Net Present Value (NPV)Net present value (NPV) is the present value of future cash inflows minus the present value of future cash outflows. It's one way to determine whether or not a project will be profitable.
To find the Net Present Value (NPV), the following formula is used:
NPV = (Cash inflow/(1 + r)^t) - Initial Investment - (Cost of Capital * Increase in working Capital)
where Cash inflow = Annual revenues - Annual variable costs - Annual fixed costsIncrease in working Capital = [tex]$62,632.00[/tex]
Initial Investment = [tex]$74,089.00[/tex] - Salvage Value = [tex]$53,843.00[/tex]
Cost of Capital = WACC = (D/V * Cost of Debt * (1-T)) + (E/V * Cost of Equity)
WACC = (0.6555 * 0.0893 * (1-0.2693)) + (0.3445 * 0.0781) = 0.0832 or 8.32%NPV = (347,360/(1 + 0.0832)^1) + (347,360/(1 + 0.0832)^2) + (347,360/(1 + 0.0832)^3) - 53,843.00 - (0.0832 * 62,632.00)NPV =[tex]$ 62,826.39[/tex]
NPV is the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows, taking into account the time value of money, i.e. money in the future is worth less than money today.In this scenario, the NPV is positive, so the investment is recommended. In other words, the project's present value of cash inflows exceeds the project's present value of cash outflows.
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A man wishes to set aside some money for his daughter’s college education. His goal is to have a bank
savings account containing an amount equivalent to $20,000 in today’s dollars at the girl’s 18th birthday.
The estimated inflation rate is 9%. If the bank pays 6% compounded annually, what lump sum should he
deposit today on the child’s 4th birthday?
In order to set aside an amount of $20,000 in today's dollars for his daughter's college education, a man wishes to have a bank savings account on his child's 18th birthday.
The estimated inflation rate is 9% and the bank pays 6% compounded annually.As per the problem, the present value of future college expenses must be equivalent to $20,000 in today's dollars. Let us denote the amount the man must deposit today as PV. As the man wishes to save for his daughter’s college education for 14 years, we will use the number of years to calculate the future value of his savings by the time his daughter turns 18. Using the formula of compound interest, we can get:Future Value
[tex](FV) = PV × (1 + r)n[/tex]
Here, r is the interest rate, and n is the number of years.The bank pays an annual interest of 6%, and therefore, r = 0.06. We also know that the estimated inflation rate is 9%, or i = 0.09.We can find the number of years for which the money has to be saved by subtracting the current age of the child from 18 years. Therefore, the number of years is n = 18 - 4 = 14.Now, using the formula for inflation adjusted future value, we can get:
[tex]FV = $20,000FV = PV × (1 + r)n(1 + i)nFV = PV × (1 + 0.06)14(1 + 0.09)14$20,000 = PV × 1.0614 × 1.0914$20,000 = PV × 4.20546PV = $20,000/4.20546PV = $4,751.55[/tex]
Therefore, a lump sum of $4,751.55 should be deposited today on the child's 4th birthday so that the man can set aside $20,000 in today's dollars for his daughter’s college education by the time his daughter turns 18 years old.
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Exercise 10-1 Cost of plant assets LO C1
Rizio Co. purchases a machine for $13,900, terms 1/10, n/60, FOB shipping point. Rizio paid within the discount period and took the $139 discount. Transportation costs of $314 were paid by Rizio. The machine required mounting and power connections costing $961 Another $453 is paid to assemble the machine and $40 of materials are used to get it into operation. During installation, the machine was damaged and $355 worth of repairs were made.
Complete the below table to calculate the cost recorded for this machine.
Amount included in Cost of Equipment:
Invoice price of machine
Net purchase price
Total cost to be recorded
The total cost recorded for the machine is $16,884.
To calculate the cost recorded for the machine, we need to consider the various components included in the cost. Let's complete the table:
Amount included in Cost of Equipment:
Invoice price of machine: $13,900
Net purchase price: Invoice price - Discount
Net purchase price = $13,900 - $139 = $13,761
Total cost to be recorded: Net purchase price + Transportation costs + Mounting and power connections + Assembly costs + Materials used + Repairs
Total cost to be recorded = $13,761 + $314 + $961 + $453 + $40 + $355 = $16,884
Therefore, the total cost recorded for the machine is $16,884.
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: Types of investment risk Understanding the Risks and Rewards of Investing You've heard that investing can be risky, but what exactly are the risks? Why do some investments succeed while others fall? The following examples demonstrate some of the potential pitfalls your investments might encounter. Select the primary type of investment risk that corresponds to each of the given descriptions. (Hint: These are not necessarily complete descriptions, but there is only one possible answer for each description.) Description Primary Risk Comp Whiz is a tech conpary that intialy sparked investor enthusiasm, revitting in a dramatic rise in share value afee the inital putic oflering in respanse to a fumor that the company's latest product contained a gitch, wivestars fushed to sel their shares, causing a sharp decline in the stock price. Real estale can be a vauabie irwestiment in times of price inflation, the higher the price level, the greater the value of the property. If the ganeral price level decines, however, these investments can- lose wignficant value. Prot to 2005-2009, the shoe compary Runner's High had been groweng at a steady pace, expandirg ils product ine and entering miakets in new regens. When the recession hit, however, inventories piled up as sales decined, woch that the company was unable to make payments fo some of its supplien. Understanding the Risks and Rewards of Investing You've heard that investing can be risky, but what exactly are the risks? Why do some investments succeed while others fali? The following examples demonstrate some of the potential pitfalls your investments might encounter. Select the primary type of investment risk that corresponds to each of the given descriptions. (Hint: These are not necessarily complete descriptions, but there is only one possible answer for each description.) Description Primary Risk CompWhie is a tech company that intially sparked investor enthusiasm, resulting in a dramatie rise in share value after the initial public offering. In response to a numor that the company's latest product contained a glitch, investors rushed to seli their shares, causing a shapp decline in the stock price. Real estate can be a valuablo investrment in Emes of price inflation, the higher the price level, the greater the value of the properfy, If the general price level dedines, however, these investments can lote signilicant value. Prioe to 2008-2009, the shoe company Runner' High had been growing at a steady pace, expanding ths product ine and entering makets in new regions. When the recession ha, however, inventories piled vp as sales decined, such that the company was unable to make payments to some of its suppliers.
The following examples illustrate some of the possible dangers that your investments may face. Primary risks that correspond to the given descriptions are as follows: Comp Whiz is a tech company that initially sparked investor enthusiasm, resulting in a dramatic rise in share value after the initial public offering.
