what is the native american groups had settlements in mississippi

Poland during the Cold War was the first and most challenging test case. So, option D is correct.

As mistrust and animosity between the US and the Soviet Union grew as a result of disagreements over how the post-World War II world would be organized, the Cold War began. The USSR had invaded and occupied Poland's eastern half in 1939, making it the first and most challenging test scenario. Moscow wanted a government that was under Soviet control, while Washington desired a more autonomous, representative democracy that was based on a Western model. A flexible agreement for Eastern Europe was produced by the Yalta Conference in February 1945.

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Answer:

Dear Jiang Ji-Li,

I hope this letter finds you in good health and spirit. I recently had the privilege of reading your book, “Red Scarf Girl” in my Global Humanities class this year and I must say that it was an eye-opening experience for me. Your book allowed me to see a different side of the world and learn about the history of China in a way that was both interesting and powerful.

One scene that particularly stood out to me was when you were arrested and interrogated by the Red Guard members. Your fear and confusion at that moment was palpable, and I couldn’t help but feel overwhelmed by the situation. The quote that stayed with me was, “I felt as if I were falling into an endless black hole” (pg. 149). That moment truly brought to life the terror and uncertainty that you must have experienced.

If I were growing up during your time, I can only imagine how difficult and confusing it must have been. The sudden changes in society and the fear of being seen as a traitor must have been overwhelming. I admire your resilience and strength in the face of such adversity.

There were several situations in the book that stood out to me, and I have to admit, I’m not sure if I would have acted the same way as you did. One situation was when you stood up for your father and spoke out against the false charges against him. I think I would have been too afraid to do that, but I admire your bravery in that moment. Another situation was when you tried to help your friend, Sun Wei, by giving him food. I think in that situation, I would have acted similarly because I believe in the importance of helping others in need.

In conclusion, I would highly recommend “Red Scarf Girl” to future 6th graders. Your book provides a unique insight into the history of China and the cultural revolution. It also teaches important lessons about courage, resilience, and the importance of standing up for what is right. I believe that all students can learn from your experiences and gain a greater understanding of the world.

Thank you for sharing your story with the world.

Sincerely,

[Your Name]

Dear Jiang Ji-Li,

I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to reflect on what I learned from reading your book, “Red Scarf Girl.” Our Global Humanities class had the privilege of reading this incredible story, and I must say, I was truly captivated by it.

One of the things I enjoyed about the book was how it showed a whole new world that I had never experienced before. Your experiences during the cultural revolution in China were truly eye-opening for me. The way you went from living a happy life with a bright future to suddenly having everything go wrong was truly captivating. I could not help but read on with anticipation, wondering what would happen next.

There were several scenes in the book that I found to be particularly powerful. One of the most impactful moments for me was when you were forced to take down posters of Chairman Mao, your beloved leader, and burn them (pg. 88). The scene was so powerful because it showed how quickly the world can change and how easily people's beliefs can be manipulated. Another powerful scene was when your father was taken away and you had to cope with the reality of his absence (pg. 155). This scene was especially poignant because it showed the immense toll that political upheaval can take on families.

If I were growing up in your time period, I would have felt scared and uncertain. The cultural revolution was such a tumultuous time, and I cannot imagine what it must have been like to live through it. Your experiences taught me the importance of standing up for what you believe in and the dangers of blindly following a leader or ideology.

There were several situations in the book that stood out to me and made me think about what I would have done in your place. One situation was when you were forced to publicly denounce your father (pg. 124). I cannot imagine how difficult that must have been, and I admire your courage in speaking the truth. If I were in your place, I would have acted the same way because I believe in speaking the truth, no matter the consequences. Another situation was when you were forced to wear a red scarf (pg. 56). In this situation, I would have acted differently and would have probably tried to hide the scarf to avoid attracting attention. Finally, when you were forced to attend the rally to condemn your father, I would have acted differently and tried to leave the rally and find a way to help my father (pg. 124).

