Ependymal cells are specialized cells in the brain that are responsible for filtering blood plasma to produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Ependymal cells are located in the walls of the brain's ventricles and have hair-like structures called cilia that help circulate the CSF and remove waste products from the brain. The production and circulation of CSF by ependymal cells play a critical role in maintaining the chemical environment of the brain, providing mechanical support and protection to the brain and spinal cord, and carrying out various essential functions. The CSF cushions the brain and spinal cord provides nutrients and oxygen to the brain, removes metabolic waste products, and helps regulate brain blood flow and pressure. The ependymal cells play an important role in brain function and health by producing and circulating the CSF that is crucial for maintaining the brain's normal physiological functions.
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where do cells differentiate in the small intestine ?
Cells differentiate in the crypts of Lieberkühn in the small intestine.
The crypts of Lieberkühn are tubular glands that are located between the bases of the villi of the small intestine. They are responsible for producing new cells that replace the old ones on the surface of the villi. The new cells differentiate into different types of cells, such as enterocytes, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells, which all have specific functions in the small intestine.
The differentiation of these new cells is important for the proper functioning of the small intestine, including the absorption of nutrients and the secretion of mucus and hormones.
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What is the Purpose of Bacterial Transformation?
what carries the genetic code used to make proteins?
The messenger RNA or mRNA carries the genetic code used to make proteins.
In general , the messenger RNA (mRNA), are the molecule present in the cells that carries information or codes from the DNA inside the nucleus to help in protein synthesis in the cytoplasm .Hence , mRNA carries the information or codes from DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
Also an enzyme known as RNA polymerase are uses for DNA as a template to generate a pre-mRNA transcript. These pre-mRNA gets developed to form a mature mRNA molecule which can translate into the protein molecule that are encoded by the parent gene.
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the outer portion of the pericardium is a tough, dense connective tissue layer called the ______ pericardium.
The outer portion of the pericardium is a tough, dense connective tissue layer called the fibrous pericardium.
The pericardium is a double-layered sac that surrounds and protects the heart. The outer layer of the pericardium is the fibrous pericardium, which is a tough, fibrous layer of connective tissue. It is composed of dense, irregular connective tissue and serves as the outermost layer of the pericardial sac. The fibrous pericardium is attached to the central tendon of the diaphragm inferiorly and to the sternum anteriorly. It also blends with the adventitia of the great vessels entering and leaving the heart. The fibrous pericardium helps to anchor the heart in place and prevents it from overfilling with blood. Unlike the inner layer of the pericardium, the fibrous pericardium is not flexible and does not stretch. It has limited elasticity and serves as a protective barrier against external trauma and infection. In cases of inflammation or disease, the fibrous pericardium may become thickened or adhered to the heart, leading to a condition called constrictive pericarditis, which can impair heart function.
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if a gene is found only on the x chromosome and not the y chromosome, it is said to be X-linked genes
One who possesses an X-linked gene has an X chromosome but not a Y chromosome. Non-X-linked genes inherit differently from X-linked genes (autosomes). This is due to the fact that the number of copies of these genes differs between males and females.
Chromosomes are typically found in the plasma membranes of bacteria. By centrifuging lysed bacteria and pelleting the membranes, this enables the separation of it from plasmid DNA in molecular biology applications (and the attached DNA). Like eukaryotic DNA, prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids typically have supercoiled ends. Transcription, regulation, and replication require an accessible and relaxed DNA environment.
The complete question is:
If a gene is found only on the x chromosome and not the y chromosome, it is said to be X-linked genes. True or False?
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has passageways that carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another - I'm a transportER. (rough E.R. has ribosomes attached to it, while smooth E.R. doesn't. E.R. is found in BOTH PLANT + ANIMAL CELLS because...)
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is an interconnected network of membranes present in both plant and animal cells.
Proteins and other materials are transported by it from one area of the cell to another. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum are two different forms (SER). The presence of ribosomes on the RER's outer surface makes it distinctive.
The synthesis of proteins that are thereafter transported via the ER is carried out by these ribosomes.
The SER, on the other hand, is involved in the synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates as well as the modification and packaging of proteins even though it lacks ribosomes.
As it offers a route for the movement of proteins and other materials throughout the cell, the ER is crucial for the health and function of both plant and animal cells.
