When a substance is reduced:
A. It is called the oxidizing agent
B. Some other substance must be reduced
C. It loses electrons
D. It is called the reducing agent

The experiments showed that the cubic cuprites for Cu[tex]_2[/tex]O and the face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure of copper (Cu) metal.

X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Disper-sive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) were used to characterise the Cu/Cu[tex]_2[/tex]O nanoparticles. The experiment showed that the cubic cuprites for Cu2O and the face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure of copper (Cu) metal. Hydrazine was used as the reducing agent and copper sulphate pentahydrate as the precursor in a modified chemical reduction process to create copper/copper oxide (Cu/Cu2O) nanoparticles in an aqueous media.

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Answer:

Pb3O4

Explanation:

Element lead oxygen

Perc. 90.65%. (100-90.65)=9.35%

mol ratio. 90.65/207. 9.35/16

mol. 0.437923 0.584375

sim. rat.

0.437923/0.439723 0.584375/0.437923

ratio. 1 1.3

multiply the ratios by 3 (1×3). (1.3×3)

3 : 3.9

therefore the formula is Pb3O4.

I multiplied through by 3 so I can get a whole value/ a value easy to estimate.

I hope this helps.

A pressure of 12.5 atm is required to pop a kernel of popcorn. It's worth noting that this is a very high pressure, and it's the build-up of this pressure that causes the kernel to "pop".

To calculate the pressure required to pop a kernel of popcorn, we need to use the ideal gas law, which relates the pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T), and number of moles of gas (n) in a system:

PV = nRT

Where R is the universal gas constant. We can assume that the temperature inside the popcorn kernel just before it pops is the same as the temperature in the microwave (100°C or 373 K). We also know that the only gas inside the kernel is water vapor, which has a molecular weight of 18 g/mol.

To calculate the number of moles of water vapor that is produced during the popping of the kernel, we can use the mass of water in the popcorn:

n = m/M

Where m is the mass of water (16.7 g) and M is the molar mass of water (18 g/mol). This gives us:

n = 16.7 g / 18 g/mol = 0.9286 mol

Now we can rearrange the ideal gas law to solve for pressure:

P = nRT / V

Substituting the known values, we get:

P = (0.9286 mol)(0.0821 Latm/molK)(373 K) / 3.1 L

P = 12.5 atm

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Denis was influenced to write the first non-objective statement due to the limitations of representational art.

He believed that "purely aesthetic emotions, united in a single work, are the basic elements of art" and that these emotions could not be fully expressed through traditional representational forms (Denis, Definition of Neotraditionism).

Kandinsky arrived at non-objective painting through a combination of factors, including his spiritual beliefs and his dissatisfaction with representational art. In his book Concerning the Spiritual in Art, he wrote, "Color is a power which directly influences the soul" (Kandinsky, Concerning the Spiritual in Art, p. 36). He believed that color had the ability to convey emotions and spiritual ideas in a way that representational art could not.

In Part II. About Painting, VI: The Language of Form and Color, Kandinsky wrote extensively about color and its importance in non-objective art. He stated, "Color is the keyboard, the eyes are the hammers, the soul is the piano with many strings" (Kandinsky, Concerning the Spiritual in Art, p. 60). He believed that each color had its own unique emotional and spiritual qualities, and that through careful composition and use of color, non-objective art could evoke profound emotions in the viewer.

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The correct statement that can be deduced from the equation is that for every 3 moles of carbon dioxide produced, 5 moles of oxygen react. Option 3.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between propane according to the illustration is:

[tex]C_3H_8 + 5O_2 --- > 3CO_2 + 4H_2O[/tex]

From this equation, we can make the following statements:

In other words, the correct statement among the given options is: For every 3 moles of carbon dioxide produced, 5 moles of oxygen react.

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To draw a Bohr Rutherford diagram for carbon-12, we would have the symbol C in the center, with 2 electrons in the first energy level and 4 electrons in the second energy level, arranged in pairs. Each energy level would be represented by a circle around the nucleus, with the appropriate number of electrons placed in the circles.

A Bohr Rutherford diagram is a visual representation of the electron arrangement in an atom. Carbon-12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons, which means it has 6 electrons as well since it is a neutral atom. In a Bohr Rutherford diagram, the nucleus is represented by the symbol for the element and the protons and neutrons are shown as small circles inside the symbol. The electrons are represented as dots or circles around the symbol, in the order of increasing energy levels.

