while the semilunar valves are open during a normal cardiac cycle, the pressure in the left ventricle is
Using the theories of ventricle, we got that the pressure in the left ventricle is higher than the pressure in the aorta while the semilunar valves are open during a normal cardiac cycle.
The semilunar valves open when ventricular muscle contracts and generates blood pressure within the ventricle higher than within arterial tree, When the pressure in left ventricle exceeds the pressure in the aorta, ventricular ejection phase d, pulmonary semilunar valve will open, the semilunar valves open, the ventricular filling phase b, The semilunar (aortic and pulmonary) valves open at the beginning of this phase of the ventricular systole.
Hence, while the semilunar valves are open during a normal cardiac cycle, the pressure in the left ventricle is higher than the pressure in the aorta.
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Which of the following effects of climate changes poses the greatest threat to the Pacific region?
A.
rising sea levels
B.
lower average temperatures
C.
drought
D.
increased rainfall
Answer: Answer is A. Rising Sea levels.
Explanation:
An average sea level rise of between 25 cm – 58 cm is predicted by the middle of this century along the coastlines of Pacific Island countries, which would be devastating for islands that sit at or just above sea level. If global temperatures increase 2degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, as is becoming increasingly likely, it is estimated that 90% of the coral reefs in much of the Pacific Island region could suffer severe degradation, which will have a devastating effect on the marine species that depend upon these ecosystems.
In green plants, what is the sequence of photosystems, and what does each photosystem produce?.
In green plants arrangement of photosystems:
Photosystem II→ ATP production→ Photosystem I→ NADPH production.
What are photosystems?Although PSII arrives first in the electron flow route, it is given the second designation since PSI was found first.
Chloroplasts either export this three-carbon sugar phosphate or transform it internally into starch. Carboxylation, reduction, isomerization, condensation, dismutation, and phosphorylation are the cycle's four steps, respectively.
Therefore photosystem is arranged from Photosystem II to NADPH production.
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How much more atp is generated from glucose 6-phosphate, compared to glucose, when it is metabolized by the glycolytic pathway?.
During glycolysis, glucose ultimately breaks down into pyruvate and energy; a total of 2 ATP is derived in the process (Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O).
The hydroxyl groups allow for phosphorylation. The specific form of glucose used in glycolysis is glucose 6-phosphate. A charged phosphate group is added to this molecule during the phosphorylation of glucose by glucokinase. Since G6P is unable to permeate the cell membrane, unbound glucose cannot diffuse out of the cells. Hepatocytes can capture glucose because of the phosphorylation step that is made possible by glucokinase.
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4. A biologist reads about a study in a peer-reviewed journal where the results do not agree with her
research. this scientist must remain __ and think about how those results might affect her own work
A biologist reads about a study in a peer-reviewed journal where the results do not agree with her research. this scientist must remain Open minded and think about how those results might affect her own work.
A biologist is a scientist who conducts biological research. Biologists are interested in studying all forms of life on Earth, whether they are single cells, multicellular organisms, or communities of interacting populations. The goal of basic research biologists is to advance knowledge about the natural world.
Most biologists today have one or more academic degrees, such as a bachelor's degree plus an advanced degree, such as a master's degree or a doctorate. Biologists, like other scientists, can be found working in a variety of industries, including academia, nonprofits, private industry, and government. The founder of biology, Francesco Redi, is regarded as one of the greatest biologists of all time.
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drag the labels to complete each of the sentences that discuss the relationship between mhc molecules and endogenous and exogenous antigens.
MHC I antigen presentation typically involves the endogenous pathway of antigen processing and MHC II antigen presentation involves the exogenous pathway of antigen processing.
What are antigens in the immune system?Antigens are substances present on the surface of cells i.e., viruses, fungi, or bacteria. Antigens can also be non-living substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs, and foreign objects (such as debris). An antigen is a substance that causes the immune system to produce antibodies against it. The immune system recognizes and destroys, or attempts to destroy, substances that contain antigens. This means that the immune system recognize the substance and tries to fight it off. Why is MHC called an antigen and is MHC endogenous or exogenous?The MHC gene (called the H-2 complex in mice) was first recognized in 1937 as a barrier to transplantation in mice. In humans, these genes are often called human leukocyte antigens (HLA). This is because these genes were originally discovered due to antigenic differences between leukocytes from different individuals.Class I MHC molecules (MHC-I) primarily present endogenous antigens. H. Antigens present in the cytosol and subject to cytosolic processing mechanisms, including the conventional MHC-I processing pathway. MHC II molecules associate with exogenous antigens that are internalized by endocytosis. However, exogenous antigens can also enter her MHC-I pathway of her APCs through a process called 'cross-presentation'.To learn more about antigens visit:
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How do I answer this question?