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Which of the choices is not needed for DNA replication?-None of the answer options is correct.-nucleotides-enzymes-ribosomes-DNA
The remedy is ribosomes. Proteins and the ribosomal RNA found in ribosomes, which are microscopic organelles (rRNA).
All cells that are alive today synthesize proteins thanks to them. The large and small subunits of ribosomes, which are present in the cytoplasm of cells, are the two primary subunits of ribosomes. Proteins are built by the two subunits, which fit together like pieces of a puzzle. Messenger RNA (mRNA), which contains instructions, is read by ribosomes, which subsequently join the amino acids that make up proteins. Considering that all biological activities require proteins, they are vital to life. The cellular building blocks of proteins are called ribosomes. They consist of two separate parts that come together to form a protein assembly line.
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you are about to cross the road when suddenly you see a truck speeding toward you. this type of information should be processed by to ensure that you respond quickly. a. voltage-gated sodium channels b. second messengers c. metabotropic receptors d. ionotropic receptors
Among the possible options provided, the most relevant for this scenario would be voltage-gated sodium channels. So option a is correct.
Voltage-gated sodium channels are integral membrane proteins that can be found in the membranes of neurons, muscle cells, and other excitable cells throughout the body. These channels play a crucial role in the rapid transmission of action potentials, the electrical signals that allow nerve cells to communicate with one another and control various physiological functions.
In the case of the scenario described, the sudden appearance of a truck speeding toward an individual would likely trigger a cascade of electrical signals in the nervous system. These signals would be initiated by sensory receptors in the eyes, ears, and other parts of the body that detect the approaching danger. Once the sensory information is received, the nervous system processes it and sends a signal to the motor neurons to activate the muscles and move the individual out of harm's way.
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which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms?
They have exposed ovules. Gymnosperms are thought to have been the first vascular plants to emerge on the planet.
What is Gymnosperms?
Conifers, cycads, ginkgos, and gnetophytes are some of the Embyophyta species that they belong to. The male and female gametophytes are enclosed in cones in gymnosperms.
When the female cone's ovule is fertilized by the pollen-containing male cone, seeds are produced. The seed is formed from the embryonic stage of the ovule and is then exposed on bracts, which are leaf-like structures. The seed is not enclosed in an ovary, unlike in angiosperms.
One of the most advantageous advances of vascular plants was the evolution of the seed. In addition to assisting in safe spreading and giving contained embryos protection and nutrition, seeds give seed plants a competitive edge over competing flora.
Therefore, They have exposed ovules. Gymnosperms are thought to have been the first vascular plants to emerge on the planet.
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The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also called the ______.
The myocardial of the heart is protected by the visceral serous pericardium, also referred to as the epicardium, which can be regarded as its serosa.
A mesothelium covering some loose connective tissue rich in elastin makes up the majority of its structure.
The wave of depolarization travels from the endocardial to the epicardial surface during ventricular contraction. Both of these layers work to lubricate the heart during activity to reduce friction.
The parietal serous pericardium connects with the visceral serous pericardium at the anatomical base of the heart and extends to the root of the major arteries. The ventricular outflow tracts, where the aorta and pulmonary trunk exit the heart, and the ventricular inflow tracts, where the superior/inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins enter the heart, are where this juncture occurs.
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Why should the swab first be moistened in sterile saline before sampling an area and transferring to an agar plate?
The swab should first be moistened in sterile saline before sampling an area and transferring it to an agar plate because it helps to collect a sufficient amount of bacteria from the area being sampled.
Besides that, moistening the swab in sterile saline is important to help to prevent the sample from drying out, thus ensuring an optimal environment for the growth of any potential microorganisms. By moistening the swab, it also becomes more effective at picking up and retaining bacteria. This is important because, without enough bacteria on the swab, the sample may not be representative of the true bacterial population in the area being sampled. Additionally, the use of sterile saline helps to prevent any contamination of the sample, which could potentially affect the results of the culture.
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The biological species concept is inadequate for grouping. A) plants. B) parasites. C) asexual organisms. D) animals that migrate. E) sympatric populations.
The biological species concept is considered to be inadequate for grouping in certain cases, such as: plants, parasites, asexual organisms., animals that migrate and sympatric populations.