In the case of carbon-12, the first energy level can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, and the second energy level can hold a maximum of 8 electrons. Therefore, the first energy level will have 2 electrons, and the remaining 4 electrons will go in the second energy level.

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The concept molarity is used here to determine the pH after adding 12.6 mL of the base. The term molarity is an important method which is used to calculate the concentration of a solution. Here the pH is 0.501.

The term molarity is defined as the number of moles of the solute dissolved per litre of the solution. It is also called the molar concentration. It is represented as 'M' and its unit is mol / L.

Molarity is given as:

M = Number of moles / Volume of solution in liters

'n' of HCN = 36.9 × 1 L / 1000 mL × 0.423 = 0.0156 mol

'n' of Ba(OH)₂ = 12.6 × 1L / 1000 mL × 0.382 = 0.0048 mol

Excess H⁺ = 0.0108

Total volume = 36.9 + 12.6 = 49.5 mL = 0.0495 L

Concentration of H⁺ = 0.0156 / 0.0495 = 0.315

So pH is:

pH = - log[H⁺]

pH = - log[ 0.315] = 0.501

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When a chocolate bar is solid, it is able to smell it.  It is also important to note that a substance 's molecules cannot be in two distinct phases at the a time.

In general, it is not possible for a the molecules of the chocolate  to be in two distinct phases at the same time.

It must be noted that smelling a solid, such as a chocolate bar, however, mean  the release  of loose molecules from the solid,   which may then move   through the air and   reach our olfactory receptors in our nose, allowing us to sense the fragrance.

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The information provided demonstrates that Option B. Scientific data can be used to help support a theory of the origin of the Universe.

The discovery of background radiation coming from all directions in the sky by Penzias and Wilson supports the big bang theory, which proposes that the Universe began expanding from a small point nearly 14 billion years ago. This discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation was predicted by the big bang theory, providing strong evidence in favor of the theory.

This example also highlights the importance of empirical evidence in scientific theories. The big bang theory was proposed based on observations of the redshift of distant galaxies, and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation provided further empirical support for the theory. As more data is collected and analyzed, scientific theories can be modified or replaced if the evidence does not support them. This is the essence of the scientific method, which involves formulating hypotheses based on observations and then testing them through experimentation and observation.

Therefore, scientific data plays a crucial role in supporting or disproving theories, and theories should be continually tested and modified based on new evidence. The big bang theory remains one of the most widely accepted explanations of the origin of the Universe, and it is continually being refined and modified as new data becomes available. So, Option B is Correct.

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Calculating the temperature change of an item when a specific quantity of heat is added to or withdrawn from it may be done using the equation q = mcT. According to the equation, the amount of heat, q, is determined by the object's mass, m, its specific heat capacity, c, and the temperature change, T.

We may utilise the equation T = q/mc to find the solution for the temperature change, T. By dividing both sides of the equation by mc, this equation may be created from the original equation, q = mcT. mc/mc is equal to 1 on the right while q/mc is equal to T on the left. T thus equals q/mc.

To use this formula, we requireT thus equals q/mc. We must first establish the values of q, m, and c before we can use this equation. In joules, the quantity of heat, q, may be calculated. The object's mass, m, can be expressed in kilogrammes. A table of specific heat capacities contains the object's c specific heat capacity. Once these numbers have been established, we may enter them into the equation and find the value of T.

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The enthalpy change for the reaction is +204 kJ/mol. This indicates that the reaction is endothermic and requires energy to occur.

To calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction, we need to use the bond energy approach:

Reactants:

X-H (4 x 341 kJ/mol) + Cl-Cl (1 x 243 kJ/mol) = 1572 kJ/mol

Products:

X-Cl (4 x 374 kJ/mol) + H-Cl (1 x 432 kJ/mol) = 1776 kJ/mol

ΔH = (energy of products) - (energy of reactants)

ΔH = 1776 kJ/mol - 1572 kJ/mol

ΔH = +204 kJ/mol

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Answer:

atom

Explanation:

is the basic unit of any substance

concept of atom was conceived in ancient india

scientists today have found substances even smaller

they called

quarks & gluons

energygoclv

The Avogadro's number, which is 6.022 x 1023 molecules per mole, must be used to calculate the amount of P4 molecules in 496g of white phosphorus. White phosphorus (P4) has a molar mass of 123.9 g/mol.

