapes.
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g what are some of the human impacts on global climate change? what are the possible consequences of global warming? discuss the projected changes and estimated probability of certain global warming effects occurring.
There are several human impacts on global climate change, including the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial activities.
These activities release greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, into the atmosphere, which trap heat and cause the planet to warm. The consequences of global warming are far-reaching and include rising sea levels, more frequent and severe heatwaves, droughts, and floods, as well as the loss of biodiversity and damage to ecosystems.
Scientists project that global temperatures could rise by 1.5 to 5 degrees Celsius by the end of the century. This could lead to melting glaciers and ice caps, which could cause sea levels to rise by several feet. Furthermore, global warming could lead to changes in precipitation patterns, resulting in more frequent and intense droughts and floods. The estimated probability of these effects occurring varies, but many scientists agree that they are likely to occur if we continue to emit greenhouse gases at current rates. To avoid these consequences, we must take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to a more sustainable way of living.
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explain the caucusus mountains shatterbelt
The Eastern European Shatterbelt generally applies to former Communist countries.
The region is extremely homogeneous in terms of culture when compared to other nations, although it has a lengthy history of conflicts. The Shatterbelt of the Caucasus, on the other hand, offers a variety of extremely vast variances. Conflicts were caused by the differences in race, language, and other defining characteristics. While some countries were directly invaded by an outside power, primarily Russia, while others engaged in open warfare with one another.
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Full Question;
Compare the Eastern European and Caucasus Shatterbelt.
In what way can Hydrilla potentially affect recreation in the Chowan River Basin?
Hydrilla, an invasive aquatic plant, can potentially affect recreation in the Chowan River Basin in several ways. First, Hydrilla can form dense mats on the water's surface, making it difficult or impossible to navigate boats, kayaks, or canoes.
The aquatic ecosystem of the Chowan River Basin can also be altered by hydrilla, which may have an effect on fish populations and their habitats.
For instance, dense Hydrilla mats may result in low oxygen levels that are harmful to fish and other aquatic life. Predators that feed on fish and other water creatures may find shelter in hydrilla.
As dense mats of the plant can produce an unappealing appearance on the water's surface, Hydrilla may also potentially reduce the aesthetic value of the Chowan River Basin for recreational purposes.
This may make tourists less likely to partake in leisure pursuits, which may have an adverse effect on the local economies that depend on tourism and leisure.
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Where did the following mass-wasting event take place? A layer of rock broke loose along an exfoliation joint and caused damage in a famous recreation area.
Choose one:
A. Elm, the Swiss Alps (1881)
B. Armero, Colombia (1985)
C. Yosemite National Park (1996)
D. Gros Ventre Slide, Wyoming (1925)
The mass-wasting event described took place in Yosemite National Park in 1996. Option B .
A layer of rock broke loose along an exfoliation joint in the park's famous recreation area, causing damage and leading to the closure of some areas.
Exfoliation joints are a type of joint that develops in rock due to release of pressure from the removal of overlying rock layers. In Yosemite, these joints often occur in a concentric pattern, creating dome-like features such as Half Dome and El Capitan. The rock fall event in 1996 was a reminder of the ongoing geological processes that shape this iconic landscape.
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omparing land use in urban areas and agricultural villages finds that if arable land is scarce, then the sizes of farms and houses
Comparing land use in urban areas and agricultural villages is difficult as both are different types of land with different uses. But if arable land is scarce, then the size of farms and houses can be small.
Farmers in locations with a shortage of arable land could have to maximise the space they have at their disposal, which might result in smaller farms. As there might not be enough land available for larger residences or structures, this could also imply that houses are smaller. Families may occasionally reside in communal or multigenerational homes to make the most of their limited resources.
In urban areas, the land varies depending on several factors like the density of the population, various economic activities etc. People need more residential space will be it high-rise society or single-family space because of the high population. Various commercial and institutional activities also require a huge piece of land.
As a result, compared to agricultural communities, the size of individual housing units and the quantity of land set up for farming would be substantially lower.
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net radiation refers to: (a) the total radiation reaching earth from the sun (b) the amount of radiation released from earth (c)the difference between absorbed and emitted radiation (d) the sum of absorbed and emitted radiation
Net radiation refers to the difference between the incoming solar radiation and the outgoing radiation emitted by the Earth's surface and atmosphere. Option C .
