When scientists were trying to determine the molecule that can transform non-virulent bacteria into virulent bacteria, they found that a cell extract treated with rnase could still transform the cells. Why was this?.

A group of animals that share a particular set of characteristics and forms an assemblage is called a taxon

A taxon is a collection of one or more populations of an organism or populations of organisms that taxonomists consider to be a single entity. A taxon is typically known by a specific name and assigned a certain ranking, even though neither is necessary, especially if and when it is approved or becomes established. Taxonomists frequently disagree over what constitutes a taxon and the standards for inclusion, though. If a taxon is awarded a formal scientific name, one of the nomenclature codes that indicate which scientific name is appropriate for which grouping will subsequently dictate how it should be used.

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Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium differs from the function of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium in that non-keratinized epithelium is permeable to water whereas cornified epithelium is impermeable to water. Moreover, the keratinized epithelium is an effective barrier, whereas the non-keratinized epithelium is a less effective barrier.

What is keratinized epithelium?

Keratinized epithelium is a stratified squamous epithelium found in the skin, the epidermis of the palms and soles, and masticatory mucosa. The keratinized epithelium forms an effective barrier. Its surface layer consists of dead cells. Keratin deposits on the surface. The cytoplasm of surface cells is replaced by keratin proteins. The keratinized epithelium is therefore dry and impermeable to water. It also provides better protection against scratches.

What is non-keratinized epithelium?

The non-cornified epithelium is a stratified squamous epithelium found in the lips, oral mucosa, alveolar mucosa, soft palate, the underside of the tongue, and the floor of the mouth. Unlike keratinized epithelium, the non-keratinized epithelium is moist and contains living cells in the superficial layer.

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If the concentration of extracellular glucose is lower than the concentration already stored in the cells then the cell needs to undergo Active transport so as to take up the cell.

In the gut wall, active transport takes place. From a low concentration in the stomach to a higher concentration in the blood, sugar is moved with the aid of active transport. This makes it possible for the gut's glucose to be absorbed. The body uses this glucose for Respiration.

What is Active transport?

A type of cellular transport known as active transport involves the movement of materials (such as ions, glucose, and amino acids) across a biological membrane in the direction of an area where a lot of these materials are already present.

Because of this, active transport moves these molecules against their concentration gradient using chemical energy (such as ATP).

As a result, this activity calls for the use of energy as well as the support of membrane proteins such carrier proteins.

The small intestine's wall and root hair cells are frequent locations for active transport (villi).

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Answer:

2,3,4,6,7 absolutely. 1 no since bacteria is alive and is single celled, 5 no because an example of snakes don't develop, 8, some don't maintain it.

Answer:

__X_Are made of cells and have an organized structure.

__X_Reproduce and pass their genes(traits, characteristics) to offspring.

_X__Metabolize and obtain energy needed for food(light for plants).

___Grow and become larger.

_X__Develop and become specialized(an example is a human going from being carried to crawling, toddling, and then walking).

_X__Over long periods of living, things evolve in response to their environment.

__X_Respond to their environment.

_X__Maintain homeostasis.

Explanation:

I hope this is the answer you are looking for and I hope this helps!

The most important physical difference between lilliputians and Brobdingnagians is that the Lilliputians are tiny and the Brobdingnagians are enormous.

This question is related to the story "Gulliver's Travels."

Lilliputians are much smaller, only 5 to 6 inches tall to accompany their mischievous nature.

While Brobdingnagians are almost seventy-two feet tall. England is 'below them' but they still take out time to listen to other people's opinions.

Gulliver was captured by the Lilliputians who tied him with ropes.

later on, they decided to release Gulliver because he behaved quite nicely and asked for a safe exit from their area.

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The ID50 value is defined as the concentration of antiviral drug required to reduce the HSV-specific DNA by 50% compared with the untreated virus controls.