In conclusion, I would highly recommend your book to future 6th graders. It is an excellent way to learn about history and to see the world through the eyes of someone who lived it. Your story is a powerful reminder of the importance of standing up for what you believe in and the dangers of blindly following a leader or ideology.

Thank you for sharing your story with us. It has truly impacted me in ways that I cannot express.

Best regards,
[Your Name]

The first black person to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives was Joseph Rainey.

He was elected in 1870 to represent South Carolina's 1st congressional district, and he served until 1879. Rainey was also the first black person to preside over the House of Representatives, which he did on several occasions during his tenure.The first Black person to serve in the United States House of Representatives was Joseph Rainey. Rainey was born into slavery in South Carolina in 1832 and after the Civil War, he became involved in politics. In 1870, Rainey was elected to the House of Representatives from the state of South Carolina. He was a member of the Republican Party and served on several important committees during his time in office. Rainey's time in the House was marked by his commitment to civil rights and equality for African Americans. He fought for voting rights and for an end to segregation in public places. Rainey served five terms in the House of Representatives and left office in 1879.

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I think the answer is D, not sure though. Hope this helps.

Answer:

D. Republic

Explanation:

D. Republic.

A republic is a form of government in which the people or their representatives are empowered to exercise supreme authority in making and enforcing laws. It is a system in which the head of state is elected by the people, rather than inheriting the position.

Answer:

D- if a state's police force could not keep the peace ​

Explanation:

There are hard challenges and struggles in daily lives of American during the Great Depression such as high unemployment rate, lack of food, lack of access to medical care, etc.

During the Great Depression in 1930s, many Americans experienced significant challenges and struggles in their daily lives, such as:

Unemployment: Unemployment rates reached as high as 25%, meaning that one out of every four Americans was out of work. Finding a job was difficult, and many people who were employed faced pay cuts and reduced hours.

Homelessness: Many people lost their homes due to foreclosure or eviction, and homeless shelters and soup kitchens were overwhelmed with demand.

Hunger: A significant portion of the population struggled with hunger and malnutrition due to a lack of resources and access to affordable food.

Lack of access to medical care: With little or no money, many people could not afford medical care or basic necessities like clothing and shelter.

Despite the many challenges of the Great Depression, it also led to a sense of community and solidarity among Americans as people came together to support each other through tough times.

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With an aim to pay off the debts,  the British government raised funds to defend the vast new American territories who won by French after a seven years war (from 1756 to 1763), the British Government passed the atamp act in the year 1765.

The stamp Act used a strategy to raise the funde in England.  That resulted in the rise of protest in the Colonies.  This is because,  they were facing three major taxes at one time.

The one was Sugar Act 1764, that imposed new responsibilities on the import of textiles, wines, and coffee, sugar etc.

The currency Act 1764, that caused decline in the paper money that the Colonies were using. And the Quartering Act 1765 that forced the Colonies to provide food and place/shelter to the British troops.

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The picture with the “enumerated power” the ninth one is shake hands to the rivals and new deal.

What is enumerated power?

The term enumerated power refers to the power was the granted to the Federal government. Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution, was the specifically Congress. There are the several powers to the to declare war, to regulate commerce, to coin money, and the maintain armed forces.

According to the given the pictures with the related to the enumerated power. The picture nine was the related to the shake hands to the rivals and new deal.

As a result, the significance of the enumerated power are the aforementioned.

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Middle class business leaders embraced the laissez-faire (hands off) approach, believing that a free market would eventually help everyone whereas Thomas Malthus opposed any government help.

Laissez-faire is a French word that means "allow to do," and it refers to a policy of little government intervention in people's and society's economic matters. Although the phrase's origin is unknown, folklore indicates that it was inspired by the response that industrialists gave when King Louis XIV of France's comptroller general of finance Jean-Baptiste Colbert asked them what the government could do to support business: "Leave us alone." The Physiocrat economists, who were influential in France from roughly 1756 to 1778, are typically linked to laissez-faire philosophy. As laissez-faire emerged in Britain under the influence of the philosopher and economist Adam Smith, it got strong backing from classical economics.