Answer:
Use the six stages of methods below to identify which is what.
Explanation:
what is the difference between the types of muscular tissue? what is the main function of each one?
Muscles are of three types, skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
1.Skeletal muscles are muscles that are linked to bones. Abdominal muscles and biceps are two examples.Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles, meaning you control how and when they move and work. Nerves in your somatic nervous system send signals to make them function. If you reach for a book on a shelf, you’re using skeletal muscles in your neck, arm and shoulder.
2.Smooth muscles are found in the walls of internal organs such as the intestine and blood vessels.Smooth muscle makes up your organs, blood vessels, digestive tract, skin and other areas. Smooth muscles are involuntary, too. So, your autonomic nervous system controls them as well. For example, muscles in your urinary system help rid your body of waste and toxins.
3.Cardiac muscle tissue is contractile tissue present only in the heart. Cardiac muscles are only in your heart. They help your heart pump blood throughout your body. They’re involuntary muscles that your autonomic nervous system controls. That means they work without you having to think about it.
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what protein component(s) appear to be necessary for recognition of the s. pombe start site and transcription initiation? explain.
RNA polymerase is the component appear to be necessary for recognition of the start site and transcription initiation.
What is transcription and what protein component is essential for initiation of transcription?Transcription is the process in which the information from coding strand of DNA is transferred to the coding strand of RNA.Transcription is different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes in terms of participating RNA.In prokaryotes there is only single RNA polymerase transcribing the information and in eukaryotes there are three different RNA transcribing.Here the question is for protein component which is essential for the recognition of start site and transcription initiation.Hence the answer is RNA polymerase which is the component appear to be necessary for the recognition of start site.To know more about protein visit:
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what takes place across the respiratory membrane? oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveolus across the respiratory membrane into the blood in the pulmonary capillary.
At the respiratory membrane, in which the alveolar and capillary partitions meet, gases flow throughout the membranes, with oxygen getting into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide exiting. It is thru this mechanism that blood is oxygenated and carbon dioxide, the waste made from mobile respiration, is eliminated from the body.
In a system known as diffusion, oxygen movements from the alveoli to the blood via the capillaries (tiny blood vessels) lining the alveolar partitions. Once withinside the bloodstream, oxygen receives picked up through the hemoglobin in purple blood cells.
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some chemicals can pass through the cell membrane, but others cannot. not all chemicals can pass through a cell membrane with equal ease. the cell membrane determines which chemicals can diffuse into or out of a cell. this is called a __________ membrane because it does not allow all chemicals to freely move.
Some chemical compounds can pass via the mobile membrane, but others cannot. not all chemical substances can skip through a cell membrane with identical ease the cell membrane determines which chemical substances can diffuse into or out of a cell. this is called a cell membrane as it does now not allow all chemical compounds to freely pass.
The cell membrane's predominant trait is its selective permeability, because of this that it lets in some materials to pass it without problems, but now not others. Small molecules that are nonpolar (don't have any fee) can go through the membrane without problems through diffusion, but ions (charged molecules) and large molecules generally can't.
Cell membranes are an example of semi-permeable membranes. cellular membranes allow small molecules which include oxygen, water carbon dioxide, and oxygen to pass via however do not permit large molecules like glucose, sucrose, proteins, and starch to go into the cell immediately.
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If a mutation rendered the signal recognition particle nonfunctional, what would be the most obvious effect on the cell?.
If a mutation rendered the signal recognition particle nonfunctional, translation would not have been completed for most of the proteins.
What is mutation and what would be the effect on cell if mutation rendered the signal recognition particle nonfunctional?Mutation is the alternation in the sequences of DNA or RNA whatever is the genetic complement of the body.There are certain kind of mutation, namely point mutation , frame shift mutation and the one caused by mutagen.Mutagen are the agents causing such sudden genetic change such as physical and chemical agents.Here the question is asked of if mutation rendered the signal recognition particle nonfunctional what would be the effect on the cell.The translation would not have been completed for most of the organisms if a mutation rendered the signal recognition.To know more about mutation visit:
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Compare and contrast the exoskeleton with the endoskeleton and provide an example of species that contain each type.