Options A, B , C , D and E are all correct
What are biological species?A biological species is described as a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring.
The biological species concept is inadequate for grouping in plants because the concept does not fully account for the diversity of reproduction mechanisms in plants which includes asexual reproduction and hybridization.
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the reason that metabolizing cells are small in size is because
The reason that metabolizing cells are small in size is because the surface area of a cell must be able to accomplish nutrient/waste exchange.
Because cells are so small, they may maximise their surface area to volume ratio.
Smaller cells have a higher ratio, allowing more molecules and ions to pass through the cell membrane per unit of cytoplasmic volume.
Cells are so tiny because they need to be able to get nutrients in and waste out as rapidly as possible.
Their unique surface area in relation to the volume of cytoplasm enables them to control the exchange of certain molecules within the system.
As a result, metabolising cells are modest in size because the surface area of a cell must be capable of nutrient/waste exchange.
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Complete Question is:
The reason that metabolizing cells are small in size is because...
- cells influence nearby cells to divide.
- the surface area of a cell must be able to accomplish nutrient/waste exchange.
- cells need to dissipate heat effectively.
- mitosis occurs before cells reach a certain size.
- cells need to communicate with adjacent cells.
Select the products of the preparatory reaction and the Krebs cycle after two turns. Select all that apply.
Multiple select question.
A) 2 FADH2
B) 3 CO2
C) 8 NADH
D) 1 ATP
E) 1 FADH2
F) 2 ATP
G) 4 NADH
H) 6 CO2
The products of the preparatory reaction are 2 NADH and 2 acetyl CoA. The products of the Krebs cycle after two turns are 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, and 2 ATP. So, the total products after two turns are 12 NADH, 4 FADH2, 6 CO2, and 4 ATP.
What is Krebs cycle?The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that take place in the mitochondria of cells. It is the second of three main stages in cellular respiration and generates molecules that carry energy to the electron transport chain. The cycle produces ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2 as byproducts.
The products of the preparatory reaction are 2 NADH and 2 acetyl CoA. The products of the Krebs cycle after two turns are 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, and 2 ATP. So, the total products after two turns are 12 NADH, 4 FADH2, 6 CO2, and 4 ATP.
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Aaron's mother has multiple sclerosis. One of the features of the disease is the slowing down of nerve impulses. What part of the neuron could be affected by MS?
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS). In MS, the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering surrounding the nerve cells, is destroyed.
This disrupts the ability of nerve cells to communicate with each other, resulting in the disruption of nerve impulses. The areas of the neuron that are especially affected are the myelin sheath, the axons, and the dendrites. The myelin sheath is the most affected, as it is the most vulnerable to attack by the immune system. The axons, which transmit electrical signals, are also damaged, resulting in decreased nerve impulse conduction. Finally, the dendrites, which receive signals from other neurons, may also be affected, leading to decreased communication with other neurons. Thus, MS can affect all parts of the neuron, resulting in the slowing down of nerve impulses.
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Two uncooked hen’s eggs of similar size were submerged in acid to dissolve the shell. The contents of the eggs are left intact, enclosed by the egg membrane.
One de-shelled egg has been placed in distilled water for 2 days. The differences are -size of the egg, position in the liquid, external appearance of the egg. 1 Suggest an explanation for these differences.
(b) A student carried out a similar experiment and varied the concentration of salt in different solutions.
Table 1.2 shows the percentage change in mass of the eggs after 2 days. concentration of salt solution /gdm~
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
% change in mass
+7.3
+3.2
+0.8
-2.5
-6.4
-10.8
2 Determine the concentration of salt solution where there is no change in mass
3 Explain why there is no change in mass at this concentration of salt solution.
SOMEONE PLS GIVE ME THE ANSWER QUICKLY
1: The size of the egg in distilled water will be larger than the egg in the acid, due to the diffusion of water into the egg. The egg in the acid will also appear more opaque, due to the shell being dissolved.
What is distilled water?Distilled water is water that has been boiled and then condensed back into liquid form. This process removes contaminants and minerals, making it pure and suitable for many uses. It is commonly used in a variety of industrial, medical, and household applications such as steam irons, humidifiers, car batteries, and lead-acid batteries.