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The Mexican-American War, often called the Mexican War, the Spanish War of 1847, or Guerra de Estados Unidos a Mexico (literally, "War of the United States Against Mexico").

It was a confrontation between the United States and Mexico that lasted from April 1846 to February 1848. Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845, and there was a dispute about whether Texas ended at the Nueces River or the Rio Grande (a claim made by Mexico) (U.S. claim). In the course of the war, which U.S. soldiers consistently prevailed in, the nation seized more than 500,000 square miles (1,300,000 square kilometres) of Mexican territory, extending from the Rio Grande to the Pacific Ocean in the west. March 1845, not long following the annexation of Texas.

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The moral influence theory originated with the eleventh-century church theologian Peter Abelard. It is also known as the Moral influence theory of Atonement. It was an alternative to Anselm's satisfaction theory.  

The Moral Influence Theory of the Atonement is a belief in Christian theology that addresses the purpose and impact of Jesus Christ's death. According to this perspective, Christ's death had the dual goals of improving human morality and influencing it. Abelard concentrated on transforming man's view of God so that he was seen as loving rather than offended, harsh, or judgemental. Abelard asserts that "Jesus died as the evidence of God's love," a demonstration that can cause sinners to alter their hearts and thoughts and turn to God. Abelard disagreed with the notion that Jesus' death was a "debt paid to God's honour" which elevated the Devil to the status of a competing god. He also opposed the notion that Jesus' death was a "ransom given to the devil."

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Answer:

Reflection Paper on "Freedom Riders"

Ankit Mishra

title movie

freedom riders

instructions create a reflection paper that summarize the documentary and how brougth about social changes and lead to the Civil rigths act of 1964

please help me

2,3 pages

Please read the instructions please I need your help watch the movie and the instructions

Reflection Paper on "Freedom Riders" Documentary

The "Freedom Riders" is a powerful documentary that recounts the story of a group of civil rights activists who rode buses across the American South in 1961 to challenge the segregated public transportation system. The film provides a vivid and moving account of their journey and the challenges they faced along the way, from beatings and arrests to bombings and arson attacks. Through interviews with surviving freedom riders and archival footage, the film sheds light on the bravery and determination of these activists and the impact they had on the civil rights movement.

The freedom riders were inspired by the nonviolent protest movement led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders. They believed that segregation was a moral wrong and that they had a duty to resist it through nonviolent means. Despite the danger they faced, the freedom riders refused to back down, putting their lives on the line for the cause of justice and equality.

The bravery of the freedom riders had a profound impact on the civil rights movement. Their actions galvanized support for the cause and drew national attention to the issue of segregation. The freedom rides sparked a wave of protests and civil disobedience across the South, and helped to build momentum for the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This landmark legislation banned segregation in public places and made it illegal to discriminate against someone on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

The "Freedom Riders" documentary serves as a powerful reminder of the sacrifices made by those who fought for civil rights in the United States. It highlights the courage and determination of the freedom riders and the impact they had on the country. It is an important film that teaches us about the past and the struggles of those who fought for justice and equality.

In conclusion, the "Freedom Riders" documentary is a powerful reminder of the sacrifices made by those who fought for civil rights in the United States. It highlights the bravery and determination of the freedom riders and the impact they had on the civil rights movement. The film serves as a testament to the power of nonviolent protest and the importance of standing up for what is right, even in the face of opposition. The lessons of the freedom riders should inspire us all to continue working towards a more just and equal society.

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Both sides turned to new innovations for war due to the technological development caused by scientists during WW1.

What was World War 1?