The median infective dose (ID50) of Cryptosporidium parvum and to describe the dose–response relationship including associated clinical illness in experimentally challenged dairy calves. Within the first 24 h of life, 27 test calves were experimentally challenged with C. parvum oocysts and 3 control calves were sham dosed. Test calves received 1 of 8 possible doses (25, 50, 100, 500, 1 × 103, 1 × 104, 1 × 105, and 1 × 106 oocysts).

The infective dosage, or ID50, is the average amount of organisms or virus particles expected to cause infection in 50% of healthy adult humans exposed by a specified pathway.

Here the virus with a much lower ID50 requires a lower viral load to infect a human compared to a bacteria with an ID50 of 100,000. Hence the virus has a higher infectivity then bacteria .

The ID50 value is defined as the concentration of antiviral drug required to reduce the HSV-specific DNA by 50% compared with the untreated virus controls. In the Clinical Virology Laboratory at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, HSV isolates with in vitro ID50 values of ≥2 μg/ml for acyclovir and ≥100 μg/ml for foscarnet are considered resistant to these antiviral agents.

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Answer:

Buffering system of blood

When any acidic substance enters the bloodstream, the bicarbonate ions neutralize the hydronium ions forming carbonic acid and water.

Answer:

polysaccharide

Explanation:

The most important structural component of plant cell walls is cellulose. Cellulose is a carbohydrate found in the cell wall of plants. The carbohydrate is a polysaccharide structure. Polysaccharide is made up of a long chain of several sugar units bonded together by chemical linkage. Polysaccharides examples are chitin, glycogen, cellulose, and starch. On average, a dry plant comprises 40 to 50 percent cellulose.

With a length of 8 amino acids, 25600000000 multiple proteins with distinct amino acid sequences can be built.

The method of determining the arrangement of individual different amino acids and peptides is known as amino acid sequencing. Even thoughted fact that many different amino acids have already been identified in nature, essential proteins inside this human body are made up of only twenty different types.

Amino acid sequences have been shown to include vital biological information. The arrangement of amino acids in a given protein, for example, can reveal information about the protein's three-dimensional structure as well as its cellular location, and function, including evolution.

There are various types of amino acids. 20

The number of different associated proteins n amino acids is 20ⁿ.

n = length of amino acid long

n= 8 amino acid length.

20⁸ = 25600000000

With a length of 8 amino acids, 25600000000 multiple proteins with distinct amino acid sequences can be built.

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Answer:

reduces the environmental impact of paved surfaces

Explanation:

Apegx

The information that directs different polypeptides to fold into different shapes is the order and typee of amino acids (i.e., the primary structure) conatins the information that directs folding.

Polypeptides are made up of two words which are poly which means many and peptide which are the chain of amino acids joined by peptide bond polypeptides are the primary structure of the proteins made by amino acids and by the release of one water molecule from one amine and one hydroxyl group which are NH2 and OH respectively and this primary structure further leads to the formation of secondary tertiary and quarternary structures .

which depends upon the different types of bonding found in them .

which can be hydrogen bonding, van der wall forces, disulfide linkage, ionic bonding, and electrostatic forces and the presence of amino acids in the primary structure further directs the folding of the primary proteins as if cystine amino acid is present in large amount it will form disulfide linkage due to presencee of sulphur in the cystine group and this will lead to formation for quartnery folding,

if amino acids like glycine or arginene are present they will lead to formation pf secondry structures as they will form the hydrogen bonding and also the position of these peimary amino acids determines the direction of folding to form the 3D conformation and the correct folding is very necessary as misfolding can lead to malfunctioning of all the cellular processes happening in the body.

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MHC II type of antigen-presenting molecule is found only on macrophages, dendritic cells, and b cells.

MHC II type of antigen belongs to a class of major histocompatibility complexes (MHC).

These are normally found on the antigen cells such as B cells, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, and thymic epithelial cells.

MHC cells are very crucial as they initiate the responses of the immune system.

Owing to their selectivity properties, they are present on the antigen-specific CD4+ T cells.

Moreover, they play a key role in controlling and regulating the autoimmunity and immunity systems.

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Marfan syndrome is related to an autosomal dominant condition.