It is the balance of the absorbed and emitted radiation by the Earth. Solar radiation is the energy that the Earth receives from the sun, while the Earth emits radiation back to space as a result of its temperature. The absorbed radiation is converted to heat energy and re-emitted as longwave radiation. The net radiation value is important for understanding the Earth's energy balance and how much energy is being stored in the atmosphere, land, and ocean. It helps us understand the processes that drive Earth's climate and weather patterns, and provides insights into how the planet's temperature is changing over time.
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why does simple random sampling require a field (a list of all individuals in the population) and why does the requirement of a field make collecting a simple random sample difficult? [2]
Simple random sampling is a popular method used in statistics to select a representative sample from a larger population. It involves choosing individuals from a population at random and without bias, so that each individual has an equal chance of being selected. In order to carry out this process, a field (a list of all individuals in the population) is required to ensure that every member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.
The requirement of a field makes collecting a simple random sample difficult because it can be challenging to obtain a comprehensive list of all individuals in the population. In some cases, the population may be too large or constantly changing, making it impossible to create an accurate field. Furthermore, some individuals may be difficult to locate or may not wish to participate in the study, which can introduce bias into the sample.
In order to address these challenges, researchers may use alternative sampling methods such as stratified random sampling or cluster sampling, which can still yield representative samples even in the absence of a comprehensive field. However, simple random sampling remains a powerful tool in statistics when it is possible to obtain an accurate field and ensure that the sample is unbiased.
In conclusion, simple random sampling is a valuable method for selecting a representative sample from a population, but it requires a field to ensure that the sample is unbiased. The requirement of a field can make collecting a simple random sample difficult, but alternative sampling methods can be used when a comprehensive field is not available.
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which of the following processes forms basins in an ocean-continent convergent boundary? multiple choice flexing of the continent by weight of the thrust sheets flexing and bending of the continental plate as it goes down into the subduction zone thinning of the lithosphere above the subduction zone thickening of the crust by magmas from the subduction zone
Flexing of the continent by weight of the thrust sheets. This process occurs when the oceanic plate subducts beneath the continental plate, creating a zone of compression.
This process occurs when the continental plate is forced downwards into the mantle by the subducting oceanic plate. As the continental plate descends, it may bend and flex due to the pressure and heat of the subduction zone. This process can contribute to the formation of basins in an ocean-continent convergent boundary.
Based on these explanations, it appears that the process that forms basins in an ocean-continent convergent boundary is thinning of the lithosphere above the subduction zone. While flexing and bending of the continental plate may contribute to basin formation, thinning of the lithosphere is the most direct process by which basins can form.
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how do shields differ from stable platforms? how do shields differ from stable platforms? stable platforms consist of exposed igneous or metamorphic rock, whereas shields are covered with a veneer of sedimentary rock. shields consist of exposed igneous or metamorphic rock, whereas stable platforms are covered with a veneer of sedimentary rock. stable platforms only occur on continents, whereas shields occur both on continents and on the ocean floor. shields only occur on continents, whereas stable platforms occur both on continents and on the ocean floor. stable platforms are consistently older than local shields.
Shields and stable platforms differ in their rock composition and geographic distribution.
Shields are usually formed through tectonic activity that brings deep-seated rocks to the surface, whereas stable platforms are created through the slow accumulation of sediment over time. This explains why shields have exposed igneous or metamorphic rock, while stable platforms are covered in sedimentary rock.
Shields are large areas of exposed Precambrian rocks, primarily composed of igneous or metamorphic rocks that have experienced significant geological processes.
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why are precipitation totals low in polar climates, and which season has the most precipitation? why are precipitation totals low in polar climates, and which season has the most precipitation? the amount of water vapor in the air is always small because high-mixing ratios must accompany low temperatures. thus, usually precipitation is most abundant during the warmer summer months. the amount of water vapor in the air is always small because low-mixing ratios must accompany low temperatures. thus, usually precipitation is most abundant during the cooler winter months. the amount of water vapor in the air is always great because low-mixing ratios must accompany low temperatures. thus, usually precipitation is most abundant during the warmer summer months. the amount of water vapor in the air is always small because low-mixing ratios must accompany low temperatures. thus, usually precipitation is most abundant during the warmer summer months. the amount of water vapor in the air is always small because low-mixing ratios must accompany high temperatures. thus, usually precipitation is most abundant during the warmer summer months.
Precipitation totals are generally low in polar climates because the air is very cold and has a low capacity to hold moisture.
What happens with precipitationThe amount of moisture present in the air is greatly hindered by both the limited water vapor, as well as the low temperatures that are common in polar climates, which results in lower mixing ratios.
