Photoperiodism refers to changes in leaf color. Autumn leaves change color as the pigment levels in the leaves change as they prepare to fall from the trees.
All leaves gradually lose chlorophyll during the growing season, and this loss accelerates before leaf fall. Under ideal conditions, this chlorophyll loss process is very orderly, allowing plants to resorb a large portion of the nitrogen in the pigment molecule structure. Carotenoid pigments are also lost as plastids age, but some are retained after the chlorophyll is removed, resulting in yellow autumn leaves. In rare cases, such as when winterberry holly leaves fall, a significant amount of chlorophyll remains in the leaves. The combination of chlorophyll and carotenoids results in pale green or yellow-green leaves.
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Photosynthesis refers to change in leaves color.
The production of sugars in the leaves depends on sunlight. In bright light, the sugars trapped in the leaves form the red pigments called anthocyanins. More light means high production of anthocyanins and brighter the color of leaves.
As chlorophyll pigment in the leaves breaks down, yellow pigments in leaves become visible. As the day get short and cold in the autumn, chlorophyll molecules breaks down and leaves appear yellow in color.
As photosynthesis depends on sunlight, change in the leaves color is also refer to the photoperiodism.
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during which phase of mitosis do the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear?
The nuclear envelope and nucleoli dissolve during prophase of mitosis.
In the process of mitosis, sometimes referred to as cell duplication or reproduction, a cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells. Chromosome duplication and dispersion, the biological processes that contain genetic material, are what are meant when the term "mitosis" is used precisely. Early prophase marks the beginning of the cell's preparation for chromosomal division, with certain structures being destroyed and others being built. The chromosomes are beginning to condense (making them easier to pull apart later on). Starting to form is the mitotic spindle. Strong threads that make up the spindle are known as microtubules, which serve as the cell's "skeleton." It moves and organises the chromosomes during mitosis. The spindle enlarges as the centrosomes split.
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What color of light would be least effective for plant photosynthesis?.
Green light's wavelength is thought to be the least efficient for photosynthesis. The rate of photosynthesis will be the slowest if the plants are exposed to green wavelengths during photosynthesis. This is because chlorophyll, a green pigment, is present.
Although different species perform photosynthesis in different ways, the process always starts with light energy being absorbed by proteins called reaction centers, which contain green chlorophyll (and other colored) pigments/chromophores. These proteins are held inside chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells in plants, whereas they are embedded in the plasma membrane in bacteria. Some energy is used in these light-dependent reactions to strip electrons from suitable substances such as water, resulting in the production of oxygen gas.
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1. Brainstorm a list of the things you know that are in your blood .
In a medical setting, the amount of substances in blood can be a key indicator to health or disease.
An average human has approximately 5L of blood. Inside this 5L are the cellular component and a liquid portion made
mostly of water, called plasma. The cellular component contains the red and white blood cells, as well as platelets that aid
in blood clotting. The remainder of the blood is plasma, containing all other dissolved nutrients such as glucose, ions and
proteins.
A centrifuge can be used to separate the cellular components from the plasma. The red blood cells would travel to the
bottom of the centrifuge tube and make up almost 45% of the blood. A measure of the percentage volume of whole blood
that is made up of red blood cells is called the haematocrit. The platelets (0.17%) and white cells (0.1%) would form a very
thin layer called the buffy coat and sit just on top of the red cells. The plasma would be at the top and would be about 55%
of the total blood volume.
Blood is composed of red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), plasma and platelets.
What is blood?
Blood is a connective tissue. Solids and liquids make up your blood. Water, salts, and protein make up the plasma, which is the liquid component. Your blood contains more than 50% plasma. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets make up your blood's solid portion.
Your tissues and organs receive oxygen from your lungs through red blood cells (RBC). It transports nutrients and excretory products in the body.
Thus, this are the components of blood.
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What is the role of osmosis in the dialysis process?