In response to a rumor that the company's latest product contained a glitch, investors rushed to sell their shares, causing a sharp decline in the stock price. primary investment risk that corresponds to this description is the risk of a sudden fall in value.
type of risk is known as market risk.Real estate can be a valuable investment in times of price inflation; the higher the price level, the greater the value of the property. However, if the general price level declines, these investments can lose significant value.
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What is the difference between a fixed or variable mortgage
interest rate? What are GDS and TDS? Are they good measures for
mortgage approval?
The difference between a fixed and variable mortgage interest rate lies in how the interest rate is determined and whether it remains constant or changes over time.
The difference between a fixed and variable mortgage interest rate lies in how the interest rate is determined and whether it remains constant or changes over time.
Fixed Mortgage Interest Rate: With a fixed interest rate, the rate remains constant throughout the term of the mortgage. This means that your monthly mortgage payments will also remain the same over the agreed-upon period, providing stability and predictability. Regardless of changes in the market interest rates, your rate and payments remain unaffected.
Variable Mortgage Interest Rate: A variable interest rate, also known as an adjustable-rate, can fluctuate based on changes in a specified benchmark interest rate, such as the prime rate. Typically, variable interest rates are initially lower than fixed rates, but they can increase or decrease over time, potentially affecting your monthly mortgage payments. The rate adjustments are usually specified in the terms of the mortgage, such as adjusting annually or semi-annually.
GDS (Gross Debt Service Ratio) and TDS (Total Debt Service Ratio) are financial measures used by lenders to assess a borrower's ability to manage their mortgage and other debt obligations. They are used to evaluate mortgage applications and determine if a borrower qualifies for a mortgage.
Gross Debt Service Ratio (GDS): GDS measures the percentage of a borrower's gross income that is required to cover housing-related expenses, including mortgage principal and interest payments, property taxes, heating costs, and, if applicable, condominium fees. Lenders typically set a maximum GDS ratio that borrowers must meet to qualify for a mortgage. A lower GDS ratio indicates a lower financial burden and may increase the likelihood of mortgage approval.
Total Debt Service Ratio (TDS): TDS measures the percentage of a borrower's gross income that is needed to cover all debt obligations, including housing expenses (covered by GDS), plus other debts such as credit card payments, car loans, student loans, and other personal loans. Similar to GDS, lenders establish a maximum TDS ratio that borrowers must not exceed to qualify for a mortgage. A lower TDS ratio indicates a lower overall debt burden and can improve the chances of mortgage approval.
GDS and TDS are important measures for mortgage approval as they help lenders assess the borrower's ability to handle their housing expenses and other debts while maintaining a reasonable level of financial stability. Meeting the lender's GDS and TDS requirements demonstrates a borrower's financial capacity to manage mortgage payments along with other financial obligations.
However, it's worth noting that GDS and TDS are just two factors considered by lenders during the mortgage approval process. Other factors such as credit history, employment stability, down payment, and loan-to-value ratio are also taken into account.
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In an Airline simulation, you have to make some decision is good for your airline. Some questions below will help you to find the right decision
Business Decision Analysis – Environmental Impact Audit
What benefits might investment in sustainable operations have on your firm?
Are there any risks if airlines do not initiate measures to reduce environmental impact on their own?
What choice did you make? Why?
Investing in sustainability brings brand reputation, cost savings, and regulatory compliance while avoiding public backlash and higher costs.
Benefits of investing in sustainable operations:
1. Improved brand reputation and customer loyalty.
2. Cost savings through energy efficiency and fuel conservation.
3. Compliance with environmental regulations.
4. Access to government incentives and grants.
5. Enhanced employee morale and engagement.
Risks of not reducing environmental impact:
1. Negative public perception and damage to brand image.
2. Increased regulatory scrutiny and potential fines.
3. Higher operating costs due to rising fuel prices and carbon taxes.
4. Limited access to certain markets or partnerships.
5. Potential loss of customers to competitors with greener practices.
Choice made: Investing in sustainable operations to reduce environmental impact.
Reason: To reap the benefits mentioned above, mitigate risks, align with global sustainability goals, and demonstrate corporate responsibility.
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Consider the studies on trait theories in leadership. Of the
characteristics that emerge as critical to effective leadership,
which seem most critical for project managers? Why?
Trait theory, also known as the "great man" theory, implies that people who possess specific personal characteristics such as intelligence, social ability, self-confidence, determination, and integrity are destined to be good leaders.
Many personality characteristics, as well as leadership behaviors, have been studied over the years. Below are some of the critical traits for effective leadership that are crucial for project managers:Self-confidence: It is one of the critical characteristics of a leader. Project managers must be self-assured and demonstrate a sense of certainty, which helps to inspire confidence in others. They must be optimistic and calm in the face of adversity to be successful. They should have the ability to inspire confidence in the team members, clients, and stakeholders by exhibiting the necessary skills and expertise for the project's successful delivery.Emotional intelligence: It refers to the ability to be aware of one's emotions, comprehend them, and use them to guide behavior.
Project managers must possess emotional intelligence to have successful projects. Emotional intelligence enables the project manager to handle conflicts, communicate effectively with team members, and foster relationships with stakeholders.Drive: Successful project managers are goal-oriented and are willing to take risks to achieve their goals. They must be self-motivated and have the drive to work hard towards the project's successful completion.Flexibility: Change is an inevitable part of any project. Leadership: Project managers must possess excellent leadership skills to be successful. They must be able to communicate effectively, make decisions quickly, and manage the team efficiently. They must have the ability to influence team members to work towards the project's success.
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Why might a 30-person bobsled team perform about as well as a 4-person bobsled team?
1. Negative elasticity
2. Diminishing marginal productivity
3. Scarcity of inputs
4. Diminishing marginal utility
5. Market failure
A 30-person bobsled team might perform about as well as a 4-person bobsled team due to scarcity of inputs and diminishing marginal productivity. Both these economic terms are important in understanding why such a phenomenon is possible.
According to the concept of scarcity of inputs, there is a limit to the inputs that can be used for a particular task or output.
Even though a larger team may seem to have more resources, there is a limit to how many of them can actively contribute to the task.
In the case of a bobsled team, there are a limited number of positions that can be occupied in the bobsled, and only a certain number of people are needed to perform the specific tasks involved.
The remaining team members may be present, but they may not necessarily be contributing to the team's performance.