Considering which season usually brings the most precipitation to these chillier locales varies depending on where you are, yet as a whole more moisture can be anticipated during warmer moments when the air has more potential to hold what it needs. In certain parts of the Polar regions, summertime offers up the heaviest downpours, while in other areas spring and fall might bear the weight of the moistest forays.
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What cultural characteristic holds the North America together as a region?
The cultural characteristics that hold North America together as a region include shared history, values, and traditions stemming from common languages, economic systems, and social institutions. The ongoing process of cultural exchange, adaptation, and assimilation among the diverse populations has created a sense of regional unity and a vibrant, multifaceted culture.
The cultural characteristic that holds North America together as a region is the shared history, values, and traditions that have emerged over time from the interactions among its diverse populations. These include common languages, economic systems, and social institutions that have evolved through a process of cultural exchange, adaptation, and assimilation. In North America, the predominant languages are English, Spanish, and French, which have facilitated communication and the exchange of ideas across the region.
The economic systems in North America, particularly in the United States and Canada, are predominantly market-based capitalism, which fosters economic interdependence and cooperation. This economic integration has further strengthened ties between the countries, promoting a sense of regional unity.
Social institutions, such as democratic government systems, have also played a significant role in uniting North America. These political systems encourage the involvement of citizens in governance and the protection of individual rights, which are values that are deeply embedded in the region's cultural fabric.
Furthermore, the shared experiences of colonization, immigration, and multiculturalism have shaped the cultural landscape of North America. The region's diverse population has contributed to a rich tapestry of cultural traditions, such as art, music, literature, and cuisine, which are celebrated across national borders.
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subtropical deserts have scanty, erratic precipitation because: group of answer choices there is very little humidity (water vapor) in rising air bubbles at these latitudes. they are under persistent low pressure. storm tracks are especially difficult to predict in this region. they are too far away from the equator to get rain from the itcz and yet too close to the equator to get rain from midlatitude storms.
Subtropical deserts have scanty, erratic precipitation because they are too far away from the equator to get rain from the ITCZ and yet too close to the equator to get rain from midlatitude storms.
In addition, there is very little humidity (water vapor) in rising air bubbles at these latitudes, and they are under persistent low pressure. These factors contribute to the aridity and variability of precipitation in subtropical desert regions, making it difficult to predict storm tracks in this area.
Subtropical deserts have scanty, erratic precipitation because there is very little humidity (water vapor) in rising air masses at these latitudes. They are too far away from the equator to get rain from the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and yet too close to the equator to get rain from midlatitude storms.
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Describe the temperature gradient found in the troposphere.
Answer:
temperature decreases with altitude
Explanation:
As the density of the gases in this layer decrease with height, the air becomes thinner. Therefore, the temperature in the troposphere also decreases with height in response. As one climbs higher, the temperature drops from an average around 62°F (17°C) to -60°F (-51°C) at the tropopause.
What causes high tide on the side of the earth opposite the moon?.
Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on the Earth's oceans. The gravitational force of the moon is stronger on the side of the Earth that is facing the moon, which causes a bulge in the ocean known as a high tide.
However, there is also a high tide on the side of the Earth that is opposite the moon, which is known as the "opposite tide" or the "antipodal tide." This opposite tide is caused by the centrifugal force generated by the Earth's rotation. As the Earth spins on its axis, it creates a centrifugal force that pushes water away from the center of the Earth, causing a bulge on the opposite side of the Earth from the moon. This bulge creates a second high tide, opposite to the one caused by the moon, and results in two high tides per day.
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Which geographic factor is most responsible for the prosperous mining operations in south africa?.
The geographic factor most responsible for the prosperous mining operations in South Africa is the abundance of mineral resources, particularly the presence of large deposits of gold and diamonds.
South Africa's mineral wealth is a result of its unique geology, with some of the world's richest ore deposits found in the country's ancient geological formations known as the Witwatersrand Basin and the Kimberley Diamond Mines.
These mineral-rich areas have been the driving force behind the development of the South African mining industry, which has become one of the most important sectors of the country's economy. The Witwatersrand Basin, for example, has produced over 50% of all the gold ever mined on Earth, contributing significantly to the country's GDP and export earnings. Similarly, the Kimberley Diamond Mines have made South Africa a major player in the global diamond market. the abundance of mineral resources in South Africa, particularly gold and diamonds, is the most critical geographic factor responsible for the success and prosperity of the country's mining operations. This wealth of resources has allowed the mining sector to develop and thrive, supporting the economy and the livelihoods of many South Africans.
