when you add acid to a buffer, how do you calculate the new pH?

The solubility of Z2SO4 will decrease if it is dissolved in 100.0 mL of 0.10 M Na2SO4 instead of distilled water. This is because Na2SO4 and Z2SO4 both contain the sulfate ion (SO4²⁻), which results in a common ion effect. The presence of a common ion in the solution suppresses the solubility of Z2SO4, causing it to be less soluble than in distilled water.

The addition of Na2SO4 to the solvent affects the solubility of z2so4 in two ways: by the common ion effect and by the ionic strength effect. The common ion effect occurs when the solvent already contains an ion that is also present in the solute. In this case, Na+ is the common ion between Na2SO4 and z2so4. As the concentration of Na+ in the solvent increases due to the addition of Na2SO4, the solubility of z2so4 decreases because the common ion reduces the amount of z2so4 that can dissolve in the solvent.

The ionic strength effect occurs when the total concentration of ions in the solvent increases due to the addition of a solute. As the concentration of ions increases, the electrostatic interactions between the ions become stronger, which reduces the solubility of z2so4. Therefore, the solubility of z2so4 will decrease when it is dissolved in 100.0 mL of 0.10 M Na2SO4 compared to when it is dissolved in distilled water.

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Average Kinetic energy of solution is high, the temperature of the solution is higher than original  solution.

Option A is correct.

An object's or a particle's motion gives it kinetic energy, a type of energy. When a net force is applied to an object, which is work that transfers energy, the object accelerates and gains kinetic energy.

The capacity for work is perhaps kinetic energy's most significant property. Work is defined as force exerted in the direction of motion on an object. Energy and work are so intertwined that they are interchangeable. Either of the following methods can be used to obtain the kinetic energy: the effort required to stop any moving object. How much work done in giving the speed to the body from the condition of rest.

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The acid ionization constant for butanoic acid if a 0.155 M solution is 1.15% ionized is 1.8 x 10⁻³ .

Acid is a substance that has a pH level of less than 7 and reacts with bases to form salts. Acids are corrosive and can cause damage to skin and other organic materials. Common acids include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, and phosphoric acid. Acids have a sour taste and can have an unpleasant, sharp smell. Acids are used in a variety of industries, from making food products to cleaning and manufacturing materials.

[H⁺] = 0.00115 * 0.155 = 1.8 x 10⁻³ M
[A⁻] = 0.00115 * 0.155 = 1.8 x 10⁻³ M
Substituting these values into the Kₐ equation, we get:
Kₐ = [H⁺][A⁻]/[HA] = (1.8 x 10⁻³)(1.8 x 10⁻³)/0.155 = 1.8 x 10⁻³

Therefore the correct answer is C.

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Answer:

The pressure in the system will increase as there is a smaller volume and so the gas particles collide with the walls of the container more often meaning that the pressure is higher.

pH of solution after addition of LiOH to HClO4 is approximately 1.00.

What is the pH of a solution obtained by titrating 100.0 mL of 0.18 M HClO4 with 0.27 M LiOH and adding 30.0 mL of LiOH?

First, let's write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between HClO4 and LiOH:

HClO4 + LiOH -> LiClO4 + H2O

Next, we can use stoichiometry to determine how much HClO4 and LiOH react. Since the concentration of LiOH is 0.27 M and the volume added is 30.0 mL (0.0300 L), the moles of LiOH added is:

moles of LiOH = concentration x volume = 0.27 M x 0.0300 L = 0.00810 moles

Since the stoichiometry of the balanced equation tells us that the ratio of HClO4 to LiOH is 1:1, we know that the moles of HClO4 consumed by the reaction is also 0.00810 moles.

The initial moles of HClO4 in solution is:

moles of HClO4 = concentration x volume = 0.18 M x 0.1000 L = 0.0180 moles

Therefore, after the addition of LiOH, the total moles of HClO4 in solution is:

total moles of HClO4 = initial moles - moles consumed by LiOH = 0.0180 moles - 0.00810 moles = 0.00990 moles

Calculation of the pH of the solution, we determine the concentration of H+ ions. Since HClO4 is a strong acid, it completely dissociates in water to form H+ and ClO4- ions. Therefore, the concentration of H+ ions is equal to the concentration of HClO4:

[H+] = 0.00990 moles / 0.1000 L = 0.0990 M

Now using the the equation of pH of a solution:

pH = -log[H+]

pH = -log(0.0990)

pH = 1.00

Therefore, the pH of the solution after the addition of 30.0 mL of LiOH is approximately 1.00.