Osmosis moves excess fluids from blood to the dialysate for removal.
-Osmosis moves excess fluids from dialysate to the blood to replenish the patient.
-Osmosis moves small waste molecules from blood to the dialysate for removal.
-Osmosis moves large components like blood cells and proteins to dialysate for removal.
what is osmosis?
osmosis is movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to solution with lower concentration of water molecules, through cell's partially permeable membrane
Any harmful substances will then diffuse into dialysis fluid from blood vessels in peritoneum. Because dialysis fluid contains sugar or substances similar to sugar, excess water is also removed from blood by osmosis.
The spontaneous passage or diffusion of water or other solvents through semipermeable membrane (one that blocks passage of dissolved substances
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Is RNA testing genetic testing?.
RNA analysis, which is an output of gene expression, and biochemical analysis, which measures a specific protein output, are two examples of ways that genetic testing can quantify the effects of genetic changes.
While RNA and DNA both contain bases that contain nitrogen and are connected by sugar-phosphate backbones, RNA and DNA differ from each other physically and functionally. DNA is double-stranded, whereas RNA is single-stranded structurally. Thymine, also known as 5-methyl uracil, is a pyrimidine nucleobase found in DNA, whereas uracil is a distinct pyrimidine nucleobase found in RNA. However, studies have demonstrated that further RNA testing aids in overcoming DNA testing's limitations. Combining DNA and RNA tests can produce answers that are much more accurate and nuanced, especially when it comes to testing results that are currently unclear.
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how was the origin and evolution of cyanobacteria possible?
Cyanobacteria are autotrophic microbes with a long evolutionary history and a variety of fascinating metabolic characteristics.
The photosynthesis that cyanobacteria do evolves oxygen and resembles that of plants. Two of cyanobacteria's most significant evolutionary contributions are the oxygen-rich atmosphere of Earth and the plastid origins of plants.
In addition, the fossil record of cyanobacteria is nearly entirely from shallow marine environments, frequently from the intertidal zone or hypersaline lacustrine. Terrestrial deposits are less frequently preserved in the geological record, which may skew our perception of the biological ranges of prehistoric organisms.
According to some theories, marine planktonic cyanobacteria evolved after crown groups in freshwater, terrestrial, and benthic coastal contemporary habitats.
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how many layers of phospholipids make up a typical cell membrane?
A typical cell membrane is composed of two layers of phospholipids.
What is cell membrane?Cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a thin, flexible, semipermeable barrier that surrounds the outside of a cell. It helps to regulate what substances enter or leave a cell, as well as providing structure and support to the cell. The cell membrane also contains proteins that facilitate cellular communication, help transport molecules into and out of the cell, and serve as recognition sites for other cells.
Each layer consists of a phospholipid bilayer, which is made up of two layers of phospholipids that have hydrophilic (water-attracting) heads and hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails. The hydrophilic heads are arranged on the outside of the membrane, forming the outer surface of the bilayer. The hydrophobic tails are arranged in the middle of the bilayer, forming the inner surface of the membrane. This arrangement of phospholipids creates a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell, and it is this barrier that helps to regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
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how to activate the immune system to produce specific antibodies produced by the b lymphocytes ?
Antigens that bind to the clonally produced B cell receptors (BCRs) start the process of B lymphocyte activation by starting signalling cascades that cause the transcription of a number of genes related to B cell activation.
When a B-receptor cell's identifies and attaches to an antigen, the B-cell is activated. However, the second element indicated above—stimulation by an active helper T cell—is often required for B-cell activation.
The immune system's B lymphocytes are created from stem cells in the bone marrow. also known as a B cell. Enlarge. blood cell formation. To develop into a red blood cell, platelet, or white blood cell, a blood stem cell must go through a number of stages.
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what are the visible characteristics of areolar connective tissue?
The visible characteristics of areolar connective tissue is several fiber kinds that run in various directions. A woven or web-like pattern can be seen when fibers are present.
