The first step in resuscitating the infant is ensuring clearance of the airway. The second step is to provide positive pressure ventilation.
A series of procedures known as "neonatal resuscitation" is used to support a newborn's airway, circulation, and breathing. To provide warmth, the newborn should be put beneath a radiant heat source. The baby should then be dried off, their airway should be cleared with a bulb syringe or suction catheter if necessary, and their breathing should be stimulated.
Ensure the airway is clear in the first step. This procedure makes sure that the airway is open and unhindered. To get rid of any mucus or other debris, this may involve gently suctioning the baby's lips and nose.Positive pressure ventilation is done in the second phase. Positive pressure ventilation (PPV) is provided using a bag and mask or other ventilation devices if the infant is not breathing or is not breathing enough.To know more about neonatal resuscitation:
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Why cells that contained mitochondria-like organelles had an evolutionary advantage?.
Cells containing mitochondria are known as eukaryotic cells. These cells had an evolutionary advantage because mitochondria can generate energy and this energy is useful in reproduction in higher organisms.
Higher organisms contain complex and organized body structures. The complex organization in higher organisms leads to highly complex reproduction processes. The energy required to maintain these complex processes is released in mitochondria in the form of ATP. Other processes, such as respiration, are also carried out by using energy produced in the cell.
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1. Fever above 39°C can be serious and may require medical treatment. However, doctors don’t usually recommend treatment for a mild fever of 38-39°C
EXPLAIN why doctors would have this recommendation
2. Describe the role of phagocyte in the second line of defense.
a lot of sleep. Drink plenty of liquids—water is best—to prevent dehydration; aim for light-yellow and clear urination.
Is phagocytosis a secondary defense?Adults. If your temperature is 103 F or higher (39.4 C), call your healthcare professional right away. If any of these warning signs or symptoms appear together with a fever, get medical help right once. massive headache Instances other than fever might cause your body temperature to increase significantly above usual. Hyperthermia is what is happening here. Hyperpyrexia is characterized by a fever-related increase in body temperature above 106°F (41.1°C).
The second line of defense is non-specific resistance, which eliminates intruders in a broad sense without focusing on particular people: All microorganisms that enter bodily tissues are ingested and eliminated by phagocytic cells. Numerous phagocytes engulf and eliminate pathogenic bacteria through the non-specific defensive mechanism known as phagocytosis. Phagocytes. The circulating white blood cells known as monocytes and neutrophils are among the significant phagocytes.
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On the phylogenetic tree, which of the following pairs are most closely related?
1) Cyanobacteria and Fungi
2) Gram positive bacteria and animals
3) animals and slime molds
4) slime molds and spirochetes
Answer:
1) Cyanobacteria and Fungi
Explanation:
I hope it helps:)
What kind of animals do clams eat?.
Clams consume organic stuff that goes through their filtration system, including algae, zooplankton, phytoplankton, and other organisms.
Algae, zooplankton, phytoplankton, and other organic stuff that goes through a clam's filtration system are all consumed by clams. Although in their tiniest forms, these mollusks are omnivores that consume both plants and animals. These bivalves don't consume food at a rapid rate.
Bivalve mollusks called clams typically flourish in both freshwater and saltwater environments. Despite the fact that they resemble other mollusks like mussels and oysters.
Although these broad categories of meals can give the impression that clams do not eat much, the reality is that the clam's diet include a wide range of foods. Clams are filter feeders and will consume anything that passes through their siphons that has any nutritional value.
That could be decaying plant material or even animal waste from the water. In that regard, the five different food groups that make up the clam's diet can be highly varied.
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What are the role of enzymes in metabolism?.
Enzymes play a role in accelerating metabolism, or chemical reactions in our bodies. Some substances are produced, while others are depleted.
Enzymes are proteins that help to accelerate metabolism, or the chemical reactions that take place in our bodies. Some substances are produced, whereas others are depleted. All living things contain enzymes.
Our bodies naturally produce enzymes. Enzymes, on the other hand, can be found in both manufactured goods and food.
One of the most important roles of enzymes is to aid in digestion. The process by which we convert the food we eat into energy is known as digestion. Our saliva, pancreas, intestines, and stomach, for example, contain enzymes. They are capable of breaking down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.