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Correct answer is (A) very weak base. When an acid donates a proton, it forms its conjugate base. Strong acids are those that completely dissociate in water to form H+ ions, leaving almost no molecules of the acid in solution.

A conjugate base is a species formed by the removal of a proton from an acid, as in the reverse reaction it is able to gain a hydrogen ion. Because some acids are capable of releasing multiple protons, the conjugate base of an acid may itself be acidic.Therefore, their conjugate bases have a negligible tendency to accept protons and act as bases. They are weak bases. Examples of strong acids and their conjugate bases are HCl (chloride ion), HNO3 (nitrate ion), and H2SO4 (hydrogen sulfate ion).

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The percent yield for the reaction CaCO₃(s) → CaO(s) + CO₂(g) is 67.2%.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:

CaCO₃(s) → CaO(s) + CO₂(g)

The molar mass of CaCO₃ is 100.1 g/mol. Thus, 1.31 g of CaCO₃ is equivalent to 0.0131 mol of CaCO₃.

According to the stoichiometry of the reaction, 1 mol of CaCO₃ produces 1 mol of CO₂. Therefore, the theoretical yield of CO₂ from 0.0131 mol of CaCO₃ is also 0.0131 mol.

The molar mass of CO₂ is 44.01 g/mol. Therefore, the theoretical yield of CO₂ in grams is 0.576 g.

The actual yield of CO₂ obtained is 0.53 g.

The percent yield can be calculated as follows:

Percent yield = (Actual yield / Theoretical yield) × 100

Percent yield = (0.53 / 0.576) × 100

Percent yield = 92.01%

Therefore, the percent yield for the reaction is 67.2% (rounded to one decimal place).

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a) The volume of butane that can be produced by the reaction at STP is 6.25 L. b) There is no excess hydrogen gas, all of it was used up in the reaction.

The reaction which is given in the question is the balanced equation for the reaction i.e:

[tex]4C + 5H_2 \rightarrow C_4H_{10}[/tex]

a) To find the volume of butane that is produced at STP, we the number of moles of each reactant that is taking part in the reaction.

We can calculate the moles of the reactants using the formula:

PV=nRT

we can also write the equation as n=PV/RT

Substituting the values in the formula above we get

n = PV/RT

n = (1 atm)(17.75 L)/(0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)(273 K) = 0.831 mol [tex]H_2[/tex]

Now we need to find the moles of Carbon by using the formula:

n=m/M; where m is the mass of carbon and M is the molar mass of carbon.

Molar mass of carbon= 12/01 g/mol

n=13.45 g/12.01 g/mol = 1/12 mol C

Now we can see that the balanced equation that is given to us has a 4:5 ratio of carbon to hydrogen, Now we need to find the moles of butane that are produced from 1.12 mol of carbon:

Now we can see that 4 mol of C produces 1 mol of  [tex]C_4H_{10}[/tex]

So, 1 mol of C produces 1/4 mol of [tex]C_4H_{10}[/tex]

Now 1.12 mol of C will produce (1/4) * 1.12 mol of [tex]C_4H_{10}[/tex]

which is = 0.28 mol of [tex]C_4H_{10}[/tex].

Now with the help of ideal gas law, we can calculate the volume of butane at STP:

PV=nRT

V=nRT/P = (0.28 mol)(0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)(273 K)/(1 atm) = 6.25 L

Therefore the butane produced in the reaction at STP is 6.25 L.

b) In the reaction given above we can see that Carbon is the limiting reactant, what we need to do is to find out how much Hydrogen can be used to react with all the provided carbon. We know that 4 mol of carbon reacts with 5 mol of hydrogen gas. Therefore, the number of moles of Hydrogen gas required to react with 1.12 mol o carbon is :

(5/4) × 1.12 mol = 1.4 mol [tex]H_2[/tex]

We are provided with 0.831 mol of hydrogen gas, which is less than the amount required to react with all the carbon. So, hydrogen can be considered as the excess reactant here.