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Which characteristics most likely provide an advantage for a career as an art teacher?
Question 1 options:
dislikes children, dislikes mess, intolerant of noise, and creates computer graphics
organized, neat, quiet, and likes to paint houses in spare time
enjoys children, is flexible, competent in a variety of art forms, and is energetic
enjoys art museums, reads often, hard worker, is a part-time photographer
The correct option is "enjoys children, is flexible, competent in a variety of art forms, and is energetic."
Option C is correct
The characteristics that most likely provide an advantage for a career as an art teacher are:
Enjoys children: Art teachers work with students of various ages, and they need to be able to connect with them and inspire their creativity.
Is flexible: Art classes can be unpredictable, and the teacher needs to be able to adjust the lesson plans and teaching methods as needed.
Competent in a variety of art forms: Art teachers need to have a strong understanding of different art forms, techniques, and materials so that they can teach a diverse range of art classes.
Energetic: Art classes can be physically demanding, and art teachers need to have the energy to keep up with their students
Option C is correct
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Where are the major rivers of oceania, australia, new zealand, and antarctica located?.
Oceania, Australia, and New Zealand are not known for their major rivers, as their landscapes are mostly dry or dominated by lakes and underground water reserves. However, Antarctica has a few rivers, mostly located on the Antarctic Peninsula and in the Transantarctic Mountains. These rivers are mostly fed by glaciers and meltwater and are relatively short, with the longest being the Onyx River, which is about 32 miles long. The other major rivers in Antarctica include the Ferrar, Taylor, and Koettlitz Rivers, all located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Despite being few in number, these rivers are crucial for studying the effects of climate change on Antarctica's freshwater ecosystems.
Major rivers in Oceania, Australia, and New Zealand include the Murray-Darling River system, the Murrumbidgee River, and the Waikato River. In Australia, the Murray-Darling River system is the largest and spans across New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. The Murrumbidgee River, also in Australia, flows through New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. In New Zealand, the Waikato River is the longest and flows through the North Island.
As for Antarctica, there are no major rivers due to its extreme climate and the majority of the continent being covered in ice. However, meltwater streams and small rivers may temporarily form during the warmer months.
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the map shown above best fits which of the following map types? responses choropleth choropleth cartogram cartogram proportional symbol proportional symbol dot symbol dot symbol isoline
The map shown above best fits choropleth map types.
A statistical thematic map called a choropleth employs pseudo color, or color that corresponds to an overall summary of a geographic attribute within geographical enumeration units, such population density or per-capita income.
Choropleth maps make it simple to see how a variable changes geographically or how much variety there is inside a given area. In contrast to choropleth maps, which employ regions based on a priori geographic boundaries, heat maps and isoarithmic maps use regions that are constructed based on the pattern of the variable. Because published statistical data is typically combined into well-known geographic units like countries, states, provinces, and counties, the choropleth is probably the most popular type of thematic map.
Therefore, option A is the correct answer.
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What is one-way water moves through the nonliving parts of an ecosystem
during the water cycle?
most earthquake prediction is dependent upon: question 4 options: a) short term prediction based on animal behavior b) statistical probabilities of earthquakes based on past history c) long term forecasting based upon water usage d) guessing
Earthquake prediction is most dependent upon is b) statistical probabilities of earthquakes based on past history.
This involves analyzing historical data on seismic activity in a particular region and using statistical models to estimate the likelihood of future earthquakes. While there have been some attempts to use animal behavior or changes in water usage as potential indicators of earthquakes, these methods are not as reliable or widely accepted as statistical forecasting. The limitations of earthquake prediction, as even the most sophisticated statistical models cannot accurately predict the timing, location, or magnitude of individual earthquakes with complete certainty.
Earthquake prediction primarily relies on analyzing past seismic activity, patterns, and historical data to estimate the likelihood of future events. While other methods like animal behavior and long-term forecasting may provide some insight, they are not as reliable as statistical analysis. Guessing is not scientific and should not be considered in earthquake prediction.
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What are some problems associated with Hydrilla according to the Chowan River Basin article?
Hydrilla is an invasive aquatic plant that can cause a variety of problems in the Chowan River Basin, as outlined in the article. Some of the key problems associated with Hydrilla include: Competition with native species, Altered water quality, Interference with recreation and Increased costs.
Hydrilla is known to outcompete native aquatic plant species, which lowers the diversity and number of native plants in the river basin.