The two subclasses of connective tissue are loose and thick tissues. Areolar, adipose, and reticular tissue are further categories for loose connective tissues. Areolar tissues are widely dispersed throughout the body and serve largely as a cushion between other tissues.
All over the human body is connective tissue, including the areolar connective tissue. Organs, muscles, and many other tissues are supported and protected by it. It aids in keeping the skin together as well.
Areolar Connective Tissue's Purpose is:-
1. Offers a protective framework that supports and holds important structures in place.
2. Has mast cells that aid in infection prevention.
3. The collagen fibers in the areolar tissue are extremely thick, giving it strength and rigidity.
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What is the first and longest phase of mitosis where chromatin coils into visible chromosomes?
what shape does a bloodstain make when it falls perpendicular to a surface
A bloodstain from a perpendicular fall will typically make a round or oval shape.
What is bloodstain?
Bloodstain is a dried area of blood on a surface such as clothing, carpet, or other material. Bloodstains can be the result of a crime, an accident, or a medical procedure. Bloodstains can also be used in forensic science to help identify a perpetrator or victim. They are studied to determine the shape, size, and composition of the blood. Bloodstains can also be used to determine the angle and direction of the impact that caused them.
Therefore, A bloodstain from a perpendicular fall will typically make a round or oval shape.
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What happens if there is no chlorophyll in the leaves?.
A lack of chlorophyll, the natural pigment that gives green plants their colour, results in chlorosis, a yellowing of the leaf tissue.
Chlorosis may be brought on by issues with drainage, damaged roots, compacted roots, high alkalinity, and nutrient deficiencies in the plant.
If a plant doesn't produce enough chlorophyll, which it does naturally, it will die and lose its green hue, turning brownish-yellow.
However, there is a small distinction between how plants with green leaves absorb solar energy and how plants without green leaves carry out photosynthesis without chlorophyll. The entire visible light spectrum is absorbed by green leaves. These light waves are reddish-orange and violet-blue.
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What is Darwin's theory of natural selection and give examples?.
Natural selection is the theory behind evolution put forth by Charles Darwin. Given the scarcity of resources in nature, animals with heritable features that promote survival and reproduction will typically produce more offspring than their contemporaries, leading to an increase in the frequency of such traits across successive generations.
According to Darwin's theory of natural selection in evolution, only the strongest organisms may survive and procreate in the world. The organism with advantageous features will therefore endure. In any population, a natural overabundance of children causes a perpetual struggle for survival. People who possess variants that aid in their ability to survive and reproduce tend to live longer and have more children than those who lack such variations. The advantageous variations are passed down to the offspring of survivors, and this process repeats again with each subsequent generation until the variation becomes a recognizable trait. The organisms within the environment alter and adapt to the new living circumstances as the environment changesLearn more about natural selection
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Why were the researchers looking for fossils in the arctic, when there are areas that have more biological diversity elsewhere in the world?
The researchers may have been looking for fossils in the Arctic because it is a unique and relatively unexplored area that has a different kind of biological diversity compared to other areas of the world.
Why is biodiversity in the Arctic important?This vast biodiversity provides people with essential services and values. They not only provide food, but also the daily context and foundation for social identity, cultural survival, and spiritual life. Additionally, the Arctic is known for preserving fossils well due to the cold temperatures, which can slow down the process of decay, making it an ideal place for paleontological discoveries.
The researchers may also have been specifically interested in studying the ancient flora and fauna that once lived in the Arctic region, and how they were adapted to the harsh conditions there.
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Background check are continuing to how everal PHONE companie are till uing an oppoite ex race & unknown (to me) individual to have regitered my mobile phone number. THIS IS NOW YEAR 8
If an employee fails the background verification, they may be terminated and put on the No-Hire list, which means they can never get a job in that organization.
What is background check?