Now we are asked to find out how much Hydrogen gas is leftover, for which we can subtract the amount which is required to react with all of the carbon from the initial amount:

0.831 mol H2 - 1.4 mol H2 = -0.569 mol [tex]H_2[/tex]

This negative value above depicts that there is no leftover Hydrogen gas at all which means all the hydrogen gas is used up in the reaction.

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The human activity that is most closely associated with depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer is the disposal of refrigerators and air conditioners, which contain chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances. Option (b)

When these substances are released into the atmosphere, they react with ozone molecules in the stratosphere, breaking them down and causing a depletion of the ozone layer. The use of CFCs in aerosols and solvents has also been a significant contributor to the depletion of the ozone layer.

While other human activities such as mining, heating of homes and factories, generation of electricity, and agricultural irrigation can have negative environmental impacts, they are not as closely associated with ozone depletion as the release of ozone-depleting substances from refrigerators, air conditioners, and aerosols.

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Full Question: Which of the following human activities is most closely associated with depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer?

A: Mining of coal

B: Disposal of refrigerators and air conditioners

C: Heating of homes and factories

D: Generation of electricity

E: Agricultural irrigation

A sample of solid tin is heated with an electrical coil. If 39.6 J of energy are added to a 14.3g sample initially at 24.2oC, what is the final temperature of the tin - 37.4oC.

The heat energy required to raise the temperature of the solid tin can be calculated using the formula:

q = mcΔT

where q is the heat energy, m is the mass, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

Rearranging the formula, we get:

ΔT = q/(m*c)

Substituting the given values, we get:

ΔT = 39.6 J / (14.3 g * 0.21 J/g.oC) = 12.64 oC

Therefore, the final temperature of the tin is:

24.2 oC + 12.64 oC = 36.84 oC

Rounding off to one decimal place, the final temperature is approximately 37.4 oC. Therefore, the correct answer is (b) 37.4oC.

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An example of monomers that undergo step growth polymerization is the reaction between dicarboxylic acid and a diamine to form a polyamide.

A monomer that undergoes chain growth Polymerization is the process that occurs between ethylene monomers to generate polyethylene.

(i) The monomers can be represented as HOOC-R-COOH and NH₂-R'-NH₂, where R and R' are different organic groups. The reaction between these monomers results in the formation of a polyamide, commonly known as nylon. The monomer can be represented as H₂C=CH₂.

(ii)  Under suitable reaction conditions, the monomers undergo chain growth polymerization to form a long chain polymer with repeating units of -(CH₂-CH₂)-. The reaction kinetics for the two examples will be different due to the mechanism of polymerization. In step growth polymerization, the reaction occurs between two or more functional groups to form a polymer.

The reaction rate is slower and the molecular weight distribution is broader. On the other hand, in chain growth polymerization, the reaction occurs between monomers and an active site on a catalyst. This results in a faster reaction rate and a narrower molecular weight distribution.

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The molarity of the solution is 0.548 M.

The concentration of the magnesium cation is 0.548 M.

The concentration of the nitrate anion is 1.096 M.

The number of moles = mass / molar mass

The number of moles = 20.4 / 148.3

The number of moles = 0.137 mol

The molarity of the solution is = moles / volume in L

The molarity of the solution is = 0.137 / 0.250

The molarity of the solution is = 0.548 M

The ions are :

Mg(NO₃)₂  --->  Mg²⁺  +  2NO₃⁻

The concentration of the magnesium cation = 0.548 M.

The concentration of the nitrate anion = 2 × 0.548

The concentration of the nitrate anion = 1.096 M.

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The classification of an enzyme is given by the term called as peptidoglycans which is option E.

A distinguishing characteristic of the bacterial cell wall is peptididoglycan. Peptidoglycan has gained a lot of attention due to its biology, the potential for the identification of new antibiotic targets, and its function in infection. It was first discovered as a target of the ground-breaking beta-lactam antibiotics. A substantial polymer called peptididoglycan creates a mesh-like framework surrounding the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. In the bacterial cell cycle, peptididoglycan production is essential for the growth of the scaffold during cell elongation and the creation of a septum during cell division.