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What is an ecological community?
Responses
!.small groups of the same species that live in an area and can breed with each othersmall groups of the same species that live in an area and can breed with each other
2.a group of different species of organisms that live in an area and interact with each othera group of different species of organisms that live in an area and interact with each other
3.members of a species that live in an area and can breed with each othermembers of a species that live in an area and can breed with each other
4. a group of different organisms that live in an area and do not interact with each other
Communities are all the individuals from different species that coexist and interact. Option 2. a group of different species of organisms that live in an area and interact with each other
What is a community?
A community might be defined as a group of organisms from different species that coexist in a certain time and space, and interact with each other. It can be defined at different scales.
Inter-specific interactions can cause changes in the populations' sizes. These could be the cases of competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and etcetera.
Option 2. a group of different species of organisms that live in an area and interact with each other
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Cytoine make up 38% of the nucleotide in a ample of DNA from an organim. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotide in thi ample will be Uracil?
In a sample of DNA, nucleotide thymine will make up 12% of the total.
DNA structure:According to Chargaff, nucleotide subunits make up the DNA. The double-stranded DNA molecule is created by these nucleotides forming hydrogen bonds with one another.
The following nucleotides can be found in the DNA molecule:
Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine, while Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) (C).
According to Chargaff's rule, the ratio of adenine to thymine in a DNA molecule is equal. Same holds true for the cytosine and guanine. The entire number of nucleotides, however, is 1, or 100%.
A + T + G + C = 100%.
If the DNA sample's cytosine content is 38%, then the DNA sample's guanine content must be 38% as well.
G (38) + C (38) = 76%
100% - 78% = 24%
Thus, the combined amount of adenine and thymine is 24%. Each nucleotide will make up 24% 2 = 12% of the total, thus that A = T = 12%.
The amount of thymine in a sample of DNA will therefore be 12%.
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Which bet explain what happen to water chemically during the proce of photoynthei
Plants produce food through a process known as photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a process used by green plants to create their own food.
Photosynthesis requires sunlight, chlorophyll, water, and carbon dioxide gas. Chlorophyll, which is typically found in leaves of green plants, is present in all such plants. Plants take up both carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil. Autotrophic plants are those that can manufacture their own sustenance.
The process of photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast, a part of plant cells. The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll is found in chloroplasts, which are found in cells. It facilitates absorbing solar energy. By turning light energy into chemical energy, it facilitates photosynthesis. The chloroplast is an organelle found in the plant's leaves.
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Complete question is:-
Explain what happens to water chemically during the process of photosynthesis?
organisms that make their own food by obtaining energy and nutrients from nonliving sources are called
Answer: Autotrophs
Explanation:
P= $5000.00, A = $5400.00, t = 2 years
540,000 in interest over a two-year period.
How is interest calculated over a two-year period?
The following formula is used to calculate simplified interest (S.I. ): S.I. = P R T, where P denotes the principal amount, R the annual percentage rate of interest, and T, usually denoted by the number of years. The interest rate is denoted by the r% symbol, which is written as r/100.
The following formula is used to calculate simplified interest (S.I. ): S.I. = P R T, where P denotes the principal amount, R the annual percentage rate of interest, and T, usually denoted by the number of years. The interest rate is denoted by the r% symbol, which is written as r/100.
The numbers that are left cannot be changed
$5000.00*5400.00*2 = 54,000,000/100 = 540,000.
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What is the interest rate when-
P= $5000.00, A = $5400.00, t = 2 years
If the proton would not hit one of the plates, what would be the magnitude of its vertical displacement as it exits the region between the plates?
The magnitude of vertical displacement is 2.73×10⁻⁶m.
The electron experiences an upward force as it moves between the charged plates and narrowly avoids striking the top plate.
The proton won't collide with any plates because of its slower acceleration and greater mass.
We once more employ the kinematic equations to determine the vertical displacement as the object leaves the plates.
The electron narrowly escapes impacting the top plate as it travels between the charged plates and feels an upward pull. As it rises, it just misses the tongs by a fraction of an inch.
The electron feels a force upward as it passes between the charged plates and narrowly avoids striking the top plate.
