Answer:
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Explanation:
The characteristics of a pathogen that determine its virulence include which of the following?
A. pathogenicity
B. invasiveness
C. infectivity
D. all of the choices
All of the choices are the characteristics of a pathogen that determine its virulence. the correct option is D
What is pathogen?pathogen can be defined as an organism causing disease to its host with the severity of the disease symptoms referred to as virulence and also pathogens are taxonomically widely divers and comprise viruses and bacteria as well as unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes.
Pathogenic organisms are of five main types such as :
Viruses BacteriaFungi Protozoa WormsTherefore all of the choices are the characteristics of a pathogen that determine its virulence. the correct option is D
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Which of the following statements regarding the differences between mitosis and meiosis is false
In mitosis cytokinesis occurs once, whereas in meiosis cytokinesis occurs twice.
Mitosis, but not meiosis, occurs in somatic cells.
In meiosis four daughter cells are produced, whereas in mitosis two daughter cells are produced.
Crossing over is a phenomenon that creates genetic diversity during mitosis.
Cells produced by mitosis are diploid, whereas cells produced by meiosis are haploid.
Crossing over is a phenomenon that creates genetic diversity during mitosis is the incorrect statement.
What is Meiosis and Mitosis?
Two distinct cell division processes, meiosis and mitosis, are frequently observed in organisms.
While meiosis is a specific type of cell division that occurs in germ cells during the production of gametes and results in the formation of haploid gametes, mitosis is responsible for the growth of organisms.
DNA replication comes after both kinds of cell division.
DNA replication is followed by cell division in mitosis. Cell division occurs after each DNA replication.
Following one round of DNA replication, meiosis involves two divisions known as meiosis I and II. Chromosomes divide during meiosis and mitosis, respectively. As the chromosomes of daughter cells, the two sister chromatids travel to opposing poles as the centromere divides during mitosis.
During meiosis I, one chromosome from each homologous pair moves to the opposite pole and the centromeres do not split.
The number of chromosomes is thus cut in half. Meiosis II, which takes place in both of the daughter cells formed after meiosis I, involves centromere splitting similar to mitosis; as a result, the number of chromosomes is the same as it was at the beginning of meiosis II, i.e., half of the original parent cell.
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mitochondria and chloroplasts both contain their own genomes. drag the labels containing the genome characteristics to their appropriate organelle. if a characteristic fits for both mitochondria and chloroplasts, drag it to the box labeled both.
Mitochondria:
- Usually contains 37 genes
- inherited maternally
- mutations in genes can lead to human disease
- contains genes needed for oxi ph.
- small circular chromosome
Chloroplasts:
- Linear chromosome
- contains genes needed for photosynthesis
- usually contains 110 - 120 genes
- inherited biparentally in some species
Both:
- Extranuclear location
Mitochondria are membrane-certain cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical power to strengthen the cellular's biochemical reactions. Chemical power produced by using the mitochondria is saved in a small molecule referred to as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondria are found in all frame cells, except for some.
Traits of Mitochondria (i) The mitochondria are sausage-fashioned or cylindrical having a diameter of 0.2-1.0 µm and common zero. (ii) every mitochondrion is a double membrane sure structure. (iii) The internal compartment is referred to as the matrix.
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the model organism escherichia coli is growing in a nutrient rich environment. if glucose is depleted, what would be the first response of escherichia coli to the change in the environment?
The use of a different carbon source was Escherichia coli's initial response to the environment's shift.
A common model organism is the rod-shaped (bacillus) Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. E is advantageous for use because it can grow quickly on inexpensive media and because molecular tools are readily available to undertake genetic alterations. Escherichia coli, or E. coli for short, is essential to contemporary biotechnology. The model organism, Escherichia coli, is flourishing in a nutrient-rich environment. Scientists use it to manufacture proteins, to test the function of proteins, and to store DNA sequences from other organisms. When glucose levels drop, Escherichia coli uses another carbon source as an initial response to the environment change.