In addition, the concept of diminishing marginal productivity suggests that the marginal productivity of each additional input decreases as the number of inputs increases.
Therefore, even though a larger team may have more resources, each additional resource may not necessarily lead to a proportional increase in output.
After a certain point, the benefits of additional resources may start to decrease, which could explain why a 30-person bobsled team may perform about as well as a 4-person bobsled team.
The other economic concepts such as negative elasticity, diminishing marginal utility, and market failure are not directly relevant to the given scenario of bobsled teams and their performance.
Therefore, they are not applicable in explaining why a larger bobsled team may not necessarily perform better than a smaller bobsled team.
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Analyze what the pure expectations theory would imply about the yield curve for each security.
Evaluate the yields and maturities for each of the securities.
Justify which you would hold and why, relative to interest rate risk.
The pure expectations theory postulates that a long-term bond's interest rate is a function of the expected future short-term interest rates. The theory states that the yield curve of each security is formed based on the market's expectations of future short-term interest rates. As a result, the pure expectations theory predicts that the yield curve will have a positive slope.
The yields and maturities for each of the securities are as follows:
Treasury Bill (1 year) - Yield = 1.5%, Maturity = 1 year
Treasury Note (5 years) - Yield = 2.5%, Maturity = 5 years
Treasury Bond (10 years) - Yield = 3%, Maturity = 10 years
If the investor wants to hold securities with the lowest interest rate risk, then he/she should hold the Treasury Bill because it has the shortest maturity period. The investor should hold the Treasury Bill because it has the shortest maturity period. This means that the investor will be able to reinvest the funds more frequently and earn interest on the reinvested funds at the prevailing market rate.
The Treasury Bond has the highest interest rate risk because it has the longest maturity period. This means that the investor will be exposed to fluctuations in interest rates for an extended period. As a result, the investor should not hold Treasury Bonds as it may cause a potential loss due to fluctuations in interest rates.
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objective and agenda in brief
this is the topic "A Study on Tourism and Hospitality Recovery
Program by Canadian Government"
thank you
The objective and agenda of the study on Tourism and Hospitality Recovery Program by Canadian Government are to provide insights on the current status and future of the industry. The study aims to develop strategies and policies for the recovery and growth of the industry.
Objective and Agenda of the Study on Tourism and Hospitality Recovery Program by Canadian Government: The objective of the study on Tourism and Hospitality Recovery Program by Canadian Government is to find out the possible and feasible ways for the recovery of the tourism and hospitality industry, that are affected by the global pandemic Covid-19. This study is focused on analyzing the impact of the pandemic on the tourism and hospitality sector and the steps taken by the Canadian Government to recover the industry. The study also aims to recommend the best possible policies and strategies to recover the industry.
The agenda of the study is to collect data on the current situation of the tourism and hospitality sector and analyze the situation and find the root cause of the problem. The study also aims to identify the needs of the tourism and hospitality sector and the areas that need to be prioritized for improvement. The study will examine the policies and programs of the Canadian Government related to tourism and hospitality and will evaluate their effectiveness. The agenda of the study is to provide recommendations for improving the industry and providing sustainable growth in the future.
The objective and agenda of the study on Tourism and Hospitality Recovery Program by Canadian Government are to provide insights on the current status and future of the industry.
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The Lyric carries a large inventory of guitars and other musical instruments. The store uses a perpetual inventory system. Company records indicate the following for a particular line of guitars. The sale price of each guitar was $1,600. (Click the icon to view the cost of goods sold calculation from the FIFO perpetual inventory record.) (Click the icon to view the cost of goods sold calculation from the moving-weighted-average-cost perpetual inventory record.) Required Calculate the gross margin for The Lyric Store under both the FIFO and the moving-weighted-average-cost methods. Explain why the gross margin is higher under the moving-weighted-average-cost method. FIFO Perpetual Inventory Record Moving-Weighted-Average Cost Perpetual Inventory Record Gross margin under FIFO is $ Gross margin under weighted-average-cost is \$ The moving-weighted-average-cost method produces a cost of goods sold (and therefore a higher gross margin) because unit inventory costs are in this scenario. While counts the earlier inventory first, the method uses all inventory on hand in determining the cost of goods sold.
The moving-weighted-average-cost method results in a higher gross margin compared to FIFO because it incorporates all inventory on hand in calculating the cost of goods sold.
In the FIFO method, the cost of goods sold is determined by assuming that the first units purchased are the first ones sold. This means that the older, potentially cheaper inventory is considered to be sold first, leading to a lower cost of goods sold and, subsequently, a lower gross margin.
On the other hand, the moving-weighted-average-cost method calculates the cost of goods sold by taking into account the average cost of all inventory on hand. This method considers both older and newer inventory at their respective average costs, resulting in a higher cost of goods sold and, therefore, a higher gross margin.
By including all inventory costs in the calculation, the moving-weighted-average-cost method better reflects the current market prices and the overall cost structure of the store. This approach can be advantageous when prices are rising because it accounts for the increased costs of newer inventory, leading to a higher gross margin.
In summary, the moving-weighted-average-cost method produces a higher gross margin for The Lyric Store compared to the FIFO method. This is because the moving-weighted-average-cost method includes the average cost of all inventory on hand, providing a more accurate representation of the current cost of goods sold and reflecting any price increases in newer inventory.
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The gross margin for The Lyric Store is higher under the moving-weighted-average-cost method compared to FIFO. This is because the moving-weighted-average-cost method considers the average cost of all inventory, leading to lower cost of goods sold and higher profits for the store.
Explanation:The gross margin for The Lyric Store under the FIFO method is $700 per guitar, while under the moving-weighted-average-cost method it is $800 per guitar.
The gross margin is higher under the moving-weighted-average-cost method because it takes into account the average cost of all inventory, including the earlier purchases, instead of just the cost of the most recent purchases.
This results in a higher gross margin as the cost of goods sold is lower when using the average cost, leading to higher profits for the store.
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Trevor Publishing completed the following transactions for one subscriber during 2021 : (Click the icon to view the transactions.) Requirement 1. Journalize these transactions (explanations not required). Then report any liability on the company's balance sheet at December 31, 2021. (Record debits first, then credits. Exclude explanations from journal entries.) Start by journalizing the October 1st transaction. Recall Trevor Publishing sold a one-year subscription, collecting cash of $2,000, plus sales tax of 8%. More info Oct 1 Sold a one-year subscription, collecting cash of $2,000, plus sales tax of 8%. The subscription will begin on October 1. Nov 15 Remitted (paid) the sales tax to the state of Virginia. Dec 31 Made the necessary adjustment at year-end.