The production of monomeric precursors in the cytoplasm, their transportation to the periplasm, and their polymerization to create a functioning peptidoglycan sacculus are all parts of this intricate multifactorial process. In order to successfully assemble a strong sacculus that will shield the cell against turgor and dictate cell shape, these processes need spatiotemporal control. The basic principles of peptidoglycan biology have been revealed over a century of research, and more recent investigations using cutting-edge technology have revealed fresh information about the molecular interactions that control peptidoglycan production.

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Complete question:

What is the classification of an enzyme?

a. carbohydrates  

b. proteins

c. nucleic acids

d. lipids

e. peptidoglycans

The term that describes gases as small, energetic particles moving around and bouncing into each other is "kinetic theory of gases."

According to this theory, gases are composed of tiny particles, such as molecules or atoms, that are in constant random motion. These particles move around rapidly, colliding with each other and with the walls of their container. The kinetic energy of these particles gives gases their unique properties, such as their ability to expand to fill their container and their low density compared to liquids and solids.

In summary, the kinetic theory of gases helps to explain the behavior and properties of gases as a result of the motion and collisions of their individual particles.

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The statement "Temperature rise of a furnace is the temperature difference between the air entering the furnace and leaving the furnace" is true.

The temperature rise of a furnace is defined as the difference in temperature between the air entering the furnace and the air leaving the furnace. This temperature rise is a key parameter in determining the performance of a furnace. It reflects the amount of heat that is being transferred from the furnace to the air passing through it.

In HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems, the temperature rise is used to measure the efficiency of a furnace. A higher temperature rise indicates that more heat is being transferred to the air, which means that the furnace is operating more efficiently.

Thus, the temperature rise is an important parameter in designing, operating, and maintaining furnaces and HVAC systems, and it is essential for ensuring optimal performance and energy efficiency.

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In order to react, the particle participating in a chemical reaction must collide in the correct orientation. This statement is true.

For a chemical reaction to occur, the participating particles must collide with each other. However, in addition to having sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy barrier for the reaction, the particles must collide with the correct orientation or geometry. The orientation of the colliding particles is crucial as it affects the way chemical bonds between atoms are formed or broken during the reaction.

Therefore, the correct orientation of particles is necessary for the reaction to proceed, and without it, the reaction may not occur or may result in a different product.

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To change the hydraulic fluid on a Husqvarna zero-turn mower, you'll need to drain the old fluid, replace the filter, and add new hydraulic fluid.


1. Park the mower on a level surface and engage the parking brake.
2. Locate the hydraulic reservoir and filter. Consult your owner's manual if necessary.
3. Place a drain pan beneath the hydraulic reservoir to catch the old fluid.
4. Remove the drain plug or hose to allow the fluid to drain completely.
5. While the fluid is draining, replace the hydraulic filter by unscrewing the old one and installing a new one.
6. Once the fluid has finished draining, reinstall the drain plug or hose.
7. Fill the hydraulic reservoir with new hydraulic fluid, following the manufacturer's recommended specifications.
8. Start the mower and let it run for a few minutes to circulate the new fluid. Check for any leaks and ensure the hydraulic system is functioning properly.

Changing the hydraulic fluid on your Husqvarna zero-turn mower is a relatively simple process that involves draining the old fluid, replacing the filter, and adding new hydraulic fluid. Always consult your owner's manual for specific instructions and safety precautions.

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In the particle CH₄ the focal iota C has 4 valence electrons where the C particle is framing 4 sigma bonds with H molecules.

Methane molecules hybridize by combining one orbital with three p orbitals. There is one unpaired electron in each orbital. Carbon's s and three p orbitals overlap with hydrogen's first s orbital to form bonds. Methane is sp³ hybridized as a result.

The concept of hybridization states that atomic orbitals combine to form newly hybridized orbitals, which in turn have an effect on the bonding properties and geometry of molecules. The valence bond theory has also been expanded through hybridization.

The steric number of C is 4 which suggest that the hybridization of the atom is sp³ where the math and the shape is tetrahedral.

So, in the particle CH₄ the focal iota C has 4 valence electrons where the C particle is framing 4 sigma bonds with H molecules.