It moves a distance of in the y-direction of 0.005 m.
The electron is moving at a speed of 2 m in the x direction vₙ = 1.60 x10⁸
Time of flight is t = d/ v where d is distance and v is velocity
t=2m/ 1.60×10⁸ms⁻¹ =1.25×10⁻⁸s
The initial y -velocity is zero.
Now, y=vₙt + 1/2 at² where a is displacement
So, 0.005m= 1/2 a(1.25×10⁻⁸s)
a=6.40×10¹³ ms⁻²
But also, a= F/m = eE/m
E= (9.1×10⁻³² kg)(6.40×10¹³ ms⁻² )
1.60×10⁻¹⁹ C
=364NC⁻¹
The proton won't strike plates because of its slower acceleration and greater mass.
We once more employ the kinematic equations to determine the vertical displacement as the object leaves the plates.
y= 1/2at²=1/2 eE/mp (1.25×10⁻⁸s)² =2.73×10⁻⁶ m
Even if the electric force experienced by the proton and electrons is the same, the electric force results in a smaller acceleration that is substantially more than g, making it possible to ignore gravity. As a result, the proton won't collide with a plate.
Your question is incomplete but most probably your full question was
The vertical displacement traveled by the proton as it exits the region between the plates is (mass of proton is 1.67×10⁻²⁷kg.) If the proton would not hit one of the plates, what would be the magnitude of its vertical displacement as it exits the region between the plates?
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contains muscle that controls the size of the pupil. what is it?
The dilator muscles are arranged in a radial pattern across the iris, and when they contract, they dilate or expand the pupil.
define muscle ?
Every muscle in your body functions similarly, whether it is the largest or the smallest, controlling the movement of your eye. A signal is sent from the brain via a nerve bundle. The electrical and chemical communication is swiftly transmitted from nerve cell to nerve cell until it reaches the motor end plate. This contact between muscle and nerve cells releases acetylcholine, a chemical signal that directs the muscle fibre to contract. This message is sent to all of the cells in the fibre that connects to the nerve.
This signal encourages myosin proteins to cling to the actin filaments that surround them. The purple proteins in the illustration below are these. Myosin gets its energy from ATP.
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Briefly explain how the amniotic egg allowed life to evolve onto land.
Answer:
The amniotic egg is an adaptation that allowed the vertebrate lineage to evolve onto land. This adaptation allowed vertebrates to reproduce on land by providing a watery environment in which embryos can develop and grow. The amniotic egg consists of a protective shell, an amniotic cavity filled with amniotic fluid, and an extraembryonic membrane to absorb oxygen and carbon dioxide. The amniotic egg is also surrounded by a yolk sac and a chorion, which provide nutrients to the developing embryo and protect it from the outside environment. The amniotic egg allowed vertebrates to live and reproduce in a terrestrial environment, allowing them to take advantage of new resources and habitats, and ultimately leading to the evolution of the modern land-dwelling vertebrates.
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alpha waves are associated with what stage of sleep
The primary brain wave pattern that emerges when a person starts to nod off is an alpha wave pattern. They last until slower theta waves take their place in the early stages of sleep.
Alpha waves, which are coordinated patterns of electrical activity (waves) that have a low frequency (8–13Hz), high amplitude, and early onset, are produced during stage 1 sleep. Your body enters a light sleep state, which causes your brain waves, heart rate, and eye movements to calm down. This stage lasts around seven minutes. This brain wave pattern resembles that of someone who is awake but extremely relaxed. The REM stage follows, which is highly intriguing because it closely resembles being awake.
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Why were the Galapagos Islands a good example of how evolution has occurred over time?.
The Galapagos Islands are so biodiverse due to the variety of habitat zones found on the islands. There are coral reefs, highland forests, sand dunes, and scrubland, as well as a variety of habitats that change from island to island. The diversity of species is only one piece of the biodiversity puzzle.
Darwin began to wonder if species from South America had arrived in the Galapagos and then adapted to new environments. This concept of species change eventually led to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
The Galapagos Islands are home to previously unseen species that have no fear of approaching humans because it is the only place on the planet with no predators. Because the Galapagos Islands are small and have many ecological niches available, Darwin's finches' evolution is best explained as adaptive radiation.
