Mitochondrial DNA contains a sequence unique to cattle.
Here is a column of mitochondrial DNA that is particular to cattle, indicating how much cattle and bison have interbred.
The correct cattle-specific sequence, which contains some cattle-specific traits in bison, can be found in its mitochondrial DNA. Show that bison and cattle can breed together.
The combination of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA produces much greater impacts that demonstrate hybridization.
Average heterozygosity
The presence of two distinct alleles of the same gene is known as heterozygosity. The genetic diversity in a natural population is aided by heterozygosity.
In this case, the average heterozygosity provides information about the genetic diversity of the several bison herds.
The rows "cattle specific sequence in mitochondrial DNA" and "Humber of sequence with cattle-specific alleles" demonstrate the degree of interbreeding with cattle since it introduces cattle-specific genetic markers into the bison race.
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calculate genotype frequencies if given the absolute number of individuals with particular genotypes in a population
A population's genotype frequency is calculated by the Hardy-Weinberg Principle i.e. dividing the number of people having a particular genotype by the overall population size.
We have a single gene with two alleles, which is the most basic case. These alleles could be A and an or A1 and A2, for example. Say A or A1 is tall and A or A2 is short. Assume that a population has the frequencies p and q. (Since there are only two options and they must sum to one, p + q = 1.). The genotype frequencies can be predicted if we are aware of the allele frequencies.
Expected Frequency
AA or A1A1 = p * p = p²
Aa or A1A2 = pq + pq (or 2pq)
aa or A2A2 = q * q = q²
p² + pq + pq + q² = 1, or 100%
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Incorporating new nucleotides into dna can provide it with the ability to code for a greater number of.
Answer:
amnio acids
Explanation:
explain how the changes in the thoracic cavity that would result in palv > patm. which way should air flow under these conditions?
The act of breathing occurring in the respiratory system is known as pulmonary ventilation. It is essentially the transfer of air in and out of the lungs. This act takes place due to three main types of pressure: Palv, Pip and Patm.
Palv (atmospheric temperature) and Patm (alveolar pressure) are two of the mechanisms causing pulmonary ventilation in the lungs. While alveolar pressure is dependent on the physical aspects and condition of the lungs, the atmospheric pressure in the air and the pressure inside the lungs determine the ability to pass air in and out of the lungs.
Inhalation and exhalation, i.e., intake and outlet of air through the lungs, depending on the pressure differences in the atmosphere and lungs. One sequence of inhalation and exhalation is known as a respiratory cycle. Two sets of muscles function during the average inhalation - the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. To create a larger thoracic cavity, the diaphragm contracts and moves inferiorly. When the external intercostal muscles contract it expands the ribcage, further increasing the capacity of the cavity.
The adhesive force of the pleural fluid causes the lungs to expand along with the thoracic cavity as well, leading to a decrease in Pip (intra-alveolar pressure) that is lower than Palv. This causes air to enter the lungs.
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When there is decreased blood supply to the coronary arteries, which tissue of the heart is affected first?.
Using the theories of arteries, we got that cardiac muscle tissue is the tissue of the heart which is affected first when there is decreased blood supply to the coronary arteries.
The different types of tissues found in human heart are-
Cardiac muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissueThe cardiac muscle tissue supports in the pumping of the blood in the heart and out of the heart.
The connective tissues helps to support its shape and also connect the muscles to each other. The connective tissue actually forms the protective covering known as the pericardium.
The epithelial tissue forms the lining of the heart their by allowing the blood so that blood move smoothly.
Hence, When there is decreased blood supply to the coronary arteries, then the tissue of the heart which is affected first is cardiac muscle tissue.
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how many different types of subunits are there in bacterial rnap holoenzyme and what are their names?
There are five different types of subunits are there in bacterial RNAP holoenzyme.
The Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) is a multi-subunit enzyme composed of five subunits including α (two copies), β, β’ and ω subunits. These five subunits form the RNAP core enzyme responsible for RNA synthesis using DNA as template and ribonucleotide (rNTP) as substrate. For initiating promoter specific DNA transcription, the core enzyme has to bind a σ factor, which helps to direct the polymerase to specific promoters. The core polymerase with sigma factor is referred to as the holoenzyme.
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A woman is in the third stage of childbirth. Which of these events may be occurring?.
Cutting of the Umbilical cord is the event that occurs during the third stage of the childbirth.
The post-childbirth stage, or third stage of childbirth, is the briefest of the three (5 to 30 min). The placenta is delivered at this time. The following could happen during the third stage of labour: the umbilical chord is cut. The umbilical cord transfers vital nutrients and blood from the mother to the foetus throughout pregnancy. For a few minutes after your baby is born, the placenta and umbilical cord continue to pump blood back and forth as your infant begins to breathe.
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The complete question is:
A woman is in the third stage of childbirth. Which of these events may be occurring?
A. Intense contractions
B. Delivery of the baby out of the vagina.
C. Cutting of the umbilical cord.
D. Her water breaking.
Introductory policy proposal for San Francisco
San Francisco's hiring proposal is to provide employees with breastfeeding breaks and feeding areas.