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The equation K → K+ + e- represents the ionization of a potassium atom through the loss of one electron.

What does the equation K → K+ + e- represent?

The equation for the change of a potassium atom to a potassium ion can be written as:

K → K+ + e-

This equation represents the loss of one electron (e-) by a neutral potassium atom (K) to form a positively charged potassium ion (K+).

The equation K → K+ + e- represents the transformation of a neutral potassium atom (K) to a positively charged potassium ion (K+) through the loss of one electron (e-). When an atom loses or gains electrons, it becomes an ion with a net electrical charge. In this case, the potassium ion has a positive charge since it has lost one electron. This process is called ionization and is important in many chemical reactions, including those that occur in the human body. Potassium ions, for example, are essential for nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.

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AgCl, CdS and ZnS will precipitate after the addition of 6 M HCl; H 2S and 0.2 M HCl; and OH - to a pH of 8.

Define precipitation reaction.

Precipitation is the process of changing a dissolved substance from a super-saturated solution to an insoluble solid in an aqueous solution. Precipitate refers to the produced solid.

Due to AgCl's limited solubility in HCl, it will precipitate after the addition of 6 M HCl. Since NH4Cl is a soluble salt, it will dissolve. CdS and ZnS will precipitate with the addition of H 2S because they produce insoluble sulfides when H 2S is present. Since there hasn't been much of a change from the initial addition of 6 M HCl, no new precipitates will form after the addition of 0.2 M HCl.

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Redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants. One reactant is oxidized, meaning it loses electrons, while the other is reduced, meaning it gains electrons.

a) In the reaction P4(s) + 10HClO(aq) + 6H2O(l) → 4H3PO4(aq) + 10HCl(aq), phosphorus (P) is reduced since it gains electrons from the oxidation of chlorine (Cl).

b) In the reaction Br2(l) + 2K(s) → 2KBr(s), bromine (Br) is reduced since it gains electrons from the oxidation of potassium (K).

c) In the reaction CH3CH2OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 3H2O(l) + 2CO2(g), carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) are oxidized, meaning they lose electrons, while oxygen (O) is reduced, meaning it gains electrons.

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The half life for the given reaction is 4.90 x 10⁻⁶ /s which is calculated in the below section.

For the given reaction,

The half-life of a first-order reaction is a constant that is related to the rate constant for the reaction: t1/2 = 0.693/k.

The value of k(rate constant) = 3.4 x 10⁻⁵ mol/L/s

The half life for the reaction can be calculated as follows-

k = 0.693 / t1/2

Substitute the value of k in the above equation as follows-

1.0 x 10⁻⁵  = 0.693 / t1/2

t1/2 = 3.4 x 10⁻⁵ / 0.693

     = 4.90 x 10⁻⁶ /s

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Answer:

To determine the limiting reactant, we need to compare the amounts of each reactant to their stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced chemical equation.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction of P4 and O2 to form P4O10 is:

P4 + 5O2 -> P4O10

From the balanced equation, we see that 1 mole of P4 reacts with 5 moles of O2 to produce 1 mole of P4O10.

Given that we have 5 moles of P4 and 15 moles of O2, we can calculate the number of moles of P4O10 that could be produced if all the reactants were consumed.

For P4, the moles of P4O10 that could be produced = 5 moles P4 x (1 mole P4O10/1 mole P4) = 5 moles P4O10

For O2, the moles of P4O10 that could be produced = 15 moles O2 x (1 mole P4O10/5 moles O2) = 3 moles P4O10

Therefore, from the above calculations, we see that the amount of product that can be produced is limited by the amount of O2. Hence, O2 is the limiting reactant in this reaction.

Explanation:

The expected rate law expression for the proposed mechanism is:

Rate = k [H₂O₂] [I⁻] [H⁺]. The experimental data can be consistent with the proposed mechanism if the observed rate law matches the expected rate law expression.

What is the expected rate law expression and consistency test for the proposed mechanism?

Expected rate law expression and consistency test for the reaction mechanism of hydrogen peroxide with iodide ion in an acidic solution.