World War I, also known as the Great War was an international human conflict between 1914-18 began after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

The fighting ended on November 11, 1918 when a general armistice was agreed to by both sides. The war officially ended between Germany and the Allies with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.

Both sides turned to new innovations for war due to the technological development caused by scientists during WW1.

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There have been three U.S. Presidents who have faced impeachment proceedings in the history of the United States: Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, and Donald Trump.

A process called impeachment allows for the removal of an elected figure from office for "high crimes and misdemeanors," such as the President of the United States. The procedure is specified in the U.S. Constitution and involves the House of Representatives, which submits articles of impeachment against the official, and the Senate, which holds a trial to decide whether or not to convict the person and remove him or her from office.

Simple majority votes in the House of Representatives and two-thirds majorities in the Senate are needed to convict and remove an official from office, respectively. A president who is impeached may continue hold office, so impeachment does not always mean removal from office.

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Answer:

a. Thurgood Marshall

b. Landmark case: Brown v. Board of Education in 1954

Explanation:

Thurgood Marshall was the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Prior to his appointment to the Supreme Court, he worked as a lawyer for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

His landmark case as a lawyer was Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, which declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. The case is widely recognized as a major step forward in civil rights in the United States, as it overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine established by the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case.

Marshall argued that segregation was inherently unequal and that it violated the 14th Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection under the law. The Supreme Court agreed and unanimously ruled in favor of Brown. Marshall’s victory in the case set a precedent for civil rights cases that followed and shaped the legal landscape of the United States for decades.

The Progressive movement, of which city planning was a component, was eventually born out of the corruption and exploitation of the time. Slums, traffic, disarray, ugliness, and the threat of disease sparked a response in which the first priority was sanitation improvement.

Cities around the country saw a significant transformation as a result of industrial development and population growth. It became usual to experience noise, traffic congestion, Slums, air pollution, and sanitation and health issues. Skyscrapers started to dominate city skylines, while mass transit was developed in the shape of trolleys, cable cars, and subways.

With the influx of people from rural parts of the United States and Europe, as well as factories and other structures needed for manufacturing, the Industrial Revolution led to towns becoming cities and existing cities growing both in terms of population and geographic size.

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The correct answer to this question is option c. They bought it from France.

Under the fear of war, President Jefferson and James Monroe were able to persuade France to sell the United States the Louisiana Territory, which had an area of around 827,000 square miles, for $15 million in 1803.

President Thomas Jefferson gave Meriwether Lewis the mission to explore the territory that made up the Louisiana Purchase west of the Mississippi River in 1804, which marked the start of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Lewis selected William Clark to serve as his mission's co-leader. The journey took more than two years, during which they encountered both friendly and hostile Native Americans as well as inclement weather, treacherous terrain, dangerous waters, injuries, malnutrition, and disease. Even so, the almost 8,000-mile expedition was hailed as a great success since it revealed fresh topographical, biological, and cultural data on previously unexplored regions of North America.

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Known as Madam C.J. Walker, she fostered a line of beauty care items for black women.

Madam C.J. Walker (1867-1919) was "the primary Black woman millionaire in America" and made her fortune thanks to her homemade line of hair care items for Black women. She was motivated to create her hair items after an involvement in hair misfortune, which prompted the creation of the "Walker framework" of hair care. The independent millionaire involved her fortune to subsidize scholarships for women at the Tuskegee Organization and donated large parts of her wealth to the NAACP, the Black YMCA and different charities

Walker constructed a factory, hair salon, mail-request business and a beauty school which trained 20,000 sales agents. Later she became a philanthropist and was active in organizing the NAACP's Quiet Dissent Parade in New York in 1917.

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Henry Hudson, Christopher Columbus, James Cook, Ferdinand Magellan, Hernan Cortes  are five main characters of the age of exploration.

Geography was significantly impacted by the Age of Exploration. Explorers were able to learn more about places like Africa and the Americas and bring that knowledge back to Europe by visiting various parts of the world.