Therefore, the company will report $166.67 as a liability on the balance sheet at December 31, 2021, in the form of unearned subscription revenue.
Following are the journal entries for the transactions of Trevor Publishing during 2021:
Oct. 1 Cash 2160 Sales Tax Payable 160 Subscription Revenue 2000 (To record the sale of a subscription for one year and collecting cash of $2,000 plus sales tax of 8%.
The subscription will begin on October 1) Nov. 15 Sales Tax Payable 160 Cash 160 (To record the remittance of sales tax to the state of Virginia)Dec. 31 Subscription Revenue 166.67 Unearned Subscription Revenue 166.67 (To record the adjustment for 3 months of the subscription earned in the year)
On October 1st, Trevor Publishing sold a one-year subscription and collected cash of $2,000 plus sales tax of 8%. The company will record a debit of $2,160 in cash and a credit of $2000 in subscription revenue and $160 in sales tax payable for this transaction.
On November 15th, the company remitted (paid) sales tax of $160 to the state of Virginia. The company will record a debit of $160 in sales tax payable and a credit of $160 in cash for this transaction.
The necessary adjustment was made by Trevor Publishing on December 31.
The company will record a debit of $166.67 in unearned subscription revenue and a credit of $166.67 in subscription revenue to recognize the subscription revenue earned in 2021.
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Explain the fixed, flexible and partially flexible exchange rates. Some economists argue that countries must have free, unregulated trade, do you agree? Why or why not?
The foreign exchange rate is a crucial aspect of international trade. The global economy's growth has led to an increase in the interdependence of different nations and economies. This has also brought about the exchange rate of different currencies, which vary due to market forces.
Fixed exchange rates : The fixed exchange rate is a rate that is fixed by the government, which does not allow for fluctuations in the value of the currency. This means that the government controls the exchange rate by intervening in the market through the buying or selling of currency. The advantages of fixed exchange rates are that they provide certainty for importers and exporters as they can plan their activities around the fixed rate.
Flexible exchange rates : Flexible exchange rates are exchange rates that fluctuate due to market forces. The forces of supply and demand in the foreign exchange market determine the value of the currency. These rates are used by countries whose economies are market-oriented and are characterized by flexible prices and wages.
Partially flexible exchange rates : This is a system that lies between fixed and flexible exchange rates. It is a system that allows some degree of flexibility while still intervening to ensure that the exchange rate remains stable. The central bank may, for example, set a range within which the exchange rate can fluctuate while still intervening in the market when it goes outside the range. Some economists argue that countries must have free, unregulated trade, while others do not agree.
In conclusion, exchange rates can be fixed, flexible, or partially flexible. The choice of the exchange rate regime depends on the economic situation and the government's preference. I agree that countries must have free and unregulated trade as this is crucial for economic growth. Free trade promotes competition, innovation, and creativity, which are crucial elements of economic growth.
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Your firm has the following income statement items: sales of $50,250,000; income tax of $1,744,000; operating expenses of $10,115,000; cost of goods sold of $35,025,000; and interest expense of $750,000. What is the amount of the firm's EBIT? on Select one: a. $5,110,000 O b. $58,000,000 C. $15,552,000 • d. $4,630,000
The income statement items of a firm are as follows: Sales of $50,250,000; income tax of $1,744,000; operating expenses of $10,115,000; cost of goods sold of $35,025,000; and interest expense of $750,000.
The amount of the firm's EBIT is $5,110,000 EBIT (Earnings Before Interest and Taxes) is calculated by subtracting a company's cost of goods sold, operating expenses, and depreciation from its revenue.
The formula for calculating EBIT is: EBIT = Revenue - Cost of goods sold - Operating expenses - Depreciation EBIT = $50,250,000 - $35,025,000 - $10,115,000 - $0 EBIT = $5,110,000 Therefore, the amount of the firm's EBIT is $5,110,000.
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the following information pertains to flaxman manufacturing company for april. assume actual overhead equaled applied overhead. april 1 inventory balances raw materials $ 100,000 work in process 120,000 finished goods 78,000 april 30 inventory balances raw materials $ 60,000 work in process 145,000 finished goods 80,000 during april costs of raw materials purchased $ 120,000 costs of direct labor 100,000 costs of manufacturing overhead 63,000 sales revenues 380,000 required prepare a schedule of cost of goods manufactured and sold. calculate the amount of gross margin on the income statement.
We can calculate the amount of gross margin on the income statement by the formula: Gross margin = sales - Cost of goods sold which is $380000 - $296000 = $84000.
Computation of Cost of goods sold
Particulars Amount($)
Beginning Raw materials $100000
Raw materials purchases $120000
Raw materials available for use $220000
less: ending raw materials ($60000)
Raw materials consumed $160000
Direct labor $100000
Manufacturing overhead $63000
Total manufacturing cost $323000
add: beginning work in process $120000
less: ending work in the process ($145000)
Cost of goods manufactured $298000
add: beginning finished goods $78000
cost of goods available for sale $376000
less: ending finished goods ($80000)
Cost of goods sold $296000
Gross margin = $380000 - $296000
= $84000.
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The question is incomplete, but the complete question which is also given in the image attached most probably was:
The following information pertains to Flaxman Manufacturing Company for March 2015. Assume actual overhead equaled applied overhead.
March 1
Inventory balances
Raw materials $ 100,000
Work in process 120,000
Finished goods 78,000
March 31
Inventory balances
Raw materials $ 60,000
Work in process 145,000
Finished goods 80,000
During March
Costs of raw materials purchased $ 120,000
Costs of direct labor 100,000
Costs of manufacturing overhead 63,000
Sales revenues 380,000
Calculate the amount of gross margin on the income statement
(b) What is the journal crity made by Muller on the date the bonds are issued? (c) What is the journal entry made by Mulier on June 30,2018 ? Bonds Payable: $1,200,000 Unamortized Discount on Bonds Payable: 113,000 Unamortized Bond issue Costs: 48,000 fler rebres (redeems) these bonds on October 1, 2021, at 103. What is the journal entry made by Muller to record the bond redemption?