A background check or background investigation is a review of a potential employee's criminal, commercial and financial records. The goal of background checks is to ensure the safety and security of the employees in the organisation.Criminal background checks will reveal felony and misdemeanor criminal convictions, any pending criminal cases, and any history of incarceration as an adult. Arrests pending prosecution may also be reported, and in some cases, arrests that did not lead to a criminal conviction may also appear.There are plenty of reasons a person may not pass a background check, including criminal history, education discrepancies, poor credit history, damaged driving record, false employment history, and a failed drug test.To learn more about mobile refers to:
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what type of bond holds together the complementary nucleotides?
Hydrogen bonds are the type of bond holds together the complementary nucleotides.
The G-C and A-T base pairs form hydrogen bonds that hold the two complementary nucleotide strands of each DNA molecule's double helix together. The genetic data contained in an organism's DNA serves as a repository for all of the protein synthesis instructions that will ever be needed. The two strands are joined together by potent hydrogen bonds. Due to their anti-parallel orientation, the two strands are precisely aligned.
When nucleotides are incorporated into DNA, a covalent binding between the 5′ phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3′-OH group of another nucleotide is formed. This covalent interaction is known as a phosphodiester bond. In this way, phosphate-sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate forms the "backbone" of each DNA strand.
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Do clams have 100 eyes?.
The exposed mantle of giant clams (Tridacna spp.) has a large number of tiny pinhole-like eyes.
Several hundred tiny pinhole eyes, commonly known as hyaline organs, on the exposed mantle have been observed in giant clams. Clam eyes can detect changes in light levels because they are light-sensitive.
They retract their siphon and mantle and partially seal their shells in response to abrupt light dimming, object movement, and sudden strong light. This could happen in a natural setting when predators like as fish and birds in the big sea pass over the clam, changing the light levels or inducing a "shadow response."
The mollusks known as bivalves are enclosed in two identical cupped shells that are connected by a and have experienced several evolutions. Mollusks have a variety of distinct eye shapes. Some clams have compound eyes with many nits , which set them apart from the compound eyes of insects.
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What determines the function of a specialized cell?
A The type of RNA in the cell
B the number of ribosomes in the cell
C the number of chromosomes in the cell
D the active genes in the cell
Option D the active genes in the cell determines the function of a specialized cell.
What is the relationship between cell specialization and gene expression?The relationship between cell specialization and gene expression is that the expression of specific genes is what enables a cell to become specialized. Cell specialization is the result of the expression of certain genes that control the development, function, and maintenance of the cell's specialized characteristics.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that gene expression in a cell will determine its specialization such as for example, a muscle cell will have a different gene expression profile than a skin cell.
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What do we call the physical expression of a genetic trait
Answer:Phenotype refers to an individual's observable traits, such as height, eye color and blood type. A person's phenotype is determined by both their genomic makeup (genotype) and environmental factors.
Which explanation is true regarding the stuctures of dna and rna, and how do they relate to replication and the expression of a gene?.
Replication involves copying the entire DNA molecule in order to produce a double-stranded DNA molecule. Single-stranded RNA is produced from a segment of the DNA strand and is then translated into proteins.
How do the different DNA and RNA forms relate to the functions that they carry out?
Nucleic acids, such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), carry genetic information and are read by cells to produce the RNA and proteins that enable living things to function.
What's the connection between DNA and RNA, and what happens when they work together?
Protein, RNA, and DNA are all connected to one another. DNA does not directly make proteins, but it does contain the information required to encode proteins. Proteins carry out the vast majority of cellular tasks,
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What are the structure of RNA and DNA and how one might be used to create the other?
Some students were building a model of a
digestive system. Which choice best
describes a process they should show with
their model?
F Tissues digest food for the organ
system to absorb.
GCells digest food, which is then
absorbed by organs.
Organs digest food by working
together as a system.
(H)
The organ system uses specialized
cells to digest food.