Under Henry the Navigator's direction, the Age of Exploration got underway in Portugal. Henry dispatched ships to map and investigate Africa's west coast.

The first expedition to circle the globe was led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan.

Christopher Columbus believed he could travel to Asia by sailing west over the Atlantic Ocean.

Their discoveries also exposed Europeans to a completely new world of flora and wildlife.

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The revolutions of 1830 and 1848 was not successful in bringing about the lasting reforms that radicals sought because Belgian independence was won by the liberals.

Did the 1830 and 1848 revolutions succeed?

A wave of republican uprisings against European monarchy that began in Sicily and eventually spread to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian empire is known as the 1848 revolutions. They were all met with opposition and failure, and a general disappointment among liberals followed. However, in the majority of other places, revolutions failed because to a lack of widespread support. Despite some setbacks, the 1830 revolutions did have noteworthy results. They partially stopped the emergence of a regressive political movement.

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Tureaud was chosen to lead the N.A.A.C.P.'s local branch in New Orleans in 1950. He brought four lawsuits against LSU's segregation policy in the law, medical, graduate, and undergraduate schools while serving as president from 1950 to 1953.

What did Alexander P. Tureaud contribute to Louisiana's state life?

Tureaud is most recognized for his management of legal matters involving civil rights and education. The most well-known attorneys for the NAACP at the time, Thurgood Marshall and Robert Carter, assisted Tureaud in bringing an end to segregation in the public schools of New Orleans.

What part did New Orleans' Alexander Pierre Tureaud play in the civil rights movement?

A. P. Tureaud, Alexander Pierre, Sr. A. P. Tureaud filed the case that ultimately brought an end to the Jim Crow system of segregation in New Orleans with the help of Thurgood Marshall and Robert Carter from the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund.

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Joe Garagiola was the New York Yankees catcher who took over as TV broadcaster for Mel Allen in 1964.

Garagiola played for the St. Louis Cardinals, Pittsburgh Pirates, and New York Giants during his Major League Baseball career. After his playing days were done, Garagiola went into broadcasting, first as a pundit for NBC's "Game of the Week" and subsequently as a member of the Yankees broadcast crew. He stayed with the Yankees through the 1967 season before going on to other broadcasting jobs, including Olympic coverage and co-hosting "Today" on NBC.

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the legislative branch makes all laws, declares war, regulates interstate and foreign commerce and controls taxing and spending policies.

The gadgets and "weird stuff" that the West offered them were of little interest to them. China was able to decline these Western proposals because it had a high level of self-sufficiency.

This self-sufficiency was made possible by China's robust agricultural economy. China was in a position to decline these Western proposals because it was mostly self-sufficient. This self-sufficiency was made possible by China's robust agricultural economy. A rice variety with fast growth had been imported to China from Southeast Asia during the 11th century. The rice was farmed all across the southern region of the country by the Qing Dynasty. Spanish and Portuguese traders introduced maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts from the Americas at about the same period, in the 17th and 18th centuries. These crops were helpful fo china.

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The Sherman Antitrust Act was enacted in 1890 to curtail combinations of power that interfere with trade and reduce economic competition.

The civil war had the biggest impact on American society than any other event in history because it led to the emancipation of enslaved people and the reunification of the United States.

How was the Civil War so impactful ?

The Civil War resulted in the abolition of slavery, which had been a major source of division and conflict in the country for decades. The end of slavery represented a profound shift in American society and paved the way for greater civil rights and equality for African Americans.

It also ended the Confederacy and reunited the country, which had been torn apart by the conflict. This helped to lay the foundations for a stronger, more unified nation and contributed to the growth of American nationalism.

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Answer: D

Social Rights.