Endoskeleton is an internal skeleton that provides support and protection for example cartilage and bone. Exoskeleton is an external skeleton which provides protection to the body from outside like hair , scales and horns.
Main function of endoskeleton and exoskeleton is to provide structural and functional support. Both endoskeleton and exoskeleton helps in the movement of the body and also protect internal organs.
Endoskeleton is mainly found inside of vertebrates, that are mammals, birds, fishes, amphibians, and reptiles, whereas the exoskeleton is found inside of invertebrates like insects, spiders, crabs, centipedes, and millipedes.
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trees are valuable to the family and the community for the products and amenites they give such as
Trees are valuable to the family and the community for the products and amenites they give such as improving air quality, mitigating stormwater, providing shade and enhancing aesthetic beauty, providing life home ground, and increasing property price.
Trees offer oxygen that we'd like to breathe. Trees scale back the number of storm water runoff, that scale backs erosion and pollution in our waterways and should reduce the consequences of flooding. several species of life depend upon trees for surroundings. Trees give food, protection, and houses for several birds and mammals.
The world's forests absorb a 3rd of worldwide emissions per annum. Particles, odors and waste product gases like N oxides, ammonia and sulphur dioxide choose the leaves of a tree. Trees absorb these toxicant chemicals through their stomata, or 'pores', effectively improving air quality.
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External Conditions and Algal Reproduction
HELPPPPP PLSSSSSS
1. In many situations, algal reproduction is affected by external conditions. Look at this graph of hypothetical data that compares the growth rate of S. platensis over a period of 5 days when exposed to different light levels. Given these data, what light levels would you use for a bioreactor containing this species?
Options:
A.
500 lux
B.
1000 lux
C.
2000 lux
D.
3000 lux
According to the graph, light levels would be used for a bioreactor containing this species is 500 lux. Thus, option A is correct.
What is the main function of bioreactor?The main function of a accurately designed bioreactor is to give a controlled environment to achieve optimal growth and/or product formation in the particular cell system employed and the bioreactor has been defined as a apparatus in which a biological reaction or process is carried out.
The species diversity index can be defined as the measure of diversity of species. This takes into account for the number of species present in an area, also the relative abundance of species in an area. If the species richness increases, evenness of the species also increases and the diversity of species also increases.
Therefore, According to the graph, light levels would be used for a bioreactor containing this species is 500 lux. Thus, option A is correct.
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The ------- is a type of regulator protein that binds to a region of DNA in the promoter of a gene called the operator and prevents transcription from taking place.
repressor
The operator is bound by the repressor regulator protein, which stops the structural gene from being transcribed. 20
According to genomics, a gene's promoter is the area of DNA upstream of it where important proteins, such RNA polymerase & transcription factors, attach to start the gene's transcription. Any protein that affects the sections of a DNA molecule that RNA polymerase transcribes during transcription is referred to as a regulatory protein (gene-regulatory protein). As a result, these proteins, which also include transcription factors, aid in regulating the cellular production of proteins. Proteins known as transcription factors interact either activate / repress the translation of a certain gene by binding to enhancer / promoter regions. The majority of transcription factors have DNA sequences they can bind to. Based on structural similarity, these protein can be categorized into families.
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Which of the following structures is found in a plant cell but NOT an animal cell?
Answer: A LARGE CENTRAL VACUOLE
Explanation:
Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole, which are not found within animal cells.
The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because.
The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because it is a source of catecholamines.
Hormones of the adrenal medulla are the catecholamines, that also function as classical neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system. Adrenal medulla is modified as neural tissue and its activity is governed by a neural input.
Adrenal medulla, is a modified ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system, they also secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine into the blood and response to neural signals directed via sympathetic nerve pathways coming via the spinal cord.
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Suggest why the temptation of baby food must be controlled by enzymes added .?
The temptation of baby meals needs to be controlled through enzymes introduced because enzymes manually modify the metabolism of a mobile, they have a tendency to be carefully controlled.
Enzymes play foremost roles in baby meal production, ranging from improving the flavor, solubility, and digestibility of vitamins in infant foods. Enzymes have additionally been used to produce a few useful elements that are added to infant foods.
That is distinctly crucial in keeping homeostasis, permitting cells to respond in controlled methods to changes in each internal and outside condition. Inhibition of particular enzymes with the aid of drugs also can be medically beneficial.