Changes in pH and low oxygen levels are only a few of the issues that might result from the Chowan River Basin's water quality being altered by dense Hydrilla mats.
Recreational interference: As indicated in the article, Hydrilla can grow in dense mats on the water's surface, making boating and other recreational activities challenging or impossible.
Cost increases: Because Hydrilla frequently necessitates the use of specialised equipment and chemical treatments, managing and controlling it can be costly.
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which is not a factor that weakens a slope? group of answer choices a cover of vegetation geologic fault jointing foliation planes
A geologic fault is a fracture in the earth's crust where the two sides move past each other, creating seismic activity.
However, faults do not weaken a slope, but rather make it more susceptible to landslides and other hazards. The other options, such as a cover of vegetation, jointing, and foliation planes, can strengthen a slope by providing stability and reducing erosion.
Among the given options, a cover of vegetation is not a factor that weakens a slope. In fact, it helps to strengthen a slope by holding the soil together and preventing erosion. On the other hand, geologic faults, jointing, and foliation planes can contribute to the weakening of a slope by creating instability and potential for movement.
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Between 1940 and 1970 most scientists were already concerned about global warming.
Answer:
most scientists were already concerned about global warming - the given statement is wrong
Explanation:
which exoplanet orbits closest to its star? A. hd 33564 b hd 698988 c hd 39091
Hd 698988 exoplanet orbits closest to its star.
B is the correct answer.
Any planet outside of our solar system is an exoplanet. The majority of exoplanets orbit other stars, while rogue planets—free-floating exoplanets that are unattached to any star—orbit the galactic centre.
Proxima Centauri b is our nearest known exoplanet neighbour, located just four light-years away. Super-Earth-sized exoplanet Proxima b revolves around a M-type star. It has a mass of 1.27 Earths, orbits its star in 11.2 days, and is 0.0485 AU away from it.
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Outwash plains are formed as a result of deposition by.
Outwash plains are formed as a result of deposition by meltwater streams from glaciers. An outwash plain is a flat or gently sloping area composed of sand, gravel, and other sediments that have been deposited by glacial meltwater.
When glaciers melt, they release large amounts of water that flow downhill as streams. These streams carry sediments, rocks, and other debris that were previously frozen in the glacier. As the water flows downhill, it deposits these materials on the surrounding land, forming outwash plains.
As glaciers retreat, the meltwater carries sediments and debris from the glacier's edge and deposits them in an outwash plain, creating a sorted and stratified accumulation of materials.
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The continental drift hypothesis was rejected primarily because Alfred Wegener could not _____________.
A) find geologic similarities on different continents
B) disprove competing theories that were more accepted by scientists
C) identify a mechanism capable of moving continents
D) all of the above
The continental drift hypothesis was rejected primarily because Alfred Wegener could not identify a mechanism capable of moving continents. Option C .
Although Wegener presented compelling evidence such as the fit of the continents, matching geologic features, and similarities of fossils and rocks across continents, his explanation for the movement of the continents was incomplete. Wegener proposed that the continents plowed through the ocean floor, but he could not explain how this was possible. In addition, Wegener's ideas faced opposition from many scientists who were wedded to the prevailing notion of a stationary Earth. As a result, Wegener's theory was largely rejected until the discovery of plate tectonics in the 1960s provided a mechanism for continental drift.
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which option below does not correctly describe a type of mechanical weathering? which option below does not correctly describe a type of mechanical weathering? the expansion of igneous rock at earth's surfaces, followed by slabs eroding off the rock the expansion of water within cracks and pore spaces of a rock as it freezes into ice the expanding apart of rock around joints that contain salty water the roots of a tree wedging a rock apart by growing into the rock's joints a rock weathering more quickly on one side than another side
The option that does not correctly describe a type of mechanical weathering is "the expansion of igneous rock at Earth's surfaces, followed by slabs eroding off the rock."
This is not a type of mechanical weathering, but rather a type of chemical weathering known as exfoliation. Exfoliation occurs when large slabs of rock break off from a larger rock mass due to the expansion and contraction of the rock caused by temperature changes.
The other options correctly describe types of mechanical weathering:
The expansion of water within cracks and pore spaces of a rock as it freezes into ice is called frost wedging.The expanding apart of rock around joints that contain salty water is called salt wedging.The roots of a tree wedging a rock apart by growing into the rock's joints is called root wedging.A rock weathering more quickly on one side than another side is called differential weathering.Overall, mechanical weathering refers to the physical breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition.
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