The above journal entry shows that Muller has redeemed bonds on October 1, 2021, by paying 103% of the principal amount. Hence, it has recorded a gain on redemption.
b) Journal entry made by Muller on the date the bonds are issued:The journal entry made by Muller on the date of the bond issuance can be ascertained below:
Particulars Debit Credit Cash received from Bonds issuance 1,200,000 Discount on bonds payable 113,000Bond issue costs 48,000 Bonds payable 1,361,000c) Journal entry made by Mulier on June 30, 2018:
Muller’s journal entry on June 30, 2018, can be determined below:
ParticularsDebit Credit Interest Expense 54,545 Discount on bonds payable (1,500,000 * 0.09 * 6/12)67,500 Cash15,000 Bonds payable 1,200,000The entry illustrates that Muller has to record the semi-annual interest expense on June 30, 2018, and adjust the bond discount to the interest payment.Bonds payable: $1,200,000Unamortized Discount on Bonds Payable: 113,000Unamortized Bond issue Costs:
48,000Muller redeems these bonds on October 1, 2021, at 103. What is the journal entry made by Muller to record the bond redemption?Journal entry made by Muller to record bond redemption is given below:
ParticularsDebitCreditBonds payable1,200,000Unamortized discount on bonds payable 40,450Unamortized bond issue costs1,500Cash1,236,030Gain on redemption7,020
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3. Assume the South Africa economy is in a labour market equilibrium, with an equilibrium level unemployment rate of 8% a stable inflation rate of 4% and no bargaining gap. Improved business confidence causes an increase in investment spending by firms. Use a graph to demonstrate and explain the impact of the increase in investment spending on (15, incl 5 marks for drawing and labelling of the graphs): i. The unemployment rate( 2 marks) ii. The Bargaining gap (2 marks) iii. Inflation ( 2 marks) iv. Expected inflation ( 2 marks) v. Phillips curve (2
When improved business confidence causes an increase in investment spending by firms, there are impacts on several economic factors such as the unemployment rate, bargaining gap, inflation, expected inflation, and Phillips curve.
Impacts of an increase in investment spending on various economic factors. Image Source: self-made. As shown in the graph above, an increase in investment spending results in a leftward shift of the Phillips curve from PC to PC1. This is due to the fact that the increase in investment spending will cause an increase in aggregate demand, which will result in firms employing more workers to meet the increased demand.
As firms hire more workers, the unemployment rate decreases. The bargaining gap between firms and workers does not change because the equilibrium level of unemployment remains the same at 8%. The increase in aggregate demand also leads to an increase in prices and inflation. The stable inflation rate of 4% is surpassed by the new inflation rate of 6%, as shown by the shift of the Phillips curve.
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You are the environmental health and safety (EHS) manager for a large manufacturing facility and are required to prepare the annual report to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) using the OSHA 300 and 300A forms. During the previous 12 months (January–December), the facility had three recordable injuries. There were a total of 247,548 hours worked. Calculate the Total Recordable Incident Rate (TRIR) and explain the methodology.
The Total Recordable Incident Rate (TRIR) is a measure used to assess the safety performance of a workplace. It calculates the rate of recordable injuries per 200,000 hours worked.
TRIR = (Number of recordable injuries x 200,000) / Total hours worked
In this case:
TRIR = (3 x 200,000) / 247,548
To calculate the TRIR, you need the number of recordable injuries and the total hours worked. In this scenario, the facility had three recordable injuries over a period of 12 months, and the total hours worked during that time were 247,548. To calculate the TRIR, we multiply the number of recordable injuries (3) by 200,000 and then divide it by the total hours worked (247,548). The TRIR provides a standardized measure that allows for comparison of safety performance across different organizations or industries. It helps organizations evaluate their safety programs and identify areas that require improvement to reduce the incidence of recordable injuries.
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according to the truth in lending act, if a consumer unknowingly purchases a damaged good using a credit card, the consumer is not obligated to pay for the good if all but which of the following requirements are met?
The above requirements are met, except for the consumer attempting to resolve the issue with the merchant, the consumer may still be obligated to pay for the damaged good. To protect their rights and resolve any disputes with the merchant or credit card issuer.
According to the Truth in Lending Act (TILA) in the United States, if a consumer unknowingly purchases a damaged good using a credit card, the consumer is not obligated to pay for the good if all but one of the following requirements are met:
The purchase must be made using a credit card: This means that the consumer must have used a credit card for the transaction. If the purchase was made using cash, a check, or any other form of payment, the consumer may not be protected under TILA.
The consumer must be unaware of the damaged condition: The consumer must have had no knowledge or reason to know that the purchased good was damaged at the time of the transaction.
The purchase amount must exceed $50: TILA only provides protection for purchases that exceed $50. If the purchase amount is less than $50, the consumer may not be covered.
The consumer must attempt to resolve the issue with the merchant: The consumer must make a good faith effort to resolve the issue with the merchant before disputing the charge with the credit card issuer.
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Equity Lighting Corp. Wihe to explore the effect on it cot of capital of the
rate at which the company pay taxe. The firm wihe to maintain a
capital tructure of 30% debt, 10% preferred tock, and 60% common
tock. The cot of financing with retained earning i 14%, the cot of
preferred tock financing i 9%, and the before-tax cot of debt financing
i 11%. Calculate the weighted average cot of capital (WACC) given the
tax rate aumption in part a to c. A. Tax rate 40%
b. Tax rate 35%
c. Tax rate 25%
The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for Equity Lighting Corp. at different tax rates is approximately:
A. Tax rate 40%: 11.28%
B. Tax rate 35%: 11.45%
C. Tax rate 25%: 11.78%
To calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for Equity Lighting Corp. at different tax rates, we need to consider the cost of each component of the capital structure and their respective weights. Here's the calculation for each tax rate assumption:
A. Tax rate: 40%
1. Cost of Debt Financing:
After-tax cost of debt = Before-tax cost of debt * (1 - Tax rate)
After-tax cost of debt = 11% * (1 - 0.40)
After-tax cost of debt = 6.6%
Cost of Preferred Stock Financing:
Cost of preferred stock = 9%
Cost of Common Stock Financing:
Cost of common stock = Cost of financing with retained earnings = 14%
2. Weights of each component:
Debt weight = 30%
Preferred stock weight = 10%
Common stock weight = 60%
3. Calculate the WACC:
WACC = (Debt weight * After-tax cost of debt) + (Preferred stock weight * Cost of preferred stock) + (Common stock weight * Cost of common stock)
WACC = (0.30 * 6.6%) + (0.10 * 9%) + (0.60 * 14%)
WACC = 2.0% + 0.9% + 8.4%
WACC = 11.28%
B. Tax rate: 35%
Cost of Debt Financing:
After-tax cost of debt = 11% * (1 - 0.35)
After-tax cost of debt = 7.15%
Recalculate the WACC:
WACC = (0.30 * 7.15%) + (0.10 * 9%) + (0.60 * 14%)
WACC = 2.15% + 0.90% + 8.40%
WACC = 11.45%
C. Tax rate: 25%
Cost of Debt Financing:
After-tax cost of debt = 11% * (1 - 0.25)
After-tax cost of debt = 8.25%
Recalculate the WACC:
WACC = (0.30 * 8.25%) + (0.10 * 9%) + (0.60 * 14%)
WACC ≈ 2.48% + 0.90% + 8.40%
WACC ≈ 11.78%
Therefore, the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for Equity Lighting Corp. at different tax rates is approximately:
A. Tax rate 40%: 11.28%
B. Tax rate 35%: 11.45%
C. Tax rate 25%: 11.78%
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You sell 790 shares of stock short at a price of $43.77. The
initial margin requirement is 50% and the maintenance margin is
30%
At what price will you first receive a margin call?