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Hypotheses are best described as
A) Assumptions
B) Replications
C) Explanations
D) Predictions
Hypotheses are best described as predictions.
What are the hypotheses?
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories.
To declare or indicate in advance. especially: foretelling on the basis of observation, experience, or scientific reason. intransitive verb. : to make a prediction.
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Human cells that lack centrioles cannot?
Human cells that lack centrioles cannot be divided.
Which cell of the human body does not have centrioles?Different cells have different numbers of centrioles. Most oocytes have no centrioles, in mammalian epithelial multiciliated cells, such as the ones of the vertebrate respiratory system, 200 to 300 basal bodies are formed in each cell after differentiation.Without centrioles, the cells' organelles would not stay in their proper places, and microtubules would not be able to function properly, which would leave cells unsupported and liable to lose their shape. Also when a cell had no centrioles, the cell would not be able to move its chromosomes during cell division.Learn more about cell division here: brainly.com/question/29773280
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when a second message is necessary for extracellular communication to be activated, it is provided by:
Adenosine monophosphate is a second message that is sent when extracellular communication is required (AMP).
A nucleotide is adenosine monophosphate (AMP), commonly referred to as 5'-adenylic acid. AMP is an ester of phosphoric acid and the nucleotide adenosine and consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. It takes the form of the prefix adenylyl- when acting as a substituent.
Adenosine monophosphate has been shown to hasten healing, shorten the shingles pain's length, and stop the progression of postherpetic neuralgia. More. An organic substance produced in the body called adenosine monophosphate (AMP) has been shown to be useful in treating shingles outbreaks.
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Three organisms have part of a gene for a digestive enzyme sequenced, and homologous parts of those sequences are shown below. One organism is a fungus and the other two are green algae.
Organism | Sequence
1 | AGATTCGATTCGCTTTAAA
2 | ACAGTCGAT_CGGCATAAA
3 | AGAT_CGATTCGGTTTAAA
Based on this data, identify which organisms are which and explain why.
Organism 1 and 3 have homologous genome sequence while 2 is different and belongs to fungus.
What is homologous sequence?The biological homology that exists between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences is referred to as sequence homology. This homology is characterized in terms of common ancestry throughout the course of the evolution of life. Although sequences of homologous genes can be quite similar to one another, this does not necessarily indicate that the genes are homologous.
An key instrument for evaluating the structure, function, and evolution of proteins is a method known as inference of homology from protein sequences.
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15 Saccharomyces CEREVisiGE Gram- positive or Gram- negative ?" Research and describe the
composition of yeast Cell walls . HOW does the composition compare to the cell walls of Gram - positive or
Gram - negative bacteria ?"
Gram-positive bacteria such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae stain.
Gram-positive stains are produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A layer of mannoproteins, beta-glucan, and chitin makes up the cell walls of yeast and other fungus.
For this reason, the principal stain crystal violet is retained by the fungal cell wall, which is thick and rigid like the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria.
Peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, and a very little amount of periplasm make up the majority of the Gram-positive cell wall. There is a thin layer of peptidoglycan in the periplasm of gram-negative bacteria.
The Gram-negative peptidoglycan layer is significantly thinner, and as a result, it rapidly decolorizes and will take on the safranin counterstain.
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parathyroid hormone (pth) has which effects on the kidney? increased absorption of vitamin d and excretion of vitamin e stimulation of calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion increased absorption of vitamin e and excretion of vitamin d stimulation of phosphate reabsorption and calcium excretion
The proximal convoluted tubule's phosphate reabsorption is decreased by parathyroid hormone. Plasma calcium decreases because phosphate ions in the serum combine with calcium to produce insoluble salts.
What effect does parathyroid hormone have on the kidneys?PTH increases the reabsorption of calcium through the kidneys (decreased excretion). increased synthesis of vitamin D3's active metabolite (required for calcium absorption from the small intestine).
The primary impact of parathyroid hormone is what?The parathyroid hormone, which is made by the thyroid glands, aids in preserving the proper level of calcium in the blood and in tissues that require calcium for healthy function. For bone health as well as nerve and muscle function, this is extremely crucial.