2: The concentration of salt solution where there is no change in mass is 10.0 gdm.
3: The concentration of 10.0 gdm is the point at which the osmotic pressure of the egg and the solution are balanced. This means that the rate of water entering the egg is equal to the rate of water leaving the egg, so there is no net change in mass.
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in an experiment, you have a tall plant that produces round peas. tall and round are dominant and the plant is heterozygous for both traits. the plant is then self-fertilized. what is the probability that a single offspring plant is tall and has wrinkled peas? express your answer as a decimal.
A plant in which tall and round are dominant and the plant is heterozygous for both traits, The probability that a single offspring plantis tall and has wrinkled peas is 0.1875.
The parental plant's genotype is TtRr since all od them possess heterozygous traits. The answer to this question can be determined in several ways. use a Punnett square or a ramification, but the result is the same. This crossed Punnett Square shows that 3/16 is likely large and wrinkled. Punnett squares are useful, but can be unwieldy for large numbers of features, so it's worth looking at ways to explore this using probabilities. Each allele has a half (0.5) chance of being passed on to the next generation. Using the product rule, we can calculate the probability of the large wrinkled phenotype. The genotypes that give the tall and wrinkled phenotype are:
TTrr, Ttrr, tTrr Probability of T and T and r and r = 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 (equivalent to 0.54) = 0.0625 (or 1/16) Ttrr is also 0.54 and tTrr is 0.54. The probability of any of these possibilities occurring uses the summation rule. H. Probability of TTrr or Ttrr or tTrr = 0.0625 + 0.0625 + 0.0625 = 0.1875.
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what causes my heart is beating fast and i have shortness of breath
Answer:
you can be anemic, or have drank coffee, worse case scenario you could have underlying disease, be obese, have diabetes, you may have taken some strong medicines such as vitamins (vitamin D, Iron) you may have covid (but shortness of breath and rapid heart beat is only one symptom of covid) you could be anxious and have anxiety or any other mental health disorder, you may have acid reflux (when you sleep or lay down you have a gassy stomach or you cannot breathe well)
Explanation:
if you do have heart palpitations and shortness of breath, take a slow walk, drink green or herbal tea (non caffeinated) , sleep with your head elevated, get some fresh air, if condition persists and feeling pain in heart (on left side of your chest) go to hospital.
a farmer in a developing nation will try to plant the maximum amount of crops on his land. this farmer would most likely use which method of tree-cutting.
A farmer in a developing nation who wants to put the maximum amount of crops on his land is most likely to use clear-cutting as a method of tree cutting. Option B is correct.
Clear-cutting is a method of logging or tree cutting in which all the trees in a selected area are cut down. This method is commonly used to remove all the trees in a given area quickly, which would enable the farmer to clear the land and maximize crop production.
However, clear-cutting can lead to environmental problems, such as soil erosion and loss of biodiversity, and therefore it should be used with caution and appropriate measures taken to prevent these issues.
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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is
"A farmer in a developing nation will try to put the maximum amount of crops on his land. This farmer would most likely use which method of tree cutting? A) Selective cutting B) Clear-cutting C) Strip cutting D) Seed-tree cutting E) Shelter wood cutting"--
anthropology is the: group of answer choices humanistic study of human diversity exploration of human biological diversity comparative study of nations. the study of the human species and its immediate ancestors
Anthropology is d) the study of the human species and its immediate ancestors
Anthropology is a social study that looks into the evolution of human communities and cultures. It is the research of the human species and its recent and ancient antecedents. It takes into account many fields, including linguistics, culture, genetics, and social structure. These subjects are investigated by anthropologists using a range of techniques, like participant observation, interviews, surveys, and document analysis.
It uses various research techniques and methodologies to comprehend human life from a wide range of views, from positivist and factual interpretations based on tangible data to interpretative perspectives that emphasise meaning and symbolism in an ethnographic study.
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Which tissues has cells residing in lacunae?
Hyaline Cartilage tissues have cells that live in lacunae, which corresponds to the query.
What materials make up lacunae?Cells ,The chondrocytes in developing cartilage can split, and the offspring cells stick together in clusters to create a "nest" of 2-4 cells. They sit in spaces known as lacunae, which are matrix-enclosed chambers. Lacunae are little lakes or pits.