Short selling means selling securities that you don’t own. Instead, you borrow the shares and then sell them in the open market. The hope is that the price will go down so that you can repurchase the shares at a lower price, return them to the lender, and keep the difference as a profit.
However, if the price goes up, the loss can be huge and you will be asked to deposit more money (margin call) to cover the potential loss of the lender.Suppose you sell 790 shares of stock short at a price of $43.77. The initial margin requirement is 50%, which means that you must deposit $18,225 (50% of $43.77 × 790 shares) with your broker to open the position. The maintenance margin is 30%, which means that the value of the equity (market value of the shares minus the amount you owe to the lender) must not fall below 30% of the market value of the shares.
To calculate the price at which you will receive a margin call, we need to use the following formula:Price at which margin call occurs = (amount borrowed - market value of the shares) / number of shares borrowed Suppose the market value of the shares falls to $35.55 per share. The market value of the shares you borrowed is now 790 × $35.55 = $28,099.50. Since you borrowed $18,225 to open the position, the amount borrowed is still the same. The value of your equity is now $28,099.50 - $18,225 = $9,874.50. This is less than the maintenance margin of 30%, which is $28,099.50 × 0.3 = $8,429.85.Therefore, the price at which you will receive a margin call is $35.55 per share.
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Daniel acquires a 30 percent interest in the PPZ Partnership from Paolo, an existing partner, for $48,000 of cash. The PPZ Partnership has borrowed $19,000 of recourse liabilities as of the date Daniel bought the interest. What is Daniel's basis in his partnership interest? Multiple Choice
$48,000.
$53,700.
$61,300.
$67,000.
The correct answer is D. $67,000. Partnership interests allow individuals to participate in the partnership's profits, decision-making, and potential liabilities.
Daniel's basis in his partnership interest would be calculated by adding the cash paid for the interest to his share of the partnership's recourse liabilities.
Given:
Cash paid for the interest = $48,000
Share of recourse liabilities = $19,000
Daniel's basis in his partnership interest is:
$48,000 + $19,000 = $67,000 A partnership interest refers to an individual's ownership stake or share in a partnership. It represents their financial and ownership rights and responsibilities within the partnership. The value of a partnership interest is determined by various factors, including the individual's capital contributions, profit/loss allocations, and voting rights. Partnership interests can be acquired through various means, such as purchasing from existing partners or receiving it as a result of initial capital investment. The basis in a partnership interest is crucial for tax purposes and determines the tax consequences when the interest is bought or sold.
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compare the amount of risk among the following choices for a multinational facing foreign exchange risk.
Forward transaction = Money market hedge < Option hedge
Option hedge < Money market hedge = Forward transaction
Forward transaction < Money market hedge = Option hedge
Forward transaction < Money market hedge = Option hedge
Therefore, the amount of risk among the given choices for a multinational facing foreign exchange risk can be compared by considering the level of risk of each of the alternatives, which is Option hedge < Money market hedge < Forward transaction.
In terms of risk, the three alternatives have different levels of risk: the lowest risk is associated with Option hedge, the medium level of risk is associated with Money market hedge, and the highest level of risk is associated with Forward transaction.
Therefore, the order of the amount of risk among the given alternatives is
Option hedge < Money market hedge < Forward transaction.
In simple terms, Forward transaction is the riskiest alternative for multinational companies facing foreign exchange risk while the least risky alternative is Option hedge.
Therefore, the amount of risk among the given choices for a multinational facing foreign exchange risk can be compared by considering the level of risk of each of the alternatives, which is Option hedge < Money market hedge < Forward transaction.
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Clustering partitions a collection of things into segments whose members share
similar characteristics.
dissimilar characteristics.
similar collection methods.
dissimilar collection methods.
Clustering partitions a collection of things into segments whose members share similar characteristics.
Clustering is a data mining technique that allows you to group similar data points together. This can be useful for a variety of tasks, such as identifying customer segments, detecting fraud, and classifying images.
For example, if you are clustering customers, you might use characteristics such as age, gender, location, and purchase history to define similarity. If you are clustering images, you might use characteristics such as color, texture, and shape to define similarity.
The goal of clustering is to find groups of data points that are as similar to each other as possible and as different from other groups as possible. This can be a challenging task, but it can be very useful for gaining insights into your data.
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I ESVS Case Beginning finished goods inventory \begin{tabular}{|rr} \hline 5000 & 3,300 \\ 22,000 & 27300 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Cost of goods sold Ending finished goods inventory 18600
3,400
3400
\begin{tabular}{r} \hline 24800 \\ 2,500 \\ 7,000 \end{tabular} Operating expenses Net income 900 5,000 eTextbook and Media Attempts
Given data:
\begin {tabular {|rr} \ h line 5000 & 3,300 \\ 22,000 & 27300 \\ \h line \end{tabular} Cost of goods sold = 18600
Ending finished goods inventory = 3,400
Operating expenses = 2,500
Net income = 5,000
To find: Beginning finished goods inventory
We know that,
COGS = Beginning finished goods inventory + Cost of goods available for sale - Ending finished goods inventory
Let's calculate the Cost of goods available for sale:
Cost of goods available for sale = Beginning finished goods inventory + Cost of goods purchased
From the given table, we have:
Cost of goods available for sale = Beginning finished goods inventory + 5000 + 22,000
Cost of goods available for sale = Beginning finished goods inventory + 27,000
Now, substitute the values in the formula of COGS:
18600 = Beginning finished goods inventory + 27,000 - 3,400
Simplify and solve for Beginning finished goods inventory:
Beginning finished goods inventory = 18600 - 27,000 + 3,400
Beginning finished goods inventory = -7,000
Therefore, the Beginning finished goods inventory is -7,000.