The digestive process is divided into four steps: ingestion, chemical and mechanical food breakdown, nutrient absorption, and expulsion of indigestible food.
What does the digestive process entail?
The digestive process starts as soon as something is chewed. In order for food to pass more easily through your esophagus and into your stomach, saliva, a digestive juice produced by your salivary glands, moistens the food. The carbs in food also begin to be broken down by an enzyme found in saliva.
Motility, digestion, absorption, and secretion are the four fundamental functions of the digestive system. Our digestive system transforms our food into energy that we can use.
The digestive system's initial function is to take in food through the mouth. The "ingesting" procedure must take place before anything else can happen.
The complete question is:
Some students were building a model of a digestive system. Which choice best describes a process they should show with their model?
a) F Tissues digest food for the organ system to absorb.
b) G Cells digest food, which is then absorbed by organs.
c) Organs digest food by working together as a system.
d) The organ system uses specialized cells to digest food.
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What is the product of the Calvin cycle that leaves and can then form sugars *?.
The Calvin cycle uses the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions to produce sugar.
The Calvin cycle reactions add carbon (from atmospheric CO2) to RuBP, a simple five-carbon molecule. These reactions make use of the chemical energy generated by the light reactions, NADPH and ATP.
Two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) molecules, three ADP molecules, and two NADP+ molecules are the immediate products of one turn of the Calvin cycle. (ADP and NADP+ are not technically "products. They are regenerated and then reused in light-dependent reactions). Each G3P molecule has three carbons.
The Calvin cycle produces glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). It is a three-carbon sugar that serves as the foundation for the synthesis of other carbohydrates. While some of this G3P is available for molecular synthesis and is utilized to create fructose diphosphate, some is used to regenerate the RuBP, allowing the cycle to continue.
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What are the 4 concepts of evolution?.
Variation, inheritance, selection, and time are the four concepts that regulate evolution. These are viewed as components of the evolutionary process driven by natural selection. The hypothesis of evolution through natural selection uses these ideas as a conceptual baseline.
Individuals in every species have different genetic make-ups, which result in numerous differences in their physical appearance. Similar to this, individuals pass on a portion of their genetic material to the upcoming generation through inheritance. Some of these hereditary traits help the progeny perform better in challenging circumstances. Later, they produce more children of their own with a more developed set of traits. This process of selection causes changes in the species throughout time. The accumulation of these changes in a species, however, may take days, months, decades, or even millions of years.
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what is the primary function of the pyloric valve?
Answer: The primary function of pyloric valve is to pass the food from stomach to the top of small intestine
Explanation: The pyloric sphincter at the bottom of the stomach is a muscular valve which helps to transfer food from stomach to small intestine.
Stomach is a muscular sac about the size of a small melon . once the stomach breaks the complex and strong muscular contractions , food is pushed towards the pyloric valve . This valve leads to the upper portion of your small intestine, a segment known as the duodenum.
True or Fale: In diffuion, particle move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
"Particles migrate in diffuion from a low-concentration area to a high-concentration area."
The statement is false.
Diffusion is the movement of a substance's individual molecules over a semipermeable barrier from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Diffusion is the total net transfer of a substance from one concentration to another. Diffusion is fueled by a gradient in the chemical potential or Gibbs free energy.
The movement of materials into and out of cells is facilitated by diffusion. The molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until the concentration is the same everywhere.
Due to the possibility of random molecule movement, diffusion happens in gases and liquids.
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how do muscles behave when theyre not working?
When your muscles don't function or move normally, muscular function loss happens. Being unable to contract your muscles regularly is known as complete muscular loss, or paralysis. You won't be able to control the damaged body parts correctly if your muscles stop working. This symptom is frequently an indication of a severe health issue, such as a major injury, a drug overdose, or a coma.
what are muscles ?Muscles are soft tissues. Many stretchy fibers make up your muscles. You have more than 600 muscles in your body. Muscles of the skeletal, smooth, and cardiac types make up the muscular system, an organ system. The blood is circulated throughout the body, allowing for mobility and maintaining posture. However, some muscles can function entirely independently. Vertebrate muscular systems are controlled by the neurological system.