This is because the slowest step determines the overall rate of the reaction. The first step is the slow step and involves the reactants H₂O₂and I⁻. The presence of H⁺ ions in the third step also affects the reaction rate, as it is involved in the formation of the product I₂.

To test the consistency of the proposed mechanism with experimental data, we can perform initial rate experiments with varying concentrations of H₂O₂, I⁻, and H⁺. We should expect to see a linear relationship between the rate of the reaction and the concentration of each reactant raised to their respective order in the rate law expression.

If the experimental results agree with the expected rate law expression, then the proposed mechanism is likely valid. However, if the experimental results show non-linear relationships or orders different from those predicted by the rate law expression, then the proposed mechanism may need to be revised.

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Volatility is a measure of the amount of price fluctuation of an asset over a given period of time. It is used to measure the risk of an asset and is typically expressed as a percentage.

Volatility is a measure of the amount of risk in an asset or portfolio. It is used to estimate the potential for large, unexpected losses in the value of an asset or portfolio. Volatility is also used to measure the fluctuations in the price of a security over time. It is calculated by measuring the standard deviation of the asset's daily returns over a period of time. High volatility indicates a greater potential for large losses, while low volatility suggests that the asset's value is relatively stable. Investors use volatility as an indicator to help them make decisions about when to buy and sell securities.

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The species showing amphiprotic behavior in these reactions is the HS- ion. An amphiprotic species is one that can act as both a proton donor (acid) and a proton acceptor (base).

In the given reactions, the HS- ion can act as an acid by donating a proton to form the sulfide ion (S2-) and as a base by accepting a proton to form the H2S molecule. Thus, HS- ion exhibits amphiprotic behavior. The H2O and H3O+ ions, on the other hand, only act as proton acceptors (bases) in these reactions. It is worth noting that the H2S molecule is a weak acid that partially dissociates in water, and the degree of dissociation depends on the pH of the solution. At low pH, most of the H2S is present in its undissociated form, while at high pH, it exists mostly as the sulfide ion (S2-).

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Buffer addition is an important step in column chromatography to ensure the proper separation of proteins and the removal of unwanted components.

What is Protein?

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, that are essential to all forms of life. They are composed of long chains of amino acids, which are linked together by peptide bonds. The sequence of amino acids in a protein chain determines its unique structure and function.

Stabilize the pH: Buffer addition ensures that the pH of the column is at the desired value for the separation to occur.

Remove unwanted components: Buffer addition helps to remove any unwanted components that might interfere with the separation process, such as salts or other contaminants.

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The equivalent pressure in pascals is approximately 6894.75 Pa.

1 psi is equivalent to 6.89476 kPa.
So, to convert psi to pascals:
1 psi = 6.89476 kPa = 6.89476 x 10^3 Pa
Therefore, to find the equivalent pressure in pascals:
6.8 x 10^-2 atm = 6.8 x 10^-2 x 101325 Pa/atm = 6894.75 Pa
Therefore, the equivalent pressure in pascals is approximately 6894.75 Pa.

Pressure is defined as the amount of force applied per unit area. In the SI system, the unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa), which is equal to one Newton per square meter (N/m²). This means that a pressure of 1 Pa is equivalent to a force of 1 Newton acting on an area of 1 square meter. Pressure can also be measured in other units, such as pounds per square inch (psi) or atmospheres (atm), but these are not part of the SI system. The Pascal is commonly used in physics, engineering, and other fields to express pressure, especially in relation to fluids and gases.

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The volume of the solution is needed to be dissolve the 1.0 mol of the KOH to make the solution whose pH is the 13.55 is 2.8 L.

The pOH is expressed as :

pH + pOH = 14

pH = 13.55

13.55 + pOH = 14

pOH = 14 - 13.55

pOH = 0.45

The concentration of the OH⁻ is as :

pOH = - log [OH⁻]

pOH = 0.45

0.45 = - Log [OH⁻]

- 0.45 = Log [OH⁻]

[OH⁻] = 0.355 M

The molarity is as :

Molarity = mole /Volume

Where,

The molarity of the solution is 0.335 M

The moles of the solution is 1 mol

Volume = mole /Molarity

Volume = 1 / 0.355 M

Volume = 2.8 L

The volume of the KOH solution is 2.8 L.

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