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which two forms of transport require proteins found in the cell membrane to move material in and out of a cell?
The two main kinds of membrane transport proteins are carrier proteins and channel proteins.
There are typically two types of transport carried out by transport proteins: "facilitated diffusion," in which a substance is simply allowed to diffuse down its concentration gradient, and "active transport," in which a cell uses energy to move a substance in the opposite direction of its concentration gradient.
The specific solute to be transported is bound by carrier proteins (also known as carriers, permeases, or transporters), which then go through a series of conformational changes to move the bound solute across the membrane. Facilitated diffusion is the method by which these molecules travel across the membrane with the aid of specific transport proteins. These distinct proteins are connected to what are known as channel proteins or carrier proteins (Figure below).
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how many pgal molecules continue on to the regeneration phase of the calvin cycle
The regeneration stage of the calvin cycle is reached by five PGAL molecules.
Describe the Calvin cycle.The Calvin cycle, also referred to as the dark reactions, light-independent reactions, or photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle of photosynthesis, is a series of chemical reactions that converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen carrier molecules into glucose.
Every three Calvin cycles, three RuBP molecules are reassembled using five PGAL molecules. One PGAL molecule is net gained every three Calvin cycle rotations; every five PGAL, three RuBP molecules are generated.
It takes energy to carry out the Calvin cycle, which creates carbohydrates from smaller molecules. The sugar is created by adding high-energy electrons to a reaction that uses ATP as an energy source and NADPH as a reducing agent.
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After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the Odense tuberosity. fracture facet O condyle. external callus. epiphyseal plate
The thickened area that develops when a diaphysis fracture heals is known as the external callus.
When a bone fractures, the skin is not punctured or exposed, resulting in a closed fractureOther bone in the left leg, called fibula, is usually shattered with this kind of injury as well. "Internal fixation" refers to the use of hardware such as metal pins, plate, rods, or screws to hold the bones together. The thickened area that develops when a diaphysis fracture heals is known as the external callus.This hardware is left in place once the bone has healed. A trabecula, also known as trabeculae, is a tiny, frequently microscopic tissue element that takes the shape of a small beam, strut, and rod that supports or attaches a framework of components inside a body.
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a student is biking to class and crashes. a broken rib makes a hole in the plural membrane. which do you expect
You must not ride a bicycle with a broken rib due to increased intrapleural pressure and more air in the pleural cavity. In fact, if you've sustained a wound that makes it difficult for you to breathe membrane
Although a small amount of air inside the bottle is compressed, the balloon cannot expand. The air molecules within a bottle have a way out when a hole is punched in it. They are forced outside as a balloon fills the interior space, making space for the balloon to expand. The lower ribs of the rib cage, the spine, and the base of the sternum all support the diaphragm. The chest cavity's length and diameter increase as the diaphragm constricts membrane
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which form of gene regulation primarily occurs in eukaryotes? all of these forms of regulation occur equally in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. regulation of transcription alteration of chromatin structure regulation of mrna stability regulation of translation
The gene regulation that occurs in eukaryotic primarily are regulation of transcription.
Gene expression in eukaryotic cells is regulated through repressors in addition to through transcriptional activators. Like their prokaryotic counterparts, eukaryotic repressors bind to precise DNA sequences and inhibit transcription.
Thus, even though maximum law of gene expression takes place via transcriptional manipulate in prokaryotes, law of gene expression in eukaryotes takes place on the transcriptional stage and post-transcriptionally (after the number one transcript has been made.
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What body system do vascular lesions involve?
The circulatory body system involves vascular lesions.
The vascular system in the body of humans is made up of a network of vessels that carry blood throughout the bodies of humans. When this system becomes compromised, an individual can develop vascular lesions in the form of tumors, sores, ulcers, skin marks, or wounds. These forms of vascular lesions might be appeared on the surface of one's skin, just below, or deep in vein tissue. In simple terms, vascular lesions refer to the common abnormalities of the skin and underlying tissues because of the issues in the circulatory body system.
