Transcription is the process of creating RNA from the genetic information contained inside DNA. RNA polymerases are the enzymes involved in transcription.
Nuclear RNA polymerases come in three varieties in eukaryotes and one kind in prokaryotes.
A core enzyme and a supporting protein component known as sigma make up the bacterial RNA polymerase (s factor). Four subunits make up the core, two of which are identical (a) and two of which are similar (b and b'). The b subunit binds the nucleotides that will be connected to form the RNA molecule, while the b' subunit attaches the DNA. Sigma factors work to detect particular DNA sequences referred as as promoters. Promoters are locations where RNA polymerase is instructed to start transcription.
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In an small town, most people have brown hair and only a few have red hair.
A few friends discover an island and decide to move to the island, bringing about 20 others to live on the island as well. Most people that happend to leave are left-handed.
On the new island, now 70% of the population is left-handed.
This is an example of:
a Not enough information
b Natural Selection
c Genetic Drift: Bottleneck
d Genetic Drift: Founder's Effect
Answer:
d. Genetic Drift: founders effect
Explanation:
What are the main reasons of mutation stop codon?.
The substitution of a single base pair in a triplet codon causes nonsense mutations, which result in one of three stop codons (UAG, UAA, and UGA)
As a result, the triplet codon for an amino acid is changed to one that causes mRNA translation to end too soon and causes a truncated protein.
Because stop codons do not encode for an amino acid but rather mark the completion of protein synthesis, they are also known as nonsense codons. So, prematurely introducing a nonsense or stop codon into the DNA sequence results in nonsense mutations. In general, a stop codon—UAA, UAG, or UGA—in the ribosome's A site is a signal to stop protein synthesis. As it assures the production of complete proteins, this procedure is the final crucial step in the translation process.
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what are carbohydrates used for within the cell membrane_____
Cell membranes also include carbohydrates that are covalently attached to proteins or lipids, which serve as sites for cell adhesion and addressing.
What three tasks does the cell membrane perform?The membrane organelles play a key role in many cellular processes, such as nutrition intake and conversion, chemical synthesis, energy production, and regulation on metabolic pathways.
What are the cell membrane's four primary roles?Identification, communication, control of solute exchange across the membrane, & isolation of a cytoplasm from the surrounding environment are the four primary roles of the plasma membrane.
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What is the role of RNA to provide the original blueprint for protein production?.
The function of RNA in providing the initial recipe for protein synthesis. Transmit data for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the ribosomes.
A crucial molecule for the synthesis of protein is RNA. The enzyme DNA dependent RNA polymerase aids in the conversion of DNA into RNA. Transcription is the procedure that creates the r n e.
The RNA is then sent to the ribosome, where translation transforms it into protein. This means that any shapes are the original design for producing proteins. The transcription and transfer of genetic instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where proteins are created, is one of RNA's most significant functions. RNA also performs structural, regulatory, and catalytic functions.
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What are some real-life examples of when you want to keep heat energy from being lost to the environment?
PLEASE HURRY IT'S DUE TODAY
Answer:
the real life example is our body heat when we weat coats or jackets in winters
What is meant by the statement that science is a way of thinking explain?.
The statement science is a way of thinking means that science is the way that helps one to learn and think to solve real-world problems.
Asking questions, testing hypotheses, making observations, spotting patterns, and concluding are all examples of the intentional information searching that goes into scientific thinking. Science is the methodical investigation of the physical and biological characteristics as well as the structure and operation of the natural world. It is a comparatively modern approach to learning about natural events, having largely displaced the influences of less objective techniques and viewpoints.
So it is both a body of knowledge and a method of learning new things. For example, scientists have a clear understanding of the problem at hand and the question that needs to be answered. They challenge facts, judgments, and worldviews. They try to be precise, accurate, and relevant.
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what separates the parietal and visceral pericardium?
The parietal and visceral pericardiums are separated by the pericardial cavity. Serous fluid lubricates the visceral and parietal membranes in this cavity.
The pericardium is made up of two layers: a visceral pericardium that adheres to the outside of the heart and a parietal pericardium that forms a fibrous layer by the visceral pericardium reflecting back on itself.
The pericardial cavity is the potential space between these two layers. The pericardial cavity is the potential space formed around the heart by the two layers of serous pericardium.
It usually contains a small amount of serous fluid, which acts to lubricate and reduce surface tension. As a result, the cavity allows the heart to move freely.