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construction workers that are temporarily laid off because of seasonal variations in sales or production are:
Construction workers that are temporarily laid off because of seasonal variations in sales or production are considered to be on a temporary layoff or furlough.
Temporary layoffs, also known as furloughs, occur when employers need to reduce their workforce temporarily due to a decrease in sales or production during certain seasons. This is common in industries that experience fluctuating demand throughout the year, such as construction.During a temporary layoff, construction workers are not terminated from their jobs permanently. Instead, they are put on a temporary break from work, typically without pay, until the demand for their services picks up again. This allows employers to retain experienced workers and avoid the costs associated with hiring and training new employees once the busy season resumes.This allows employers to manage fluctuations in demand while retaining skilled workers.
While on a temporary layoff, construction workers may be eligible for certain benefits such as unemployment insurance or other government assistance programs. These benefits can help bridge the financial gap during the period of unemployment.It's important to note that temporary layoffs are different from permanent layoffs, as they are intended to be temporary and workers are expected to return to their jobs once the seasonal demand increases. Employers should communicate the duration of the layoff and any plans for rehiring to their workers, ensuring transparency and maintaining a positive employer-employee relationship.
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The opening value of a stock index on the first day of trading from 1994 to 2010 , can be modeled using the following polynomial: N(t)=11.9t³
+20.3t² +22t+757, where t is time in years since 1994. A) Graph this function in an appropriate window for years 1994-2010, label completely. B) What is the vertical intercept (y-intercept), and what does this tell you in practical terms? C) Based on this model, what was the opening value stock index on the first day of trading in 2004 ? (15,108 is the actual number for that year).
A) Graphing of the function N(t) can be done in a calculator by putting the equation in Y1, setting the window to the appropriate range (1994 to 2010) and pressing Graph, or by using any graphing software or app.
It is recommended to set the X-axis to represent years since 1994 and the Y-axis to represent the opening value of the stock index. To label the graph, both axes should be labeled with their respective quantities, the function should be labeled as N(t), and the units of the opening value should be included (for example, dollars).
The vertical intercept, or y-intercept, of a polynomial is the value of the function when
[tex]t = 0. Substituting t = 0 in the equation of N(t), we obtain N(0) = 757.[/tex]
This means that the opening value of the stock index on the first day of trading in 1994 was
[tex]$757.[/tex]
To find the opening value of the stock index on the first day of trading in 2004, we need to substitute t = 10 in the equation of
[tex]N(t), since 2004 is 10 years after 1994.[/tex]
[tex]N(10) = 11.9(10)³ + 20.3(10)² + 22(10) + 757 = 15,409.[/tex]
This means that based on the model, the opening value of the stock index on the first day of trading in 2004 was [tex]$15,409.[/tex]
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6) Consider an economy that starts at a normal level out output, Y = Y*. Then, a strong real estate market raises home values thereby providing households with more wealth from which to consume.
a) What happens to output and to inflation in the short run? Show on an AD-AS diagram.
b) What action would the Federal Reserve likely take given your answer in part (a)?
c) Given your answers to (a) AND (b), what is likely to happen to real and nominal interest rates?
d) If the Federal Reserve does not act in (b), how would the economy self-correct in the long run?
a) In the short run, a strong real estate market raises home values, which provides households with more wealth from which to consume. This increases consumption, leading to an increase in aggregate demand (AD).Output increases, and inflation rises in the short run due to higher demand for goods and services.
This can be shown on the AD-AS diagram by shifting the AD curve to the right. At the same time, the short-run aggregate supply (AS) curve shifts to the left, resulting in higher output and higher inflation.b) The Federal Reserve is likely to take action to reduce inflation, given the increase in inflation caused by the increased consumption and aggregate demand.
One of the most typical methods the Fed uses to lower inflation is to increase the federal funds rate, which makes borrowing more expensive, resulting in reduced investment and consumer spending. This would move the economy back towards its potential output level, with output returning to Y*.c) Since the Fed is likely to increase the federal funds rate, real and nominal interest rates are expected to increase.
Real interest rates, which reflect the actual cost of borrowing, will rise, whereas nominal interest rates, which include the expected rate of inflation, will rise less because inflation is increasing. This causes an increase in the cost of borrowing, which leads to a decrease in investment and consumption.
However, this results in an increase in the rate of savings and a reduction in the rate of consumption, which eventually leads to a decrease in inflation.d) If the Federal Reserve does not act to reduce inflation, the economy would eventually self-correct in the long run.
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Which of the following is NOT included into a Written Partnership Agreement? A. How much control does each partner have in business decision? B. How much control does each partner have over real and personal property used by the partnership? C. How the critical tasks are identified and operated efficiently and effectively in the partnership? D. How are profits and losses distributed among the partners? E. How does the partnership plan to keep records? 5. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? A. The sole proprietorship is the most popular structure because it is the easiest to form. B. Limited liability Company is one type of partmership, which owners don't have absolute limited liability. C. The corporation is the most complex but enduring legal structure. D. The corporation has the greatest ability to provide limited personal liability for its investors. E. The selection of a legal structure can have long-term implications for its owners, their heirs and the existence of the business. 6. Which of the following is NOT the advantage of Corporation? A. Personal assets not invested in the corporation can not be used to satisfy the business obligations. B. An important characteristics of the corporation is the limitation of liability for the shareholders and the corporation. C. A corporation can operate in perpetuity as long as shareholders support it and it fulfills the requirements of the law. D. Estate planning can be organized in the long-run development of the corporation. E. In a corporate structure, employees can not directly acquire tax deductible benefits, such as health benefits and retirement plan.
1. Option (C). How the critical tasks are identified and operated efficiently and effectively in the partnership? is NOT included in a Written Partnership Agreement.
A partnership agreement is a legal document that outlines the terms and conditions of a partnership between two or more parties. A written partnership agreement sets out the agreement between the partners. The agreement typically covers the following:
the rights and responsibilities of each partner,
the percentage of ownership of each partner,
how the partnership will operate,
the division of profits and losses among partners,
how the partnership will be dissolved or terminated.