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Why do you think it is important to study genetics
Hey there!
There are various reasons to why it is important to study genetics.
=====================================================
| Discussion on the Study of Genetics |"Why do you think it is important to study genetics?"
=====================================================
Genomics (aka. study of genetics)- is a field of study that helps geneticists describe every length of a person's genes (aka. the genome). By studying genetics, one can learn more about your current health and be made more aware of your family's history of good and bad genetics that either you carry, your family carries, or one that you may carry onto your offspring. The study can help answer questions such as:
"What makes an individual unique, or one of a kind?""Why do family members look alike?""Why do some diseases, such as diabetes or cancer, run in families?"For the first question, everyone has genes that are built in their DNA through their family; some genes may be passed or you could pass them onto your children. Some genes in this case can include your personality, interests, or talents that are passed to you through your genetics in your family.
For the second question, everyone's family usually shares vary similar genetics, and most often if the genes are dominant, it can result in many of your family members looking alike. For instance, if you have a strong history of brown hair and brown eyes in your family, however have very few blue eyed genes, most likely a majority of your family would be expressing the brown hair, brown eyed genes since it is a dominant inherited gene. Blue eyes (aka. blue eye allele gene) is recessive, so the less blue eyed genes you have in your family, the more likely the brown eye gene will dominant the blue eyed gene.
And as for the last question, some diseases can run in families due to them either being dominant or recessive. For instance, both diabetes and cancer are considered autosomal dominant link mutations; in other words, the two are conditions that can be passed onto children even if only a single parent carries the gene or has the gene. Knowing this, it would always be wise to study further on your family's health history to be aware of possible future health conditions to either you or your other family members.
__________________________________________________
In summary to this, it is and always will be important and wise to study further in genetics for not only your curiosity, but to also inform you about your history DNA wise and health wise. You can also have a better chance of stopping genetic diseases in early stages of development before they override possibilities to a cure.
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What predictions can be made about the population of birds when DDT is present in the ecosystem?
Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane, commonly called DDT, was a widely used pesticide in the United States from 1943 to the 1970s. By 1972, increasing awareness of the harmful effects on human health and wildlife resulted in the pesticide being banned from use in the United States. However, the environmental impact of DDT use did not end with the ban. Due to its chemical properties, DDT is known to remain in soil and animal tissues for 2–15 years and can pollute aquatic ecosystems for up to 150 years. One of the environmental issues caused by DDT directly affects birds in the ecosystems where the pesticide was applied. The image shows the relationship between concentrations of DDT in the environment and the thickness of bird eggshells.
A. The population of birds will increase when there is a higher concentration of DDT because the eggs develop over a longer period of time.
B. The populations of birds will increase when there are higher concentrations of DDT to increase the strength of the eggshells.
C. The population of birds will decrease when there is a higher concentration of DDT because thin eggshells will break more easily than normal eggshells during incubation.
D. The population of birds will decrease when there are lower concentrations of DDT to decrease the strength of the eggshells.
The prediction that can be made about the population of birds when DDT is present in the ecosystem is option C. The population of birds will decrease when there is a higher concentration of DDT because thin eggshells will break more easily than normal eggshells during incubation.
What is the population about?DDT is a pesticide that was widely used in the United States from 1943 to the 1970s. One of the environmental issues caused by DDT is its effect on birds in the ecosystems where the pesticide was applied. DDT causes thinning of the bird's eggshells, which can lead to decreased hatching success and population declines of bird species.
DDT works by disrupting the calcium metabolism in birds, which causes a decrease in the amount of calcium available for the formation of eggshells.
Therefore, The shells of eggs laid by birds exposed to DDT are thinner and weaker than normal, making them more likely to break during the incubation period. This reduction in the number of birds hatching and surviving, ultimately leads to a decrease in the population of birds in the ecosystem.
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Answer:
The population of birds will decrease when there is a higher concentration of DDT because thin eggshells will break more easily than normal eggshells during incubation.
Explanation:
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Can we create RNA in a lab?.
One of life's fundamental properties is the ability to reproduce itself. Now, researchers have created the first ribonucleic acid molecules, a single-stranded relative of deoxyribose nucleic acid, which can reproduce nearly any other RNA.