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Thermal equilibrium is attained when two objects have the
same...
a temperature
b pressure
c humidity
d heat loss
Answer:
A. temperature
Explanation:
Thermal equilibrium is attained when two objects have the same temperature. This means that the heat energy flowing from one object to another stops because the two objects have reached the same temperature. At this point, the temperature of the two objects will remain constant as long as they remain in contact with each other and no external heat energy is added or removed.
Which is responsible for bone growth and change?
Answer: Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts
Explanation:
Cold water rie from the bottom of the ocean to the urface of the ocean at different place around the globe
Cold water rises to the surface of the ocean from its depths through a process known as upwelling, which occurs in various locations across the world. In this case, Option 3 is correct.
Upwelling: What is it?
Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves the movement of waves of dense, colder, and frequently nutrient-rich water from deep water toward the ocean's surface. In place of the warmer, frequently nutrient-depleted surface water, the cold water plays that part.The process of upwelling is responsible for bringing deep, cold water currents to the ocean's surface. Upwelling is influenced by both the planet Earth's winds and rotation. Deep, chilly ocean water is brought to the surface through an action known as upwelling. Winds and the rotation of the Earth cause upwelling.To know more about upwelling visit:-
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Question:-
Cold water rises from the bottom of the ocean to the surface of the ocean at different places around the globe. What is this process called? global warming climate change upwelling cold water currentcrossing over occurs at the ends of chromosomes, rather than near the centromeres.
Crossing over occurs at the ends of the chromosomes, not close to the centromeres, where DNA segments can easily break and reattach.
Option 2 is correct
Where exactly does chromosome crossing occur?During the pachytene phase of meiosis, when pairs of chromosomes are fully coupled, crossing occurs. At diplotene, after homologs divide, the locations of trying to cross become visible as cytokinesis, which holds the two homologs of a pair together until segregation during anaphase I.
Which of the following is true regarding crossing over?Genes are exchanged at random between the parents' chromosomes. During the crossing-over process, gametes generate novel gene combinations.
Question incomplete:What are the requirements and consequences of crossing over?
1. For crossing over to occur, homologous chromosomes must align precisely early in prophase I so that nonsister chromatids can exchange corresponding segments of DNA.
2. Crossing over occurs at the ends of chromosomes, rather than near the centromeres, because segments of DNA near the centromeres cannot break and rejoin easily.
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Who did Malva get pregnant by?.
You are 100% true, Minnie, when you remark that one of the show's characters lied and said she was both dating Pastor Troy and pregnant.
At some time, she had to acknowledge that it was untrue. She wasn't pregnant, and they weren't dating. Has Minnie ever given birth? Driver, the host of the Minnie Questions podcast, gave birth to a boy in 2008 at the age of 38. She raised her child alone for a couple of years. What does Minnie's pantsuit serve? Minnie Mouse, well-known for her red and white polka dot attire, will don a blue pantsuit to honor Women's History Month and Disneyland Paris' 30th anniversary. The pantsuit was first intended to assist women to blend into environments where men predominated, but it has subsequently changed to represent the empowerment of women.
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White-tailed deer are mammals. Mammals have a reproductive strategy
that is not found in all animals.
Which two statements provide a cause and effect of the reproductive
strategy of white-tailed deer that helps them survive?
A. It requires two parents.
B. It requires only one parent.
C. It causes very fast growth and development.
D. It produces genetic variation within a population.
E. It results in individuals being identical to one parent.
____increases the surface area available for absorption of materials across the cell membrane.
The surface area available for material absorption across the cellula membrane is increased by the presence of microvilli on a cell's surface.
Numerous cells in the body have cellular menbrane extensions, which might be cilia or microvilli, the shortest, depending on their length. We can observe the case of the small intestine's microvilli, which are more prevalent at the level of the second and third segments of the gut, favouring the significant absorption of liquids, proteins, and nutrients that take place at these levels. We may locate these cilia in the cells of the respiratory system and the reproductive system, where they aid in the mobility of foreign bodies (respiratory system) and the movements of sperm. They are shown as an appendix in the shape of hair (reproductive system).
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the secondary structure of a protein results from _____.
The secondary structure of a protein results from hydrogen bond.
The secondary structure of a protein results from the conformation of hydrogen bonds between the backbone tittles of the polypeptide chain. Hydrogen bonds are veritably weak, but inclusively they can stabilize certain patterns of the polypeptide chain which give the protein its shape. There are two main types of secondary structures α- helices and β- wastes. α- helices are formed when the polypeptide chain is curled into a spherical shape.