Answer:

Political Rights

Explanation:

In the late nineteenth century, many white Louisianans attempted to reverse the gains African Americans had made during Reconstruction. The implementation of Jim Crow—or racial segregation laws—institutionalized white supremacy and Black inferiority throughout the South. The term Jim Crow originated in minstrel shows, the popular vaudeville-type traveling stage plays that circulated the South in the mid-nineteenth century. Jim Crow was a stock character, a stereotypically lazy and shiftless Black buffoon, designed to elicit laughs with his avoidance of work and dancing ability. By 1880, however, “Jim Crow” came to signify a model of race relations in which African Americans and white Americans operated in separate social planes. Almost one hundred years would pass before civil rights workers were able to reverse these laws.

The Origins of Jim Crow, 1865 to 1890

In the five years after the Civil War, the Republican-controlled Louisiana Congress enacted powerful civil rights legislation aimed at securing African Americans their political rights. The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, respectively, abolished slavery, recognized African Americans as citizens, and guaranteed African American men the right to vote. The Fourteenth Amendment was particularly significant because it guaranteed African Americans the same rights of citizenship that white Americans had, including equal protection under the law. By 1875 African Americans across the South, supported by the federal government, had established nearly four thousand schools for Black students. In addition, more than fifteen hundred had run for office as state and national representatives.

Instituting Jim Crow was a gradual process before 1880, especially during Reconstruction, when it appeared that African Americans enjoyed some protection from the federal government. But in 1865, the Louisiana legislature began implementing “black codes,” laws that formed the basis for racial segregation. Originating in the eighteenth century, black codes regulated and restricted the movement of enslaved people. More generally, they reinstated the antebellum southern social order, in which white people occupied a higher social rung than Black people. Throughout the 1860s and 1870s, black codes limited Black life in numerous ways. They determined the types of businesses African Americans could own and the time of day they could visit downtown. The codes stipulated that no more than three African Americans could ever assemble in one place, and gave white people legal authority over Black people when no police officer was present. Though black codes were found in every parish, they were most vigorously enforced in the northern and eastern parishes of Louisiana.

In southern Louisiana, African Americans were allowed much more freedom, largely owing to the racial demographics of southern Louisiana in general and New Orleans in particular. By 1860, New Orleans could be divided into three discernable racial groups: whites, free people of color, and enslaved people of African descent. In New Orleans, free people of color, who often had a mixed racial heritage, traditionally enjoyed a measure of freedom in their businesses and social interactions not found in other parts of the state.

By 1877, deepening distrust between white people and African Americans led to the lowest point in race relations in American history. At the beginning of Reconstruction, Louisiana sent several Black politicians to the US House of Representatives, and one African American, P. B. S. Pinchback, served as governor from late 1872 to January 1873. By the time federal troops were officially removed from Louisiana in 1877, however, all of these politicians had been defeated; all hopes for improved racial relations, or federal intervention on behalf of Black Louisianans, seemed to have evaporated.

As Reconstruction ended, most African Americans in Louisiana rented small plots of land, hoping to become self-sufficient farmers. Formerly enslaved people tended to stay geographically close to their former owners, usually living no more than fifty miles away. In place of slavery, white Louisianans developed an agricultural system called sharecropping. White property owners gave African American farmers access to land with the understanding that these farmers would give the landowner part of the crop as “rent.” Sharecropping quickly evolved into an exploitative relationship between farmers and landlords. Often illiterate and uneducated, sharecroppers rarely understood the written contracts they were compelled to sign. Further, landlords set the price of the crop, often ignoring its market value, while Black farmers with left without recourse. Sharecropping undergirded Black poverty in Louisiana—profits were scarce, weather and climate were often uncooperative, and corruption was rampant.

Answer:

In the late nineteenth century, many white Louisianans attempted to reverse the gains African Americans had made during Reconstruction. The implementation of Jim Crow—or racial segregation laws—institutionalized white supremacy and Black inferiority throughout the South. The term Jim Crow originated in minstrel shows, the popular vaudeville-type traveling stage plays that circulated the South in the mid-nineteenth century. Jim Crow was a stock character, a stereotypically lazy and shiftless Black buffoon, designed to elicit laughs with his avoidance of work and dancing ability. By 1880, however, “Jim Crow” came to signify a model of race relations in which African Americans and white Americans operated in separate social planes. Almost one hundred years would pass before civil rights workers were able to reverse these laws.