We must first determine how many moles of P4 there are in 496g.

Mole number equals mass/mole mass

496g/123.9 g/mol is the number of moles.

There are 4 moles in all.

Each P4 molecule has four P atoms, therefore to get the number of P atoms, multiply the number of moles by Avogadro's number and by 4:

P atoms' number is equal to 4 x Avogadro's number x. amount of moles

There are 4 x 6.022 x 1023 x 4 P atoms.

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The correct steps needed are to multiply the first equation, multiply the second equation, add the two equations obtained, subtract the equation obtained in step 3 from that in step one, simplification of the equation obtained in step 4, and use the given equation to substitute C2H2(g) in the equation obtained in step 5.

The final reaction can be achieved by combining the two contributing equations as follows:

Multiply the first equation by 2 to obtain:2C₂H₂(g) + 5O₂(g) ---> 4CO₂(g) + 2H₂O(ℓ) ΔH° = −2599 kJ

Multiply the second equation by 2 and the third equation by 1 to obtain:2C(s) + 2O₂(g) --->

2CO₂(g) ΔH° = −787 kJH₂(g) + 1O₂(g) ---> H₂O(ℓ) ΔH° = −285.8 kJ

Add the two equations obtained in step 2 to obtain:2C(s) + 2H₂(g) + 3O₂(g) ---> 2CO₂(g) + 2H₂O(ℓ) ΔH° = −1072.8 kJ

Subtract the equation obtained in step 3 from the equation obtained in step 1 to eliminate the O₂ term:2C₂H₂(g) - 2C(s) - 2H₂(g) ---> 4CO₂(g) + 2H₂O(ℓ) - 2CO₂(g) - 2H₂O(ℓ) ΔH° = −1526.2 kJ

Simplify the equation obtained in step 4 by canceling out the H₂O terms: 2C₂H₂(g) - 2C(s) - 2H₂(g) ---> 2CO₂(g) ΔH° = −1526.2 kJ

Finally, use the given equation to substitute C₂H₂(g) in the equation obtained in step 5:

2C(s) + H₂(g) + 5/2O₂(g) ---> 2CO₂(g) + H₂O(ℓ) ΔH° = −1299.5 kJ

By adding this equation to the equation obtained in step 5, we get:4C(s) + 2H₂(g) + 5O₂(g) ---> 4CO₂(g) + 2H₂O(ℓ) ΔH° = −2825.7 kJ

Therefore, the correct steps needed to achieve the final reaction are:

2C(s) + H₂(g) + 5/2O₂(g) --->

2CO(g) + H₂O(ℓ) ΔH° = −1299.5 kJ

2C₂H₂(g) + 5O₂(g) --->

4CO₂(g) + 2H₂O(ℓ) ΔH° = −2599 kJ

4C(s) + 2H₂(g) + 5O₂(g) --->

4CO₂(g) + 2H₂O(ℓ) ΔH° = −2825.7 kJ.

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Regarding electrons and their energy emitters or absorbers, A is the assertion that is untrue. The energy of an atom's electrons is not inversely related to the atom's radius.

In reality, the amount of protons and neutrons in the atom's nucleus as well as the forces holding the electrons in their orbits are what essentially determine an atom's radius. A particle's position within the electron shell of an atom or the amount of energy it has absorbed or given off through interactions with other particles or electromagnetic radiation determine the energy of an electron.

B. It is correct that the energy of the emitting electron increases as the wavelength of the radiation emits. This is due to the fact that longer wavelengths are associated with lower frequencies and energy levels. On the other hand, longer wavelengths equate to higher frequencies and more energy.
C. The opposite is also true: an electron's wavelength increases as its energy lowers. This is because higher frequencies and longer wavelengths are associated with higher energy levels. On the other hand, shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies are associated with higher energy levels.

D. This claim is also accurate. The energy of the emitting electron rises with the frequency of the radiation. This is because shorter wavelengths and higher energies are associated with higher frequencies.

In conclusion, A is the part of the statement about electrons and their energy emitters or absorbers that is untrue. The energy of an atom's electrons is not inversely related to the atom's radius.

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Answer:

90%

Explanation:

If you messed up 100 burgers, you only make 90.

90/100=.90

The pH of the solution is 2.46. This indicates that the solution is acidic.