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"which type of stroke is caused by blood vessels rupturing either within or on the surface of the brain?"
Hemorrhagic stroke is caused by blood vessels rupturing either within or on the surface of the brain. This happens in one of two ways: Bleeding inside of your brain (intracerebral).
A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by blood vessels rupturing either within or on the surface of the brain. This type of stroke is usually caused by a combination of two factors: high blood pressure and a weakened blood vessel wall.
When a person has high blood pressure, the blood vessels become more prone to damage and can begin to weaken. Over time, the weakened blood vessels can rupture, leading to a hemorrhagic stroke. This type of stroke is also caused by arteriovenous malformations (AVM) or an aneurysm, which is an abnormal bulge in the wall of a blood vessel.
When a blood vessel ruptures, it causes bleeding in the brain. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including headache, confusion, weakness, loss of balance, slurred speech, and even coma. Treatment for a hemorrhagic stroke typically involves controlling the bleeding, managing the symptoms, and carefully monitoring the affected area for further damage. This happens when a blood vessel inside of your brain tears or breaks open, causing bleeding that puts pressure on the surrounding brain tissue.
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stimulants such as cocaine produce euphoria because they ______.
Stimulants such as cocaine produce euphoria because they 'block the reuptake of dopamine in the brain'.
Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant drug that can speed up the messages traveling between the brain and the rest of the body. When cocaine is taken, it binds to the dopamine transporter and blocks the removal of dopamine from the synapse. The intake of cocaine then produces euphoria by accumulating the synapse to generate an amplified signal to the receiving neurons. Cocaine is a highly addictive stimulant drug that has serious effects on the health and well-being of people.
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some of the earliest true land plants lacked roots or a vascular system. the implication of this would be that they:
The earliest true land plants lacked roots or a vascular system. The implication of this would be that they could not grow tall.
For the transportation of nutrients and water, the earliest land plants lacked vascular systems as well. The first land plant known to have had a symbiotic relationship with fungi was Aglaophyton, a rootless vascular plant known from Devonian fossils in the Rhynie chert. These fungi formed arbuscular mycorrhizas, literally "tree-like fungal roots," in a clearly defined cylinder of cells (ring in cross section) in the cortex of its stems. In exchange for nutrients produced by or drawn from the soil (particularly phosphate), which the plant would not otherwise have had access to, the fungi fed on the sugars of the plant. Aglaophyton might have utilized arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, similar to other rootless land plants of the Silurian and early Devonian, to obtain water and nutrients from the soil.
Hence, vascular system is not required in plant inhabitant of water.
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the scientists of the bureau of animal industry helped discover that biting parasites called ticks were transmitting a disease to cows and causing texas cattle fever. this discovery later led to tracking down the cause of yellow fever and malaria. since the scientists made this connection, what conclusion is most likely about these diseases? a. yellow fever and malaria are also diseases that are transmitted by biting parasites. b. cows are the source for many diseases, including texas cattle fever, yellow fever, and malaria. c. these diseases pose a risk because they can be found in contaminated meat. d. texas cattle fever could later develop into yellow fever if it was passed to a human.
The most likely thing about these disorders in my opinion is, Other illnesses spread by biting parasites include yellow fever and malaria.
What development improved the study of animals and increased our understanding of animal diseases?Because researchers need to understand how biological agents might be introduced into both human and animal food, biosecurity study spans the entire food chain.
Who was the first to document using animal dissection for research purposes?Aristotle and Erasistratus were among the first individuals to be recorded conducting experiments on nonhuman animals in the writings of the Ancient Greeks in the fourth and third centuries BCE.
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which type of dna library (genomic or cdna) would include introns and promoters?
The genomic library are created from a species' or an organism's entire nuclear DNA. Restrictions endonuclease is used to randomly cut DNA into fragments of closable size.
Genomic libraries contain complete genomic fragments such as exons and introns of genes, gene promoters, intragenic DNA, replication origins, etc.