In 1993, scientists created a ribozyme dubbed RNAP, also referred to as an all-RNA form of RNAP. On a separate template strand, it joined two short RNA strands. The problem with all of these RNAP ribozymes is that they are only able to duplicate specific nucleotide base sequences, which are the building blocks of RNA and DNA, and such sequences have no real biological significance in living cells. Joyce and his colleague started by synthesizing a vast library of DNA strands to encode the original RNAP ribozyme. They changed the DNA sequence at random to guarantee that every final RNAP was distinct. These RNAPs were part of a vial containing a collection of brief RNA fragments that the researchers hoped to join together on another template strand. If the new RNA was successfully created, the new strand would bind to a specific molecular target in its vial as a sign that RNAP ribozyme was successful. Due to the fact that each RNAP ribozyme was created to remain affixed to its particular, generated RNA strand, the researchers were able to identify any accomplishments. Each captured RNAP ribozyme was then used as the starting point for a fresh round of evolution. This 24-round test-tube evolution produced an RNAP ribozyme known as 24-3 polymerase, which is currently the product. Throughout this process, the requirements for an efficient RNAP ribozyme were gradually enhanced. The ability of the 24-3 polymerase to duplicate previously duplicated RNAs allows it to amplify the presence of certain RNAs 10,000-fold. As a result, the first RNA version of the polymerase chain reaction, a technique widely used to copy DNA, was created.
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label the indicated components of the dna double helix.
Components of the DNA double helix are:
A: Backbone B: Bases C: Sugar-Phosphate Groups
What is DNA?DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that contains the genetic code of all living organisms. It is composed of two strands that wrap around each other to form a double helix structure. DNA contains four nucleotides (adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine) that make up the code of life. This code is responsible for the development and functioning of all living organisms, from the way they look to their behaviour. DNA is passed from one generation to the next, providing a blueprint for life and making it possible for characteristics to be inherited. Scientists use DNA to study the evolution of species, identify individuals, and diagnose certain medical conditions.
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What is a nonsense mutation in biology?.
(NON-sense mutation) A genetic change that results in a protein's premature termination. The changed protein's function may change or disappear as a result of partial or complete inactivation.
Stop codons do not encode for an amino acid but rather mark the completion of protein synthesis, they are also known as nonsense codons. So, prematurely introducing a nonsense or stop codon into the DNA sequence results in nonsense mutations.
Cystic fibrosis (produced by the G542X mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) is an example of a disease brought on by nonsense mutations (CFTR) Hurler syndrome (-globin) in beta thalassemia. Around 20% of illness-related single-basepair alterations impacting gene coding and 11% of all reported gene lesions causing human hereditary disease are nonsense mutations, respectively.
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Which process allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen?
A. Chemosynthesis
B. Photosystem 1
C. Cellular respiration
D. Fermentation
D. Fermentation process allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.
In general, fermentation is the process when pyruvic acid is produced during glycolysis and is converted into either ethanol or lactic acid. Thus use of pyruvic acid during fermentation permits glycolysis helps to continue with its associated production of ATP.
On the other hand Glycolysis can occur in the presence or absence of oxygen. Respiration process is done when oxygen is present. Next stage that is after glycolysis is oxidative phosphorylation, that helps to feeds pyruvate into the Krebs Cycle and also helps the hydrogen released out of glycolysis to the electron transport chain to produce more ATP.
Hence, D is correct option
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those that carry impulses from the cns out to the muscles and glands called
The CNS sends impulses via efferent, and motor, neurons to effector organs like muscles and glands. Typically, efferent neurons have long axons and short dendrites.
Motor neurons are brain-derived neurons that transmit signals to muscles or glands.
The peripheral nervous system's efferent division activity away from the central nervous system, while the afferent division transports impulses there. Meninges surround the brain as well as spinal cord in three layers. An effector, such as a muscle, receives impulses from a motor neuron that is located in the brain's cortex. Neurons are specialised cells that your nervous system uses to send signals or messages throughout your body. These electrical signals are sent and received by your muscles, organs, glands, skin, and brain.
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What are the most important organizms
of the food web? Name them and categorize them. At least 15 organizms.