There are several organs constructed of elastic fibres. Skin, skeletons, and joints are the most frequent organs. Marfan syndrome will show as the chest form, long as well as thin bones (arms, legs, fingers), stretch marks inside the skin, or eye lens.

Marfan syndrome, the genetic illness, affects connective tissue, or even the fibres that hold and attach the organs and other body parts. Marfan syndrome most usually affects the skeleton, blood vessels, heart, and vision. It occurs since the normal growth of connective tissue cannot continue with just one functional copy of such FBN1 gene.

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The high specific heat capacity and high heat of vaporization of water help in sustaining life on earth by absorbing heat.

The specific heat of vaporization for water is high which helps to make life sustainable on Earth. One mole of water needs 40,000 Joules of energy for vaporizing. Excess heat is stored in the water from the Sun which protects the land on Earth from getting too hot. The heat is then released slowly when the temperature on land decreases.

It is due to the specific heat capacity of water that aquatic life is possible in the oceans. Around 70 percent of the Earth is water which absorbs excess heat energy from the Sun hence protecting the life on Earth from high temperatures.

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Viruses a. cannot be seen in a light microscope.

Viruses can be described as tiny microorganisms that are known for causing many infectious diseases in other organisms.

The size of a virus is too small to be seen under a light microscope. The general size of a virus ranges from 20 to 400 nm. On the other hand, the size range of viewing samples under a light microscope is 500 nm – 1,000 nm. Hence, as viruses size range is lesser than a light microscope, they cannot be observed under a light microscope.

All other options are not correct as viruses are neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes. Scientists still debate whether to consider viruses as living or non-living particles as they cannot replicate outside a host cell. Binary fission is a process seen in prokaryotes such as bacteria. Viruses do not under binary fission.

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Repressor changes its conformation when it binds to lactose, which prevents it from binding to DNA. This enables the transcription of the lactose operon.

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claim

something is alive

evidence

it can respire, excrete,move, respond to stimuli, reproduce and grow, and are dependent on their environment.

reasoning

movement internally & eternally is paramount

a cat can move. it is alive

rock does not move it is not alive

educationvicgovau.

All are correct, the development of flower petals might cause increased attraction for pollinators, increased attraction for predators, and increased surface area for wind pollination.

Flowers' reproductive organs are encircled by petals, which are modified leaves. To draw pollinators, they are frequently brightly colored or shaped differently. The corolla is the collective name for a flower's petals. Functions of the petal include scent production and color changing which is used to attract pollinators and also attract predators.

Flowers also exhibit different types of pollination and wind pollination is one of it, for flowers that undergo wind pollination require little or no petal since the pollens are to be scattered by wind. The development of the flower's petal in terms of the size, scent, colour depends on what type of pollination, whether the flower attracts pollinators or/and predators.

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In the winter, the energy pyramid in a grassland community is thinner than in the summer. Thus,  the abiotic factor that determines the differences between the two pyramids is sunlight.

A grassland refers to an area that is mostly composed of grasses and shrubs. The grassland community depends heavily on the primary productivity from the green grasses. In turn the primary productivity of the grassland ecosystem depends on the energy from the sun.

When there is less sunlight, there would be less primary productivity and little energy is transported across the energy pyramid. The low primary productivity owes to a decreased amount of sunlight.

Hence, in the winter, the energy pyramid in a grassland community is thinner than it appears in summer when the sun is intense.

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Overconsumption of sodium, saturated fat and sugar increase the risk of chronic disease.

A sickness or condition that typically lasts three months or longer and has the potential to worsen over time. Elderly people are more prone to developing chronic diseases, which are typically treatable but not curable. Diabetes, arthritis, heart disease, and stroke are the most prevalent chronic diseases.

A small number of risk  behaviors are responsible for many chronic diseases:

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"Pretreatment with the carbohydrate component alone prevents bacteria attachment to the animal cells." is the result which supports the hypothesis that the bacteria recognize the carbohydrate component of the animal glycoprotein.