Hydrogen bonds form between the amide groups of the peptide backbone and produce a spiral structure. β- wastes are formed when two or further polypeptide chains twist around each other. The hydrogen bonds form between the amide groups of the two polypeptide chains, creating a distance- suchlike structure.
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You examine an articulated skeleton in the laboratory and determine the skeleton to be a female since ________.
You examine an articulated skeleton in the laboratory and determine the skeleton to be a female since it has a wide pelvis and narrow shoulders.
What is skeleton?Skeleton is a basic structure or framework of a human body, often represented as a simplified diagram of bones, muscles, and organs. It serves as a foundation for the body and provides it with support, stability, and shape. The bones of the skeleton also protect vital organs, store minerals, produce blood cells, and allow movement. The main components of the human skeleton are the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, spine, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the arms, legs, and pelvis. Additionally, the skeleton also contains numerous ligaments, tendons, and joints.
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How are Darwin's finches an example of natural selection?.
Darwin's finches are an example of natural selection by observed thаt beаk shаpe vаries аmong finch species.
Dаrwin’s finches аre аn excellent exаmple of the wаy in which species’ gene pools hаve аdаpted in order for long-term survivаl viа their offspring. Their beаks hаve evolved over time to be best suited to their function. For exаmple, the finches who eаt grubs hаve а thin extended beаk to poke into holes in the ground аnd extrаct the grubs. Finches who eаt buds аnd fruit would be less successful аt doing this, while their clаw-like beаks cаn grind down their food аnd thus give them а selective аdvаntаge in circumstаnces where buds аre the only reаl food source for finches.
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What colors do leaves absorb and reflect?.
Except for green, these pigments absorb all visible light. They absorb more red and blue wavelengths. The plants reflect greenlight, giving them a green appearance.
Chloroplast contains chlorophyll, also known as photosynthetic pigment, which, along with other pigments in the plant cell, plays an important role in the plant's color component.
Plant cells are eukaryotes, but they are not the same as animal cells. The structures that distinguish a plant cell are the cell wall, which serves as a support and filter, a plastid, which contains the plant's color components, and vacuoles.
Green plants are so because of a pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs light at specific wavelengths in the visible light spectrum.
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Is yellow seed color a phenotype or genotype?.
Answer:
phenotype
Explanation:
Yy is the heterozygous genotype (one dominant allele, one recessive allele). The phenotype of this genotype is yellow seed color.
_____ link the nutrient-supplying capillaries to neurons and control the chemical environment to protect the neurons from any harmful substances in the blood.
Astrocytes link the nutrient-supplying capillaries to neurons and control the chemical environment to protect the neurons from any harmful substances in the blood.
Astrocytes protect neurons from potentially harmful blood components by regulating the chemical environment and linking the capillaries that supply nutrients to the neurons. microglia consumes and excretes dead cells and microbes.
In general, the brain is made up of three main types of neurons, each of which serves a different purpose. Sensing neurons, which affect the cells of the sensory organs, send messages to the spinal cord or brain in response to stimuli like touch, sound, or light. Motor neurons receive instructions from the brain and spinal cord, which in turn control everything from glandular secretion to muscle contractions. Interneurons connect neurons in the same part of the brain or spinal cord. A grouping of numerous neurons is referred to as a "neural circuit."
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What are 3 mutations and describe each?.
Three mutations are deletion, insertion and substitution.
Substitution mutation:In the context of genomics, substitution is a type of mutation in which one nucleotide is switched out for another. Additionally, the phrase can be used to describe the substitution of one amino acid for another in a protein.
Deletion mutation:Kind of self-explanatory, deletion. It occurs when a base is removed or, to put it another way, is simply absent.
Insertion mutation: Insertion denotes the addition of a new nucleotide.
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all of the processes associated with obtaining and processing food, using absorbed nutrients to generate cellular energy, and the elimination of waste, are described by the term , which includes all of the life-supporting chemical reactions that cells perform.
All of the processes associated with obtaining and processing food, using absorbed nutrients to generate cellular energy, and the elimination of waste, are described by the term metabolism.
What is metabolism?
Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions within the cells of living organisms. These reactions allow organisms to grow, reproduce, respond to their environment, and maintain homeostasis. Metabolism involves the breakdown of complex molecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, into simpler molecules, and the use of these simpler molecules to build new molecules.
Therefore, All of the processes associated with obtaining and processing food, using absorbed nutrients to generate cellular energy, and the elimination of waste, are described by the term metabolism.