Osteoblasts are there in lacunae?The osteoid is directly above where the osteoblasts are positioned (newly formed bone matrix). Lacunae are home to osteoblasts. The lacunae known as Howship's lacunae are occasionally observed to contain enormous pleomorphic osteocytes, which break down bone. These are easily located in the growth plate's ossification zone.
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What do a baboon, a palm tree, a bacteria, and a primitive mammoth (and all living things for that matter) all have in common?
All of these living things share the common trait of being made up of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life, and they are necessary for any organism to survive and function.
What is organism?Organism is a living thing that has the capacity for growth, reproduction, metabolism, and homeostasis. Organisms can be single-celled or multicellular and can be found in virtually any environment on Earth. Examples of organisms include plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. All organisms are composed of one or more cells, which are the basic unit of life. Cells are surrounded by a membrane, which can be composed of a variety of molecules, and contain genetic material, which is responsible for the organism's characteristics and behavior.
All of these living things also require energy, nutrients, and water to live and reproduce. Additionally, they are all subject to the same laws of evolution and natural selection.
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A _____ _____has a definite and unchanging composition. Ex. Salt
help me please
Answer:
substance it also know as pure substance
for cells without the hyperactive adenylate kinase mutation, how would you expect the ec to change? choose one: a. the ec would decrease. b. there is no way to predict how the ec would change. c. the ec would remain unchanged. d. the ec would increase.
For cells without the hyperactive adenylate kinase mutation, expect the EC to change Option D) EC would increase.
The EC would increase. for the normal cell, [ADP] would decrease and [ATP] would increase. From the definition of EC this would lead to a ratio closer to one, greater than EC of mutant
Protein function is a balancing act between activity and stability. However, it has been challenging to evaluate the significance of stability-activity trade-offs for protein evolution and their impact on organismal fitness. Previously, we connected organismal survival at increasing temperatures to adaptive modifications to a single protein sequence in a thermophile via allelic substitution of an important gene, adenylate kinase (adk). The in vivo continuous evolution of the temperature-sensitive thermophile has revealed that the initial step towards higher organismal fitness is the mutation of glutamine-199 to arginine in the mesophilic enzyme.
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Calculate after 8 hours, by what percentage was the lactic acid higher in the virus group than in the control group? By what percentage was ATP production decreased? (4 points)
Your body creates lactic acid when your cells digest carbs for energy. You may hear people refer to it as lactate. The most lactic acid is produced by muscle and red blood cells, but it can also come from any other tissue in your body.
What is Lactic acid?After a challenging workout, most individuals imagine having lactic acid in their muscles.
When you exercise, your muscles certainly produce a lot of lactic acid, but that's not the only activity that can do it. Your cells may produce lactic acid as a result of anything that causes your body to utilize more oxygen than usual.
Exercise, yard work, and carrying heavy boxes while assisting a friend move can all temporarily raise your body's lactic acid levels.
Therefore, Your body creates lactic acid when your cells digest carbs for energy. You may hear people refer to it as lactate. The most lactic acid is produced by muscle and red blood cells, but it can also come from any other tissue in your body.
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The body produces lactic acid when the cells digest carbs for energy which is known as lactate. The most lactic acid is produced by muscle and red blood cells, but it can also come from any other tissue in your body.
What is Lactic acid?While exercise,the muscles certainly produce a lot of lactic acid, but that's not the only activity that can do it. The cells may produce lactic acid as a result of anything that causes your body to utilize more oxygen than usual.
After a challenging workout, most individuals imagine having lactic acid in their muscles.
Therefore, The body produces lactic acid when the cells digest carbs for energy which is known as lactate.
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What is the visceral serous pericardium called?
The innermost layer in your pericardium is called the visceral level of the serous pericardium. Your heart and the bases of your major veins are directly covered. The epicardium is the term for the area that surrounds your heart.
The myocardial of the heart is protected by the visceral serous pericardium, often referred to as the epicardium, which can be regarded as its serosa. The exterior surface of the heart itself is lined with the inner (visceral) layer of a serous pericardium. The pericardial cavity, which houses pericardial fluid, is located between the two layers of a serous pericardium. This fluid permits the heart can expand and contract by acting as a lubricant between the two layers. The heart and the large veins are covered by the visceral layer, or epicardium.