The Origins of Jim Crow, 1865 to 1890

In the five years after the Civil War, the Republican-controlled Louisiana Congress enacted powerful civil rights legislation aimed at securing African Americans their political rights. The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, respectively, abolished slavery, recognized African Americans as citizens, and guaranteed African American men the right to vote. The Fourteenth Amendment was particularly significant because it guaranteed African Americans the same rights of citizenship that white Americans had, including equal protection under the law. By 1875 African Americans across the South, supported by the federal government, had established nearly four thousand schools for Black students. In addition, more than fifteen hundred had run for office as state and national representatives.

Instituting Jim Crow was a gradual process before 1880, especially during Reconstruction, when it appeared that African Americans enjoyed some protection from the federal government. But in 1865, the Louisiana legislature began implementing “black codes,” laws that formed the basis for racial segregation. Originating in the eighteenth century, black codes regulated and restricted the movement of enslaved people. More generally, they reinstated the antebellum southern social order, in which white people occupied a higher social rung than Black people. Throughout the 1860s and 1870s, black codes limited Black life in numerous ways. They determined the types of businesses African Americans could own and the time of day they could visit downtown. The codes stipulated that no more than three African Americans could ever assemble in one place, and gave white people legal authority over Black people when no police officer was present. Though black codes were found in every parish, they were most vigorously enforced in the northern and eastern parishes of Louisiana.

In southern Louisiana, African Americans were allowed much more freedom, largely owing to the racial demographics of southern Louisiana in general and New Orleans in particular. By 1860, New Orleans could be divided into three discernable racial groups: whites, free people of color, and enslaved people of African descent. In New Orleans, free people of color, who often had a mixed racial heritage, traditionally enjoyed a measure of freedom in their businesses and social interactions not found in other parts of the state.

By 1877, deepening distrust between white people and African Americans led to the lowest point in race relations in American history. At the beginning of Reconstruction, Louisiana sent several Black politicians to the US House of Representatives, and one African American, P. B. S. Pinchback, served as governor from late 1872 to January 1873. By the time federal troops were officially removed from Louisiana in 1877, however, all of these politicians had been defeated; all hopes for improved racial relations, or federal intervention on behalf of Black Louisianans, seemed to have evaporated.

As Reconstruction ended, most African Americans in Louisiana rented small plots of land, hoping to become self-sufficient farmers. Formerly enslaved people tended to stay geographically close to their former owners, usually living no more than fifty miles away. In place of slavery, white Louisianans developed an agricultural system called sharecropping. White property owners gave African American farmers access to land with the understanding that these farmers would give the landowner part of the crop as “rent.” Sharecropping quickly evolved into an exploitative relationship between farmers and landlords. Often illiterate and uneducated, sharecroppers rarely understood the written contracts they were compelled to sign. Further, landlords set the price of the crop, often ignoring its market value, while Black farmers with left without recourse. Sharecropping undergirded Black poverty in Louisiana—profits were scarce, weather and climate were often uncooperative, and corruption was rampant.

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A hickory stick, which served as a campaign emblem for Andrew Jackson, is the little object that metaphorically depicts the Election of 1828.

The campaign button is a little object that symbolically reflects the Election of 1828. The Democratic and National Republican parties each created buttons for their respective candidates, Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams, in the Election of 1828, which saw the first widespread usage of campaign buttons. The buttons, which were given out to supporters as a method to spark interest and support for their preferred candidate, were frequently decorated with patriotic symbols or phrases. A major turning point in American political campaigning occurred in 1828 with the widespread use of campaign buttons, which paved the way for the present era of presidential elections.

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