To calculate the pH of a solution of a weak acid such as HA, we need to use the equilibrium expression for the dissociation of the acid:

HA ⇌ H+ + A-

The acid dissociation constant, Ka, is given as[tex]4.2\times 10^{-6}[/tex], which is defined as:

Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA]

At equilibrium, the concentration of HA that dissociates is much smaller than the initial concentration, so we can assume that the concentration of HA remaining is equal to its initial concentration, which is 0.22 M. Let x be the concentration of H+ ions that are formed when HA dissociates. Then the equilibrium concentration of A- ions is also x, since the acid is monoprotic.

Substituting these values into the expression for Ka, we get:

[tex]4.2\times 10^-6 = x^2 / (0.22 - x)[/tex]

Solving for x using the quadratic equation gives x = 3.451x10^-3 M.

The pH of the solution can be calculated using the formula:

pH = -log[H+]

Therefore, the pH of the solution is: pH = -log(3.451x10^-3) = 2.46

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Answer:

Explanation:

Here is the answer.

Soil is made up of rocks, minerals, water, air, and organic matter.

Answer:

mineral water and air

Explanation:

i did this

The sentences can be completed as follows: For example, when people burn fossil fuels, pollutants can enter the atmosphere and mix with the water vapor that is condensing to form clouds. Runoff carries the water by gravity along the earth's surface.

The water cycle explains the way in which water continues to be sustained in the earth. First, evaporation takes water on the earth's surface into the atmosphere, after which this is returned to the earth after condensation.

Also, runoffs operate by gravity and can move water along the earth's gravity.

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The correct answer is option C) 468.

We can use the following formula to determine the effective (rms) velocity of H2S at 26.0°C:

v(rms) = sqrt((3 * R * T) / (M))

Where:

- v(rms) is the root mean square velocity

- R is the gas constant (8.314 J/(mol·K))

- T is the temperature in Kelvin (26.0 °C = 26.0 + 273.15 = 299.15 K)

- M is the molar mass of H2S (which can be calculated by summing the atomic masses of hydrogen (H) and sulfur (S))

The molar mass of hydrogen is approximately 1.008 g/mol and sulfur has an atomic mass of approximately 32.06 g/mol.

Molar mass of H2S = (2 * molar mass of H) + molar mass of S

               = (2 x 1.008 g/mol) + 32.06 g/mol

               = 34.076 g/mol

Now we plug the values ​​into the formula and solve for v(rms):

v(rms) = sqrt((3 * 8.314 J/(mol K) * 299.15 K) / (34.076 g/mol))

Calculating this expression gives us:

v(rms) ≈ 467.78 m/s

Rounding this value to the nearest whole number, the root mean square velocity of H2S at 26.0°C is approximately 468 m/s.

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The estimated standard reduction potential for the [tex][Au(SCN)_4]^-[/tex] to Au half-reaction is 0.746 V.

The standard reduction potential is described as the tendency for a chemical species to be reduced, and is measured in volts at standard conditions.

The half-reaction for the reduction of  to Au is given as :

[tex][Au(SCN)_4]^-[/tex] + 3e– → Au

K = 1/[[tex][Au(SCN)_4]^-[/tex]]

K  = 1/2.86×1045

We apply the Nernst equation to find  the standard reduction potential for the half-reaction:

[tex][Au(SCN)_4]^-[/tex]

E° = E° for (cell) - (0.0592 V/n) log(K)

E° for (cell) = E°(reduction) - E°(oxidation)

E° for (cell) = 1.52 V - 0 V = 1.52 V

Therefore, E° = 1.52 V - (0.0592 V/3) log(2.86×1045)

E° = 1.52 V - 0.774 V

E° = 0.746 V

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#complete question:

If the formation constant of [tex][Au(SCN)_4]^-[/tex] is 2.86×10^45 and the reduction potential of Au3+ to Au is 1.52 V under standard conditions, calculate an estimate of the standard reduction potential for the half-reaction below:

[tex][Au(SCN)_4]^-[/tex] (aq) + e– → [tex][Au(SCN)_3]^-[/tex](aq)

The ratio of the measure of the central angle to the entire circle measure is 1/2. Area of the entire circle is π units². Area of the sector is π/2 units².

To find the ratio of the measure of the central angle to the entire circle measure, use the formula:

Ratio = (Central Angle Measure) / (Entire Circle Measure)

In this case, the measure of the central angle MNL is π radians, and the measure of the entire circle is 2π radians.