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Which of the following are features of lymphatic vessels? Select all that apply.
A tunica interna is present
Smooth muscle is present in the vessel wall
They resist moderate to high pressure
They have thick walls
Valves are present
The features of lymphatic vessels include a tunica interna is present, smooth muscle is present in the vessel, and valves are present. Lymphatic vessels are a part of the lymphatic system, which is a network of vessels and organs that is responsible for the circulation of lymph.
Lymphatic vessels are thin-walled vessels that collect excess fluid and waste products from the tissues and return them to the bloodstream. The structure of lymphatic vessels is similar to that of veins, with a tunica interna (inner layer), tunica media (middle layer), and tunica adventitia (outer layer). However, lymphatic vessels have thinner walls than veins and do not have as much smooth muscle in the vessel wall. Lymphatic vessels also have valves, which prevent the backflow of lymph and help to direct its flow towards the lymph nodes. Lymphatic vessels are low-pressure vessels, with pressures ranging from 1-5 mmHg. They are not able to resist moderate to high pressure and do not have as thick walls as arteries. This is because the lymphatic system relies on the contraction of surrounding muscles and the movement of body tissues to help move lymph along the vessels.
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Is the disaccharide made from a glucose linked to a fructose ?
Yes, a disaccharide made from a glucose linked to a fructose is called sucrose. Sucrose is a common table sugar that is found naturally in many fruits and vegetables.
It is a non-reducing disaccharide, meaning it does not react with certain chemical reagents that typically react with reducing sugars. The chemical bond between glucose and fructose in sucrose is called a glycosidic bond, and it is formed through a dehydration reaction that links the anomeric carbon of glucose to the hydroxyl group of fructose. When sucrose is broken down, it is hydrolyzed by the enzyme sucrase, which cleaves the glycosidic bond and produces glucose and fructose. Sucrose is a disaccharide, which means that it is made up of two monosaccharide units - glucose and fructose. Glucose and fructose are both simple sugars that belong to the group of carbohydrates. Glucose is a six-carbon sugar, and it is the primary source of energy for many living organisms. Fructose is also a six-carbon sugar, but it has a slightly different chemical structure than glucose, which gives it different physical and chemical properties. Sucrose is formed by a condensation reaction between glucose and fructose, in which a molecule of water is eliminated, and a glycosidic bond is formed between the anomeric carbon of glucose and the hydroxyl group of fructose.
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Which kind of electrical charge atom of a polar water molecule?
A negative charge exists because a covalent bond with hydrogen is the kind of electrical charge atom of a polar water molecule.
Water is a polar molecule due to the difference in electronegativity between the oxygen atom and the hydrogen atoms. The oxygen atom has a higher electronegativity than the hydrogen atoms, which creates a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom and a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atoms. This is due to the sharing of electrons in a covalent bond between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms, rather than the formation of an ionic bond. So, the negative charge found on the oxygen atom in a water molecule is due to the covalent bond with hydrogen, not an ionic bond.
Therefore the correct answer is A.) a negative charge that exists because of a covalent bond with hydrogen.
The complete question is:-
Which kind of electrical charge is found on the oxygen atom of a polar water molecule?
A.) a negative charge that exists because of a covalent bond with hydrogen
B.) a negative charge that exists because of an ionic bond with hydrogen
C.) a positive charge that exists because of a covalent bond with hydrogen
D.) a positive charge that exists because of an ionic bond with hydrogen
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why are protists considered paraphyletic? why are protists considered paraphyletic? they include some but not all descendants of their most recent common ancestor. they include many extinct forms, including lineages that no longer have any living representatives. they represent all of the descendants of a single com
The protist group includes some but not all descendants of their most recent common ancestor, making them paraphyletic.
Protists are considered paraphyletic because the term "protist" is used to refer to a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that do not fit into any other taxonomic group, rather than being a monophyletic group with a single common ancestor. The group includes many diverse lineages, some of which are more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to other protists. Therefore, some protists may be more closely related to animals, plants, or fungi than they are to other protists. However, like the groups algae, invertebrates, and protozoans, the biological category protist is used for convenience. Others classify any unicellular eukaryotic microorganism as a protist. The study of protists is termed protistology.
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