Has the cDNA library a promoter?In a lab setting, messenger RNA is used to create complementary DNA (cDNA). Because the genomic RNA transcript has been altered, cDNA is not the same as genomic DNA.
Do introns exist in genome-wide DNA?The introns found in various gene structures in all eukaryotic genomes are to be removed by the spliceosome, a complex molecular machine made up of five snRNAs and more than 150 proteins [1,2].
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The ability to think logically and clearly.
The ability to think logically and clearly is cognition.
The mental act or process of learning and comprehending through reason, experience, and the senses is known as cognition. It includes every facet of intellectual activity, including perception, thought, intelligence, knowledge development, memory and working memory, judgment and evaluation, reasoning and calculation, problem-solving and decision-making, comprehension, and language production. Because it involves imagining possibilities, imagination is sometimes regarded as a cognitive process. Cognitive processes both rely on and generate new knowledge. The term "cognition" is typically employed in psychology within an information-processing view of a person's psychological activities. The phrase is used to describe attitudes, attribution, and group dynamics in the study of social cognition, a subfield of social psychology.
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Gregor Mendel proposed laws to determine how alleles from sex cells created during meiosis could be combined. Which of these laws is BEST shown in the diagram, and why?
The law that is BEST shown in the diagram are the principles of segregation and independent assortment that are explained by the physical behavior of chromosomes during meiosis. Random and independent distribution during metaphase I can be demonstrated by considering a cell with a set of two chromosomes (n = 2).
What was Gregor Mendel's main work?Among the main legacies of this monk and researcher are the famous Laws of Mendel. His work with sweet peas, carried out at the monastery, evaluated how the hybridization of different species of peas occurred.
Why is Mendel considered the father of genetics?Mendel is considered the father of genetics, as he discovered many things related to heredity. Because of his studies and experiments with peas, genetics advanced and today we have a multitude of articles and research in this area that are useful for understanding life.
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you find a stray dog and take it to the vet for a check-up. the vet tells you that the dog has heartworms. these heartworms have a pseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. which group does this type of worm belong to?
The group to which the heartworms of dogs belong to is known as Nematoda, which suggests that option A is the right answer.
Heartworms belongs to phylum Nematoda, which are filarial parasites. Heartworm disease is caused by a parasite called Dirofilarial immitis, better known as heartworm. Melarsomine dihydrochloride is an arsenic containing drug which is predominantly FDA approved to kill adult heartworms in dogs. Heartworms in dogs can be very fatal as pets may develop heart failure or the appearance of a swollen belly due to excess fluid in the abdomen. Heartworm is caused due to mosquitoes which transfers the larvae of the worms into the blood stream of the dogs, where it grows in cells near the heart.
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To refer to complete question, see below:
The heartworms that can accumulate within the hearts of dogs and other mammals have a pseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. to which phylum does the heartworm belong? the heartworms that can accumulate within the hearts of dogs and other mammals have a pseudo coelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. to which phylum does the heartworm belong?
nematoda platyhelminthes annelida arthropodaDraw a concept map of eutrophication in aquatic systems.
The process of eutrophication involves increasing the amount of nutrients available in an aquatic system, which may lead to a rise in algae growth.
What is the eutrophication process?The natural process of eutrophication is brought on by the buildup of nutrients in lakes and other bodies of water. Nutrient-feeding algae develop on the water's surface, reducing its value for enjoyment and blocking water intake pipes.
What are the primary reasons eutrophication occurs?When the water body is abundantly enriched with nutrients, eutrophication takes place. Eutrophication may be caused by a number of things, including overuse of fertilizers, untreated sewage, the use of phosphorous-containing detergents.
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04.10. A large population of land turtles on an isolated island has two alleles determines shell thickness: The allele for thinner shells is dominant shells. The over the thinner-shell allele occurs at a frequency of 20%. t0 Assuming thick or thin shells, what should there the population? frequency of homozygous thicker-she (Hint: Use a large Punnett square to calculate 49 the answer:) a) 4% b)16% c)50% d)64%
The incidence of identical turtles with thicker shells is 64%.