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what would be the impact on lymph formation if the osmotic force at the venous end of the capillary was more successful at recovering fluid lost at the arterial end?
The hydrostatic pressure drops from the venule end to the arteriole end as fluid flows through the capillary. Near the venule end, the osmotic pressure in the interstitium, which is essentially constant, will be greater than the capillary hydrostatic pressure.
When the blood pressure at a capillary's venous end is lower than the osmotic pressure, fluid enters the blood vessel. Blood always flows in the direction of its gradient of concentration. It travels from the capillaries to the venules and then to the veins, which return it to the heart.
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which of the following are disadvantages to culturing techniques for diagnosis of infectious diseases?
Antibiotic susceptibility cannot be addressed with culture techniques. Most pathogens need at least one night to form colonies, and many bacteria cannot be cultivated in lab culture.
What are the restrictions on the ability to diagnose illnesses using culturing techniques?Isolating the actual bacterium that is the cause from other germs in the obtained material might be challenging. - Because incubation takes 18 to 24 hours in culture, several deadly infectious disease cannot be treated swiftly and successfully.
Why does the diagnostic process require a pure culture?To better understand and treat caused diseases, a pure bacterial culture is still necessary for the research of its virulence, susceptibility to antibiotics, and genomic sequence.
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h. erectus's distinctive nucal torus suggests his species, but another physical trait is a more reliable way to id a h. erectus: what is it?
The physical feature of Homo Erectus is the supraorbital torus.
Homo Erectus tended to have thick skull bones. They also share several thickened or strengthened areas of the skull, including the:
Supraorbital torus: It is present in all of the H. erectus fossil skulls and is thick and prominent in many of them.Nuchal torus: The thickened bony shaft above the neck muscle attachment area, at the back of the skull. More or less thick and projecting distinct individual fossils, it is present in almost all adults of H. Erectus.Corner torus: Area of thickening associated with the most posterior attachment of the temporalis muscle, to the parietal bone.Sagittal knee: H. erectus crania often have areas that are flat on either side of the midline, forming an angle along the top of the skull. This can be in the frontal bone, in the parietal, or both.Learn more about the physical features of Homo Erectus https://brainly.com/question/16521810
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between neanderthals and denisovans which of them has contributed the advantageous alleles to the human gene pool that affect the skin and immune traits?
The following characteristics distinguish modern humans from other Homo sapiens species, Neanderthals, and both of them:-
Characteristics of early human
Humans have thin, flexible fingers, light bones, and quick mobility. They also have a long childhood.
Neanderthals had big fingers, heavy bones, and slow movements.
Both: Made use of tools; stood straight.
Describe traits.
The quality that a person possesses and is referred to as his personality is referred to as a trait. The property of being consistent, steady, and differentiable from person to person is included in the feature.
There are three different categories of qualities: cardinal, central, and secondary traits.
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In the process of , dna is used as a template for making another type of nucleic acid called. The process begins when the enzyme binds to a region called the.
A crucial biological process called transcription involves copying genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, another nucleic acid.
What acts as the DNA replication template?The double helix of DNA serves as a model for self-replication. Each strand of DNA can be used as a template to determine the nucleotide sequence in its complementary strand since nucleotide A will only pair successfully with T and nucleotide G will only pair successfully with C.
Why is protein synthesis called translation yet RNA transcription is not?Why is protein synthesis referred to as "translation" and RNA synthesis as "transcription"? RNA synthesis uses nucleic acids to create a complementary copy of the DNA, whereas protein synthesis necessitates changing the information in the RNA.
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There is only one piece of evidence that supports the mammal competition hypothesis. After viewing the details of this evidence and its relation to the mammal competition hypothesis, do you think this is a widely accepted conclusion in the scientific community? explain your answer. (site 1).
Mammals undoubtedly thrived after the extinction of the dinosaurs, and fossil records indicate that this happened suddenly.
Therefore, I agree with the scientific community.
The idea of mammal competitiveness.
The fossil records typically provide proof for the mammal opposition theory. A sudden extinction of dinosaurs indicates a cataclysmic event.
According to the fossil report, depending on the region and interpretation Different things, mammals undoubtedly flourished after the extinction of the dinosaurs, but it is unclear whether they faced minimal competition or frequently engaged in competition for scarce resources.
Mammals might return outside once the heat was shut off and make the most of the available food supplies. Although there may not have been enough food for dinosaurs, mammals' more diversified appetites helped them to survive.