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at the peripheral end of a sensory neuron, detects sensations and triggers impulses.
At the peripheral end of sensory neurons, Receptors are present and they will receive the stimulus.
Receptors are present at the end of the sensory neuron and have various types based on its stimuli. Receptors are present which detect light, sound, touch, pain etc…
The receptors of Light are called Photoreceptors, The receptors of sound Auditory Receptors,Smell are Olfactory receptors,Touch are Tactile Receptors and receptors are also associated with pain, pressure, hot, cold etc...Sensory Neurons are associated with sense organs and they carry the impulses to Brain.Sensory pathways consist of the chain of neurons, from receptor organ to cerebral cortex of brain and they are mainly responsible for senses like Sight, Hearing, Smell, taste and touch.
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dentify at least two factors that can affect respiratory rate and describe how they affect it .
Answer:
A number of factors can influence the respiration rate, such as:
Age – younger children generally have higher oxygen demands and therefore breath faster
Pain – pain will cause an increase in respiration rate
Emotion – emotion will cause an increase in respiration rate
Resistance from air passages – increased resistance (e.g. in asthma) prevents as much air entering the lungs during each cycle. The demand for oxygen will then increase, increasing the respiration rate.
Fever – fever increases the body’s demand for oxygen, increasing the respiration rate
Elasticity of the lungs – the less elastic the lungs, the less air can enter the lungs each cycle, increasing the respiration rate.
Chemical changes – chemical changes in the body, caused by hypoxia, metabolic disorders or medications / drugs, can cause the respiration rate to increase or decrease, depending on the stimulus
the surgical removal of the synovial membrane from a joint
The surgical removal of the synovial membrane from a joint is called synovectomy.
A synovectomy is a surgical procedure used to treat synovitis and other conditions that affect the synovium, a thin membrane lining the interior of some joints (referred to as "synovial joints"), including your knee, shoulder, and elbow. The synovium is largely removed during a synovectomy procedure.
A "arthroscopy" is exactly what?
Arthroscopy locates and treats the joint problems. A buttonhole-sized hole is created by the surgeon, who then inserts a skinny tube with a fiber-optic video camera through it. A high-definition video monitor receives the view from inside your joint. A synovectomy is a surgical procedure that can be used to treat some synovial disorders.The interior of many joints, also referred to as synovial joints, have a very thin membrane.To know more about synovial membrane visit:-
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Why is Sickle Cell Anemia a good example of how evolutionary thinking can help us better understand human diseases?
a.) The fact that the sickle cell allele has increased in humans over time shows that evolution does not always make the population stronger.
b.) Sickle Cell Anemia is harmful, therefore the allele is dying out over time.
c.) Sickle Cell Anemia shows how a mutation that is beneficial in one environment can be harmful in another.
d.) The high prevalence of the sickle cell allele in people of African descent caused scientists to investigate whether there were any beneficial effects of the mutation
Sickle Cell Anemia is a good example of how evolutionary thinking can help us better understand human diseases because the high prevalence of the sickle cell allele in people of African descent caused scientists to investigate whether there were any beneficial effects of the mutation.
What do you mean sickle cell anemia?A series of blood abnormalities known as sickle cell disease (SCD) are commonly hereditary. The most typical variety is referred to as sickle cell anemia. The oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin in red blood cells becomes dysfunctional as a result. In certain cases, this results in a hard, sickle-like form. Sickle cell disease problems often start at the age of 5 to 6 months. Anemia, swelling in the hands and feet, bacterial infections, stroke, and pain episodes (also known as sickle cell crises) are just a few of the health issues that could arise. As people age, they may experience chronic pain. In the developed world, people typically live between 40 and 60 years.
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