The genotypes of a specific cross or breeding experiment are predicted using the Punnett square, a square diagram. It bears Reginald C. Punnett's name, who developed the method in 1905. Biologists use the graphic to estimate the likelihood that a child will have a specific genotype.
Two alleles for a gene that affects shell thickness exist in a large population of land turtles on an isolated island, and these alleles are dominant over the allele for sickle, which results in a thinner shell. If fixing a thin shell has no net advantage, Elia shows up 20% of the time. What should the population's homozygous sticker shell turtle frequency be?
The probability of identical turtles with thicker shells is 64%
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How are inducible and repressible systems similar?
a. in both systems the regulatory molecule functions by binding to the operator
b. they are both on by default
c.they are both off by default
d. repressor gene is constitutively expressed
What effect does the presence of ample glucose (increased GLU) have on the amount of lac operon transcription?
a. It increases the cAMP concentration which in turn causes a decreased rate of transcription
b. it decreases the cAMP concentration which in turn causes a decrease rate of transcription
c.it has no effect on the rate of transcription
d. none of the choices are correct
tRNA processing?
a. 3’ ends with an A residue (adenosine)
b. Poly A tail added at 3’ end
c. Methylated GTP added at 5’ end
d. 5’ leader sequence is removed
**Some questions may have multiple answers.
1. a) In both systems, the regulatory proteins are repressors that bind to the operator.
inducible, they turn on the transcription.
inducible are operated by the substrate
repressor operon is usually which repress in the presence of repressor molecule, block RNA polymerase movement.
repressor is operated by the end metabolic product
2. d) none
it decreases the rate of transcription.
3. a) 3’ ends with an A residue (adenosine)
Trna (small mRNA) processing is essential in the formation of genes and proteins.
Also, tRNA helps in protein synthesis.
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which of the following is not a genus within the hominoidea? a) pan (chimpanzees) b) gorilla (gorillas) c) hylobates (gibbons and siamangs) d) pongo (orangutans) e) papio (baboons)
Hylobates is not a genus within the hominoidea. It is one of the four genera of gibbons.
What is included in the Hominoidea?
In zoology, the Hominoidea superfamily of apes has two surviving families: the Hylobatidae and the Hominidae (gibbons). The great apes, including humans and orangutans (genus Pongo), gorillas (genus Gorilla), chimpanzees, and bonobos (genus Pan), are all members of the family Hominidae.
What five traits do Hominidae possess?
Except for humans, hominids lack tails and have huge toes and opposable thumbs in addition to well-developed forearms, five fingers, and five toes. Only the thumbs on humans are opposable. Humans always walk on two legs, and hominids are capable of standing on two legs.
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Which statement BEST describes the relationship between adenosine diphosphate (ADP and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
©
A. With an input of energy, ADP rearranges to become ATP.
B. Without any energy change, ADP rearranges to become ATP.
• C. With an input of energy, ADP combines with a phosphate group to become ATP.
O D. With a release of energy, ADP combines with a phosphate group to become ATP.
The best statement that describes the relationship between ADP and ATP is that ADP is adenosine diphosphate and ATP is adenosine triphosphate where With an input of energy, ADP combines with a phosphate group to become ATP. The correct answer is option C.
What is the ATP ?
It is the energy currency of a cell which gives away the energy that is used in the expenditure in terms of the performance of activities of cell.
With an input of energy, ADP combines with a phosphate group to become ATP. It is the reaction in which there is a requirement of energy where the addition of energy will make the energy molecule that is containing three phosphates.
On the other hand when the ATP is broken down into ADP it will release energy that is the reaction which the made up product is broken down into its substituents with the release of energy.
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according to the size principle of motor recruitment, in what order will muscle fibers be recruited during activity?
Answer:
Smallest to largest (fewest fibers to most fibers).
Explanation:
Motor units typically go from smallest to largest as contraction increases. This is known as Henneman's Size Principle.
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