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During meiosis, the process of crossing over results in new combinations of alleles because.
Answer:
When chromatids "cross over," homologous chromosomes trade pieces of genetic material, resulting in novel combinations of alleles, though the same genes are still present. Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis before tetrads are aligned along the equator in metaphase I.
Explanation:
where did the antibiotic resistant bacteria come from in the first place of bacteria makes identical offspring by asexual reproduction
Answer:
By conjugation. Stimulated by the right plasmids a tube connects cells allowing chromosomal transfer and plasmid transfer.
By transduction. When infected by ‘phage bacterial DNA can be packaged into the phage and thus transferred to a fresh cell both chromosomal and plasmid DNA can be so transferred.
By transformation. At some stages of growth bacteria can take-up nake-d DNA from their environment. The transformation of pneumococci was the basis of the original experiments that established the role of DNA in hereditary.
Explanation:
DNA copying is not perfect, so there is genetic variation even within asexually reproducing species
Another, very important mechanism is the transmission of genetic information by plasmids. These are short circular pieces of DNA that can be transferred between bacteria or even picked up by a bacterium from the remains of other, dead bacteria. These often contain genes for antibiotic resistance, typically by encoding an enzyme that breaks down a specific antibiotic. These plasmids may be copied and passed along to a bacterium’s descendants or may be lost in some of them, but in the presence of the antibiotic, the ones that get the plasmid will survive. So if you start with a population of a million bacteria, only one of which carries the resistance plasmid, and treat them with that antibiotic, soon you'll have a population in which they are all resistant.
Using conjugation, chromosome and plasmid transfer is made possible by a tube connecting cells that are stimulated by the appropriate plasmids.
What are antibiotic-resistant bacteria?Through the transduction, both chromosomal and plasmid DNA can be packed into the phage when a cell is infected by a 'phage and then transmitted to a new cell in this way.
Transformation at some development stages, bacteria are able to absorb DNA from their surroundings. The initial studies that showed the significance of DNA in heredity used pneumococci as their model organism.
Therefore, if you start with a population of a million bacteria, one of which has the resistance plasmid, then treat them with that antibiotic, you'll soon have a population in which they are all resistant.
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A particular leg bone for dinosaur fossils has a mean length of 60 inches with a standard deviation of 3 inches. What is the length if the z-score is 0. 67?.
The average length of a specific dinosaur leg bone is 60 inches, with a standard variation of 3 inches. If a z-score is 0, then the length is 67.
Divide your data point by your standard error after taking your data point and subtracting the mean from it. How is the z-score determined? Z-scores are calculated using the formula z = (x-)/, where x represents the raw score, the population mean, & the population variation. The z-score is just the raw score less the population mean, split by the population variance, as the calculation demonstrates. You now have your Z-score. For instance, a scoring of 450 would equate a scores of (450-500)/100 (= -50/100 = -0.50 on a scale with a mean of 500 as well as a standard variation of 100, indicating that the scoring is half a variance below the mean.
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two flowering plants are crossed. the offspring flower as follows: 25% white and 75% red. what pattern of inheritance does flower color in these flowers follow?
The pattern of inheritance the offspring of flower plants with 25% white and 75% red flower color will be: complete dominant.
Inheritance is the phenomenon of transmission of genes from parents to offspring. Genes are the basic unit of heredity. They carry the information to be encoded in the form of proteins. These proteins are responsible for the display of certain traits.
Complete dominance is where the effect of the dominant allele is not masked up due to the presence of another allele with recessive character. The allele can show its trait unaffectedly even in heterozygous condition. The phenotypic ratio of offspring for complete dominance is 3:1.
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describe the contractile force of the muscle when a stimulus of increasing strength was applied to the muscle
Muscle contraction is the activation of tension generating sites within muscle cells.
What are contractile force of muscles?At roughly 60% of resting length, contractile force is zero; at about 90% of resting length, it increases; at about 120%–130% of resting length, it reaches its maximum; and at about 160% of resting length, it returns to zero.
Actomyosin networks, which are made up of force-transmitting actin structures and force-generating myosin motors, are the main part of the cellular contractile force machinery.
The amount of force that muscle fibers produce is managed by a motor neuron. The rate code and the size principle are the two principles that control the link between motor neuron activity and muscle force.
Later in muscle stimulation, when contractile strength increases, motor units with larger, less excitable neurons are used. Enhancing a muscle's ability to contract
Muscle contraction is the activation of tension generating sites within muscle cells.
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