The glycoprotein molecule is created by the covalent interaction of glycans with the side chains of amino acids. The contact between cells is greatly influenced by this kind of protein. O-glycosylation, N-glycosylation, p-glycosylation, and s-glycosylation are only a few of the several forms of glycosylation that may be distinguished.

The findings demonstrate that pure carbohydrates prevent sperm adhesion just as well as complete glycoprotein.

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Question correction:

You believe a bacterium is attaching to animal cells by binding to the carbohydrate portion of a specific glycoprotein. To test this hypothesis you pre-incubate the bacteria with various molecules and then test for inhibition of attachment to the animal cells. Which result supports the hypothesis that the bacteria recognize the carbohydrate component of the animal glycoprotein?

-Pretreatment with the carbohydrate component alone prevents bacteria attachment to the animal cells.

-Pretreatment with the entire glycoprotein prevents bacteria attachment to the animal cells.

-Pretreatment with the entire glycoprotein allows bacteria attachment to the animal cells.

-Pretreatment with the protein component alone prevents bacteria attachment to the animal cells.

After surviving the World Trade Center terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, a Callery pear tree earned the nickname "Survivor Tree."  

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Membrane anchors are the hydrophobic groups that are covalently attached to proteins and tether them to the membrane.

Proteins are bound to membranes by different mechanisms. Some proteins are bound because the hydrophobic regions of the polypeptide chain cross the lipid bilayer several times, and therefore a substantial part of the protein is actually located within the hydrophobic interior of the bilayer (see membrane proteins).

Other proteins have a much weaker association with the membrane, using a relatively small membrane anchor for attachment. Depending on the particular protein, this membrane anchor can be a single hydrophobic segment spanning the membrane of the polypeptide, or a variety of different lipids covalently attached to specific sites in the polypeptide chain.

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Answer: they go to the Electron Transport System and convert into energy and water.

Explanation:

The NADH and FADH₂ are produced in the Krebs cycle are sent to the final step of cell respiration, electron transport chain. The Krebs cycle does not use oxygen because it runs on NADH and FADH₂.

Electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes and molecules which transfer electrons from one electron donor to the other electron acceptor via different redox reactions and couples this electron transfer reactions with the transfer of protons across the mitochondrial membrane. A series of proteins in the inner membrane of mitochondria are involved in the electron transport chain.

NADH and FADH₂ molecules are formed during the process of Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle which carry the electrons to the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. The electron transport chain runs on a proton gradient which ultimately leads to the production of ATP.

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Answer:

No its the first one

Explanation:

Asexual reproduction allows for a population to boom in a short period of time, since there only needs one organism. That being said its important to note that the offspring will be a clone of the parent, so the genetic diversity is low. However the advantage is that the population grows really fast, think of bacteria. Most reproduce asexually, and bacteria growth is very fast given the right conditions.

Vascular tissue makes up leaves, bringing in water for ground tissue to perform photosynthesis. Based on this information, leaves are organs.

Plants and other living things employ a process called photosynthesis to transform light energy into chemical energy that may be released through cellular respiration to power the organism's activities.

Any of the major, typically laterally borne, aboveground appendages of a vascular plant stem that are specialized for photosynthesis is called a leaf. Leaves are collectively referred to as "flora," as in "fall foliage," whereas the shoot system consists of the leaves, stem, blossom, and fruit. Palisade mesophyll, which is typically found on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf, is the primary photosynthetic tissue.

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Answer: GoodMorning: ) Ok so this happens When two oceanic plates are pushed away from each other, magma rises to the surface between the plates and creates a ridge.

Explanation: In  places where convection currents rise up towards the crust's surface, tectonic plates move away from each other in a process known as seafloor spreading (Fig. 7.21). Hot magma rises to the crust's surface, cracks develop in the ocean floor, and the magma pushes up and out to form mid-ocean ridges.

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Answer: Epidemiologist

Explanation: I believe it is epidemiologist because they are scientists who usually study the origin, spread, and effects of diseases. This is why you usually find them employed in public health agencies as they study diseases and how to prevent them.