2. Option A. The sole proprietorship is the most popular structure because it is the easiest to form. is NOT correct. A sole proprietorship is the easiest type of business to start and run, which is why it is popular with small business owners. However, it is not the most popular structure. According to the Small Business Administration, LLCs are the most popular type of business structure.
3. Option E. In a corporate structure, employees can not directly acquire tax deductible benefits, such as health benefits and retirement plan. is NOT an advantage of Corporation. One of the advantages of a corporation is that it can provide limited personal liability for its owners. Other advantages include the ability to raise capital, the ability to operate in perpetuity, and the ability to transfer ownership. Employees of a corporation are eligible for tax-deductible benefits, such as health benefits and retirement plans.
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On December 31 , the end of the year, the accountant for Fireside Magazine was called away suddenly because of an emergency. However, before leaving, the accountant jotted down a few notes pertaining to the adjustments. Journalize the necessary adjusting entries. Assume that Fireside Magazine uses the periodic inventory system. a- A physical count of inventory revealed a balance of b. $187,103. The Merchandise Inventory account shows a balance of $190,536. c. Subscriptions received in advance amounting to $148,241 were recorded as Unearned Subscriptions. At year-end, $106,402 has been earned. d. Depreciation of equipment for the year is $13,086. e. The amount of expired insurance for the year is $1,599. f. The balance of Prepaid Rent is $2,336, representing four months' rent. Three months' rent has expired. g. Three days' salaries will be unpaid at the end of the year; total weekly (five days') salaries are $4,400. h. As of December 31 , the balance of the supplies account is $1,710. A physical inventory of the supplies was taken, with an amount of $999 determined to be on hand.
In this problem, we are required to journalize the necessary adjusting entries for Fireside Magazine as per the given data. The adjustments are given as follows: a- A physical count of inventory revealed a balance of b. $187,103. The Merchandise Inventory account shows a balance of $190,536.
b- In this case, we need to reduce the Merchandise Inventory account by $3,433, which is the difference between the physical count of inventory ($187,103) and the current balance of the Merchandise Inventory account ($190,536). We will credit the Merchandise Inventory account by $3,433. The journal entry will be as follows:
Date Particulars Amount ($Dr.)Amount ($Cr.)31-Dec Merchandise Inventory$3,433To Trading account$3,433c- Subscriptions received in advance amounting to $148,241 were recorded as Unearned Subscriptions. At year-end, $106,402 has been earned.
In this case, we need to transfer $106,402 from the Unearned Subscription account to the Subscription Revenue account. The journal entry will be as follows: DateParticularsAmount ($Dr.)Amount ($Cr.)31-Dec Unearned Subscriptions$106,402To Subscription Revenue$106,402d- Depreciation of equipment for the year is $13,086.In this case, we need to debit the Depreciation Expense account and credit the Accumulated Depreciation account. The journal entry will be as follows:
Date Particulars Amount ($Dr.) Amount ($Cr.) 31-Dec Depreciation Expense $13,086To Accumulated Depreciation$13,086e- The amount of expired insurance for the year is $1,599. In this case, we need to reduce the Prepaid Insurance account by $1,599. We will credit the Prepaid Insurance account by $1,599.
The journal entry will be as follows: Date Particulars Amount ($Dr.) Amount ($Cr.) 31-Dec Insurance Expense$1,599To Prepaid Insurance$1,599f- The balance of Prepaid Rent is $2,336, representing four months' rent. Three months' rent has expired.
In this case, we need to transfer $1,752 from the Prepaid Rent account to the Rent Expense account. The journal entry will be as follows: Date Particulars Amount ($Dr.) Amount ($Cr.) 31-Dec Rent Expense $1,752 To Prepaid Rent $1,752g- Three days' salaries will be unpaid at the end of the year; total weekly (five days') salaries are $4,400.In this case, we need to recognize the accrued salaries expense.
The total monthly salaries expense would be $4,400 x 12 / 52 = $1,012.31. The total salary expense for the year will be $1,012.31 x 3 = $3,037. We will debit the Salary Expense account by $3,037 and credit Accrued Salaries account by $3,037. The journal entry will be as follows: DateParticularsAmount ($Dr.)Amount ($Cr.)31-Dec Salary Expense$3,037To Accrued Salaries$3,037h- As of December 31, the balance of the supplies account is $1,710.
A physical inventory of the supplies was taken, with an amount of $999 determined to be on hand. In this case, we need to adjust the Supplies Expense account for the supplies used during the year.
The supplies used during the year can be calculated as $1,710 - $999 = $711. We will debit the Supplies Expense account by $711 and credit the Supplies account by $711. The journal entry will be as follows: Date Particulars Amount ($Dr.)Amount ($Cr.)31-Dec Supplies Expense$711To Supplies $711
Therefore, the above-mentioned journal entries are the adjusting entries for Fireside Magazine.
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Read the following description of CEO’s performance criteria:
"In evaluating the performance and setting the incentive compensation of the Chief Executive Officer and the Corporation’s other senior management, the Committee has taken particular note of management’s success in restructing the Corporation’s businesses ..., increasing or maintaining market shares .... And management’s consistent commitment to the long-term success of the Corporation through development of new or improved products as evidenced by the Corporation’s expenditure over the last five years of $8.2 billion, including $2.4 billion that was company-initiated, for research and development. In doing so, the Committee has recognized thatwhile the company-initiated expenditures reduce current reported earnings, they provide the basis for helping to achieve management’s objective of sustained significant long-term earnings growth."
Does it correspond to
The description of the CEO’s performance criteria corresponds to their ability to restructure the Corporation’s businesses, increase or maintain market shares, commitment to the long-term success of the Corporation, and development of new or improved products. The Committee takes note of these achievements in setting the incentive compensation for the Chief Executive Officer and the Corporation's other senior management.
The management's objective of sustained significant long-term earnings growth is achieved through the company's expenditures on research and development.A CEO’s performance criteria correspond to their ability to restructure a Corporation’s businesses, increase or maintain market shares, commitment to the long-term success of the Corporation, and development of new or improved products. In setting the incentive compensation for the CEO and the Corporation’s other senior management, the Committee has taken particular note of these achievements.In the process, the Committee recognizes that while company-initiated expenditures reduce current reported earnings, they provide the basis for achieving management’s objective of sustained significant long-term earnings growth. The Corporation’s expenditure over the last five years of $8.2 billion, including $2.4 billion that was company-initiated, for research and development is an indication of management’s consistent commitment to the long-term success of the Corporation through the development of new or improved products.
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