Plugging these values into the formula:

Ratio = π / 2π

Simplifying the ratio:

Ratio = 1/2

So, the ratio of the measure of the central angle to the entire circle measure is 1/2.

Regarding the area of the circle and the sector, if the area of the entire circle is π units², then the area of the sector, which is shaded, can be determined by multiplying the ratio of the central angle to the entire circle measure by the area of the entire circle.

Area of the Sector = (Ratio) × (Area of the Circle)

Area of the Sector = (1/2) × π

Area of the Sector = π/2 units²

Therefore, the area of the sector is π/2 units².

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Considering the definition of molality, the molality of the solution if 37 g of glucose are in 64 g of water is 3.20 moles/kg.

Molality is used to express the concentration of a solution and corresponds to the number of moles of a solute that have been dissolved in 1 kilo of solvent.

The Molality of a solution is determined by the expression:

molality= number of moles of solute÷ kilograms of solvente

Molality is expressed in units (moles/Kg).

In this case, you know:

Replacing in the definition of molality:

molality= 0.205 moles÷ 0.064 kg

Solving:

molality= 3.20 moles/kg

Finally, the molality of the solution is 3.20 moles/kg.

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From the image that has been shown, the element is most likely aluminium.

Because the third electron is being taken from a different energy level than the first and second electrons, the quantum leap in ionization energy for aluminum occurs after IE3. In particular, the 2p subshell loses the third electron whereas the 3s subshell loses the first two electrons.

It requires less energy to remove the third electron than it took to remove the second electron because the 2p subshell is at a lower energy level than the 3s subshell.

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The side containing HCl will be the anode.

The [H+] at the HCl electrode will decrease until all the HCO3- ions on the other side of the cell are converted to H2CO3.

In a galvanic cell, the anode is the electrode where oxidation occurs, while the cathode is the electrode where reduction occurs.

While the reduction of H+ ions to make hydrogen gas takes place at the cathode, the process at the anode involves the oxidation of hydrogen to create H+ ions. Since HCl is a source of H+ ions, the side that contains HCl will serve as the anode. As a result, claim three is accurate.

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The final temperature that is attained is  22.3 degrees

Thermal equilibrium is a state in which two or more objects or systems that are in contact with each other have the same temperature. Thermal equilibrium is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics and is important in understanding how heat is transferred between objects.

Heat lost by copper = Heat gained by water

-(26.5 * 0.385 * (77 - T) = (50 * 4.2 * T - 25)

Where T is the equilibrium temperature

Then;

-785.6  + 10.2T = 210T - 5250

-785.6 + 5250 = 210T -  10.2T

4464.4 = 199.8T

T = 22.3 degrees

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The mass of Ca₃(PO₄)₂  that can be produced is 64.58 g.

The mole is an amount unit similar to familiar units like pair, dozen, gross, etc. It provides a specific measure of the number of atoms or molecules in a bulk sample of matter.

A mole is defined as the amount of substance containing the same number of atoms, molecules, ions, etc. as the number of atoms in a sample of pure 12C weighing exactly 12 g.

Given,

Concentration of CaCl₂ = 0.25M

Volume = 2.5 L

Moles of CaCl₂ = concentration volume

= 0.25 × 2.5 = 0.625 moles

The reaction is given by -

3CaCl₂ + 2H₃PO₄ = Ca₃(PO₄)₂ +  6HCl

From the reaction, 3 moles of CaCl₂ gives 1 mole of  Ca₃(PO₄)₂

so, 0.625 moles will need = ( 1/3)× 0.625 moles

= 0.208 moles

Mass of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ = moles × molar mass

= 0.208 × 310

= 64.58 g

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The correct answer is: The absorption of 1.20 × 10² kJ of heat. The given enthalpy change for this reaction is AHixn = +824.2 kJ. This value represents the energy change that occurs during the reaction when 2 moles of [tex]Fe_2O_3[/tex] react to form 4 moles of Fe and 3 moles of [tex]O_2[/tex].