The most important organisms of food web are generally plants, plankton, herbivores (such as cows,goats) and carnivores (eagle, tiger).
Starting with green plants and plankton, they are the most important organisms of the food web as they are the only organisms along with few microorganisms which can convert sunlight into edible energy sources. Green plants and plankton performs photosynthesis to convert sunlight energy into chemical energy which are then eaten by herbivores and fishes.
Herbivores are also very important in a food web as they transfer the chemical energy to other higher level organisms in the food web. They eat plants and trees and then get then they get consumed by carnivores and omnivores.
Carnivores are generally on the top of a food web, they consume animals from lower level of the food chain/web.
15 organisms in a food web are : Plankton, Green plants(autotrophs), grasshopper, crickets, fish, frog, rat, deer, goat, humans, cow, snake, lion, eagle, wolf, vulture etc.
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Who said science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of knowledge?.
Carl Sagan has said that the science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of knowledge. Science can be viewed as both a collection of information and a method for learning new things. The new methods include experimentation, testing hypotheses, and observation.
Scientists must never suppress knowledge, regardless of how uncomfortable it may be or how it may annoy people in authority; we are not intelligent enough to select which bits of knowledge are acceptable and which are not. Modern science is an approach to comprehending the physical universe that is based on observable data, logic, and repeated experimentation. That implies that scientists use their own observations to make sense of the world. When they come up with novel theories about how the world operates, they build up a means to test them.
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which type of macromolecule has members that are primarily hydrophobic?
Lipids, usually referred to as fats, are essentially made of carbon and hydrogen. Lipids are therefore mostly hydrophobic substances that do not dissolve in water.
What types of macromolecules exhibit hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity?The blood's hemoglobin and enzymes are both examples of hydrophilic globular protein macromolecules. Keratin and collagen are examples of hydrophobic fibrous macromolecules, on the other hand.
Is hydrophobic a lipid made of carbohydrates or a protein?Because the non-polar covalent connections tying their carbons and hydrogens together aren't drawn to the polar bonds of water, lipids are typically hydrophobic (not attracted to water) molecules. Fats, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids make up the four main categories of lipids.
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mains parts of a sheep lung and its functions ????
Six distinct lobes on both the left and right sides of the sheep lung are divided from one another by tissue septa, and each lobe can be treated or drug-delivered separately.
How do sheep lungs differ from human lungs?The lungs of sheep, like those of cattle and pigs, are highly segmented, with the right lung having four lobes and the left lung has two lobes, with the bronchus of the right cranial lobe emerging directly from the trachea before bifurcating.
While human lungs have three lobes, sheep lungs only have one. The majority of the spongy tissue in human lungs, called alveoli, is in charge of the body's gas exchange. Sheep rely on parenchyma cells, which are formations without this sort of tissue, to produce gas exchange in their bodies.
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the gene pool of a population consists of __________.
The gene pool of a population consists of every type of allele at every locus in every member of the population
A gene pool is the sum of all the genes (including alleles) in a reproducing population or species. A big gene pool has more genetic variety and can survive environmental stressors.
The Gene Pool. A population's gene pool is the total set of alleles present in the population. Frequencies of alleles. A measure of an allele's relative frequency in a population. This is obtained by dividing the total number of alleles by the number of each type of allele.
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Which hormone is/are responsible to stimulate release of milk from mother breast and secretion of mammary gland after child birth ?a. progesteron/prolactinb. oxytocin/PRLc. PRL/oxytocind. oxylocinirelayin
Prolactin. The alveolar cells' ability to secrete milk requires prolactin. During pregnancy, the blood level of prolactin rises significantly, the mammary tissue grow and develop in preparation for producing milk.
What hormone causes milk to be secreted by the mammary glands?For complete morphogenesis as well as the production and ejection of milk, pituitary hormones, such as prolactin, oxytocin, and growth hormone, as well as those that indirectly affect the gland, are required.
Which hormone causes the breasts to produce milk in the mother?The mammary glands of a nursing mother are triggered to produce milk by prolactin. The mother's release of prolactin-releasing factors is stimulated by the infant's suckling after birth, which encourages continued milk production.
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What is the end product of Calvin cycle Mcq?.