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when water becomes ice, what cause hydrogen bonds to form but there is air in between
Answer:
When water becomes ice, the temperature drops causing the water molecules to slow down and the distance between them increases, forming hydrogen bonds between them. However, there is still air present within the ice structure due to the fact that the hydrogen bonds cannot fill all the space between the water molecules, creating small pockets of air or voids within the ice structure.
Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the
a. hippocampus
b. cerebellum
c. hypothalamus
d. motor cortez
The process of getting information into memory is called priming. chunking Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the hippocampus.
What is the role of the hippocampus during sleep?Hippocampal activity seems to specifically support memory consolidation during sleep, through specific coordinated neurophysiological events (slow waves, spindles, ripples) that would facilitate the integration of new information into the pre-existing cortical networks.
What emotions does the hippocampus control?The hippocampus, located in the medial temporal lobe and connected with the amygdala that controls emotional memory recalling and regulation (Schumacher et al., 2018); it has increased the functional connectivity with anterior cingulate or amygdala during emotional regulation and recalling of positive memory .
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the formation of atp as a result of the activity of the electron transport system is termed substrate-level phosphorylation. T/F
False. The synthesis of ATP as a result of electron transport system activity is not referred to as substrate-level phosphorylation.
Substrate-level phosphorylation is a kind of cellular respiration in which ATP is produced directly by transferring a phosphate group from a high-energy substrate molecule to ADP. The electron transport system is a component of oxidative phosphorylation, a kind of cellular respiration that utilises energy provided by the electron transport chain to make ATP via the activity of the ATP synthase complex.
The ATP synthase is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate, which is driven by a flux of protons across a gradient formed by electron transfer from the proton's chemically positive to negative side.
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Describe the tympanic membrane and temporal artery thermometers and compare their use with other forms of temperature measurement.
Both the temporal artery thermometer and the tympanic membrane thermometer are quick and comfortable. Rectal and oral thermometers should not be used.
The term "eardrum" also refers to the tympanic membrane. The outer ear and middle ear are divided by it. The tympanic membrane begins to vibrate as soon as sound waves enter it. Following that, the small bones in the middle ear receive the vibrations. Following that, the vibrating signals are sent from the middle ear bones to the inner ear. A thin connective tissue membrane called the tympanic membrane makes up the structure, which is externally covered by skin and internally by mucosa. The auditory ossicles, which are little bones located in the tympanic (middle-ear) cavity, receive sound vibrations from the surrounding air through the tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum.
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What kind of gene mutation is more likely to result in a nonfunctional protein and why?.
Frameshift gene mutation. A protein's inability to function is more likely to result from a frameshift mutation than from a point mutation. This modifies the nucleotide bases in codons, changing their base sequence.
Frameshift gene mutation changes the amino acid sequence and the proteins that come after it. Changing the way a DNA sequence is read, for as through an insertion or deletion, can result in a frameshift mutation, a specific kind of genetic modification. A change in the reading frame occurs when one or more nucleotides are added or deleted. Cystic fibrosis is caused by two frameshift mutations in the CFTR genes, one of which results in the insertion of two nucleotides and the other in the deletion of one.
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which type of secretion has an extracellular effect such as the digestion of food?
Exocrine stashing is a type of stashing that has an extracellular effect, similar as the digestion of food.
Exocrine concealment are produced from technical cells and tubes and are released into the body's external terrain. exemplifications of exocrine concealment include digestive enzymes, sweat, slaver, and mucous. Digestive enzymes, similar as amylase, protease, and lipase, are buried by the pancreas and help to break down complex carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats into simpler motes that can be absorbed by the intestine. slaver, which is produced by the salivary glands, helps to bedew and slick food in the mouth, while mucous helps to cover the filling of the stomach and intestine. Sweat is buried by the sweat glands and helps to cool the body down during violent physical exertion. All of these exocrine concealment serve important functions in the body and are essential for the digestion and immersion of food.
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how many branches represent the domains on the evolutionary tree of life?
the plasma membrane of cells is selectively permeable.T/F
True - some molecules can cross while others cannot.
Is the plasma membrane of a cell porous or impermeable?The fact that membranes control what enters and exits a cell is their primary function.The membrane is partially permeable because no specific chemicals pass through it.Some chemicals, including oxygen and hydrocarbons, can pass through the membrane.
Where is the cell membrane's selective permeability located?Proteins, lipids (cholesterol & phospholipids), and carbs make up the majority of selectively permeable.
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