The given reaction shows the production of oxygen gas from iron oxide:

[tex]2 Fe_2O_3 4 Fe + 3O_2[/tex]

We are given that the formation of 14.0 g of [tex]O_2[/tex] occurs, and we need to determine the amount of heat absorbed or released. We can first calculate the number of moles of [tex]O_2[/tex] formed:

molar mass of [tex]O_2[/tex] = 32 g/mol

moles of [tex]O_2[/tex] = 14.0 g / 32 g/mol

                   = 0.4375 mol

From the balanced equation, we can see that for every 3 moles of [tex]O_2[/tex]formed, 824.2 kJ of heat is absorbed.

Therefore, the amount of heat absorbed for the formation of 0.4375 mol of O2 can be calculated using a proportion:

(824.2 kJ / 3 mol) x 0.4375 mol = 120.1 kJ

Thus, the formation of 14.0 g of [tex]O_2[/tex] results in the absorption of 120.1 kJ of heat, which is closest to the answer option "the absorption of 1.20 × 10² kJ of heat."

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a. The balanced equation is:

As₂S₃ + 8HNO₃ + 8NO + 24H+ + 12H₂O → 2H₃AsO₄ + 16NO + 3S₈.

b. 289,455 coulombs of electricity is required for the reduction of 1.5 mol to NO.

a. As₂S₃ + 8HNO₃ → 2H₃AsO₄ + 8NO + 3S₈

Balance the sulfur atoms by adding 3S8 on the right-hand side.

As₂S₃ + 8HNO₃ → 2H₃AsO₄ + 8NO + 3S₈

Next, balance the nitrogen atoms by adding 8NO on the left-hand side.

As₂S₃ + 8HNO₃ + 8NO → 2H₃AsO₄ + 16NO + 3S₈

Finally, balance the hydrogen and oxygen atoms by adding 24H⁺ and 12H₂O on the left-hand side.

As₂S₃ + 8HNO₃ + 8NO + 24H+ + 12H₂O → 2H₃AsO₄ + 16NO + 3S₈

The balanced equation is:

As₂S₃ + 8HNO₃ + 8NO + 24H+ + 12H₂O → 2H₃AsO₄ + 16NO + 3S₈

b) From the balanced equation, it can be seen that the reduction of 1 mol of NO requires the transfer of 2 electrons.

2NO + 2e- → N₂O

Thus, the reduction of 1.5 mol of NO requires the transfer of:

1.5 mol NO × 2 mol e-/mol NO = 3 mol e-

One mole of electrons represents a charge of 96,485 coulombs (1 Faraday). Therefore, the number of coulombs required for the reduction of 1.5 mol of NO is:

3 mol e- × 96,485 C/mol e- = 289,455

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The following redox reactions do you expect to occur spontaneously in the reverse direction is option C. Mg2+(aq)+Fe(s) → Mg(s)+Fe2+(aq) and optionb D.  2La(s)+3Sn2+(aq) → 2La3+(aq)+3Sn.

To determine which of the given redox reactions are likely to occur spontaneously in the reverse direction, we need to compare the standard reduction potentials of the half-reactions involved.

The reaction with the more positive reduction potential will occur spontaneously in the forward direction and the reaction with the more negative reduction potential will occur spontaneously in the reverse direction.

a. Cu+ ion has a standard reduction potential of +0.52 V, and Co2+ ion has a standard reduction potential of -0.28 V. Thus, the overall reaction has a positive E° value of +0.80 V, and it will occur spontaneously in the forward direction. Therefore, the reverse reaction will not occur spontaneously.

b. Fe has a standard reduction potential of -0.44 V, and Mn2+ ion has a standard reduction potential of -1.18 V. Thus, the overall reaction has a positive E° value of +0.74 V, and it will occur spontaneously in the forward direction. Therefore, the reverse reaction will not occur spontaneously.

c. Mg2+ ion has a standard reduction potential of -2.37 V, and Fe has a standard reduction potential of -0.44 V. Thus, the overall reaction has a negative E° value of -1.93 V, and it will not occur spontaneously in the forward direction. Therefore, the reverse reaction, Mg(s) + Fe2+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + Fe(s), is expected to occur spontaneously.

d. La has a standard reduction potential of -2.37 V, and Sn2+ ion has a standard reduction potential of -0.14 V. Thus, the overall reaction has a negative E° value of -2.23 V, and it will not occur spontaneously in the forward direction. Therefore, the reverse reaction, La3+(aq) + Sn(s) → La(s) + 3Sn2+(aq), is expected to occur spontaneously.

Therefore, the the correct option (c) and (d).

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