Glucose is the Calvin cycle's final product.
The Calvin cycle reactions add carbon (from atmospheric carbon dioxide) to a simple five-carbon molecule known as RuBP. These reactions make use of the chemical energy generated by the light reactions, NADPH and ATP.
Two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) molecules, three ADP molecules, and two NADP+ molecules are the immediate products of one turn of the Calvin cycle. (ADP and NADP+ are not technically "products. They are regenerated and then reused in light-dependent reactions). Each G3P molecule has three carbons.
The Calvin cycle produces glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). It is a three-carbon sugar that serves as the foundation for the synthesis of other carbohydrates. Some of this G3P is used to regenerate the RuBP, allowing the cycle to continue, but some is available for molecular synthesis and is used to produce fructose diphosphate.
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A mutation is a process that creates genetic variation Mutation creates variations in protein-coding portions of genes that can affect the protein Eself More often, & creates variations in the switches that control
when and where a protein is active, and how much protein is made. For example, lactase is an enzyme that helps infants break down lactose, a sugar in mik. Normally the gene that codes for lactase is active in
babies and then turned off at about age four When people who do not make lactase consume milk, they experience discomfort. But some people have a variation in a genetic switch that keeps the lactase gene
active and people who have it can keep milk in their dets even as aduts
Mutations that occur in sex cells or gametes can be passed from one generation to the next. It is possible during gamete formation, meiosis, that there is an exchange of genes between homologous
chromosomes, resulting in a change in the chromosome This type of mutation is called crossing-over Mutations that occur in somatic or body cells, like a mutation causing skin cancer, will not be passed on
Most of the mutations in our DNA are naturally occuring For example, when a cell divides, & makes a copy of Es DNA, and sometimes the copy is not perfect. That small difference from the original ONA
sequence is a mutation Mutations can also be caused by exposure to specific chemicals or radiation, called mutagens
There are many different ways that DNA can be changed, resulting in different types of mutation
Substitution
A substitution is a mutation that exchanges one base for another. A substitution could
change a codon to one that encodes a different amino acid and causes a small change in the protein produced. For example, sickle cell anemia is caused by a substitution in the beta-hemoglobin gene, which
aters a single amino acid in the protein produced
change a codon to one that encodes the same amino acid and causes no change in the protein produced. These are called slent mutations
change an amino-acid-coding codon to a single "stop" codon and cause an incomplete protein. This can have serious effects since the incomplete protein probably won't function
Insertion
insertions are mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA
Deletion
Deletions are mutations in which a section of DNA is lost, or deleted
How do mutations occur in the genetic code? (Choose 3)
A
B
4* C
Mutations can only occur when passed on thorough reproduction
Mutations can be sent and not affect the organism that has them
The majority of mutations are the result of exposure to mutagens
D
A woman who has sickle cell anemia passes this disease on to her offspring. This means that the mutation for sickle cel anemia MUST occur in the woman's gametes
E During DNA replication, the original DNA strand GTC ACA GGC ATC is copied into complementary strand CAG CCG TAG. This is an example of deletion
Mutations occur in the genetic code:
c. The majority of mutations are the result of exposure to mutagens
d. A woman who has sickle cell anemia passes this disease on to her offspring. This means that the mutation for sickle cell anemia MUST occur in the woman's gametes
e. During DNA replication, the original DNA strand GTC ACA GGC ATC is copied into complementary strand CAG CCG TAG. This is an example of deletion mutation.
What is the difference between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation? A point mutation is a type of genetic mutation in which a single nucleotide base in a gene is changed or substituted. This type of mutation can result in a missense, nonsense, or silent mutation, which can affect the gene’s coding sequence and thus its product. A missense mutation, for instance, may change the amino acid that is encoded by the gene, leading to an altered protein product.In contrast, a frameshift mutation is a type of mutation that occurs when a gene’s coding sequence is altered by the insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base. This type of mutation can drastically alter the gene’s coding sequence, resulting in a different protein product. Frameshift mutations are more severe than point mutations, as they can potentially affect all of the codons that come after the point of mutation. As a result, they can have a more severe impact on the gene’s product than a point mutation.To learn more about mutation refer to:
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