Employees who regularly work eight or more hours per week in San Francisco are covered by the HCSO. For example, a worker who regularly works eight hours a week in January is a covered worker for the month, even if she has not worked for two months at the end of the quarter.
These supplements are not to be confused with the SF mandate where employees fund the health care of her over 20 corporate restaurant employees. Employer Mandate is the latest term for Healthy San Francisco. SF requires employers to provide health insurance to their employees. Some have chosen to charge a different fee to cover this as well as increase the prices on the menu sometimes a per person fee and sometimes a percentage of the bill.
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color blindness is very common (60% of the population) in humans inhabiting micronesia. how would a biologist describe this outcome knowing that a typhoon and famine stroke the island leaving only 20 survivors from which all inhabitants are their descendants?
The Island of a Colorblind is another name for a Micronesian island located in the South Pacific.
Oliver Sacks gave the island that name in his 1996 study that examined the human brain. Sacks and numerous other scientists were intrigued by Pingelap because of its peculiar genetic makeup. A terrible storm in 1775, according to tradition, led to a population crunch. The monarch, one of the survivor, was genetically predisposed to a severe kind of colorblind. He eventually transferred the DNA to the island's future inhabitants. The gene causing the colorblind disorder, known as full achromatopsia, is still thought to exist in around 10% of the island's population today, a rate substantially greater than the one-in-30,000 frequency elsewhere in the globe.
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What are 4 types of containers?.
The 4 types of transportation containers, most commonly used are: (1) Dry Storage Container, (2) Flat Rack Container, (3) Refrigerated ISO Containers, and (4) Special Purpose Containers.
Flat Rack Container are commonly used for shipping through the boats and other forms of international freight shipping rather than the railroad tracks. The flat racks are most functional for shipping heavy equipment, machinery, or machine parts, etc.
Refrigerated ISO Containers are also known as reefers. They are used during used in intermodal freight transport. Temperature-sensitive goods are transported through these. These containers therefore rely on electrical power points at a land-based site.
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the most widespread sexually transmitted bacterium in the united states is . a. haemophilus ducrevi b. phthirus pubis c. treponema pallidum d. neisseria gonorrhoeae e. chlamydia trachomatis
The most widespread sexually transmitted bacterium in the united states is chlamydia trachomatis.
Chlamydia trachomatis, usually referred to as chlamydia, is a bacterium that reasons chlamydia, that may appear in numerous ways, including: trachoma, lymphogranuloma venereum, nongonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease.
The Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium is maximum usually unfold. It's additionally feasible for pregnant ladies to unfold chlamydia to their kids in the course of delivery, inflicting pneumonia or a critical eye contamination withinside the newborns.
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flowers that rely on butterflies and bees for pollination often _
Flowers that rely on butterflies and bees for pollination often display low ultraviolet reflectance near the center of flower.
What is Pollination?Pollination is the process of transferring pollen grains from the male reproductive part-anther of a flower to the female reproductive part-stigma. The goal of every living organism on this planet is to create offspring for the next generation through reproduction. One of the ways that plants can produce offspring is through the formation of seeds.
Pollinators are the agents which transfer pollen grains or are responsible for pollination. Insect pollinators include bees, flies, butterflies, moths, and others. Of these, bees are the most important group of pollinators, with both wild and managed species which are acting as pollinators.
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Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi?.
Slime molds are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi. Both groups of organisms are members of the kingdom Protista, which includes single-celled eukaryotes that lack a cell wall.
Slime molds and fungi are similar in that they both have a mycelium, a network of branched, thread-like cells. Both groups of organisms are also heterotrophs, meaning that they cannot produce their own food and must obtain nutrients from other sources.
Slime molds typically live in moist environments, while fungi are found in a wide range of habitats. Slime molds are often brightly colored, while fungi are typically white or brown. Finally, slime molds typically reproduce asexually, while fungi can reproduce sexually or asexually.
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A) Slime molds
B) Brown algae
C) Animals
D) Mosses
E) Vascular plants
According to the central dogma, what molecule should go in the blank? dna → _____ → proteins.
Central dogma of molecular biology dna → mRNA → proteins.
Central dogma of molecular biology is a concept that tells that genetic information moves only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein. Three important classes of biopolymers are DNA and RNA (both nucleic acids), and protein.
Hence, central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) to protein. It states that genes specify the sequence of mRNA molecules, which in turn specify the sequence of proteins .
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in what ways do paranthropines and australopithecines as a group differ from members of the genus homo - including modern humans.
Skulls are less compact and zygomatic arches are less formed is the reason behind Paranthropus and australopithecines as a group differ from members of the genus homo .
Paranthropus skull included large premolar and molar teeth and a robust or strongly built lower jaw. Australopithecine species includes the difference in the thickness of the bones they have thin cranium .
Australopithecus were 120 cm tall, and the cranial capacity were also large. It had a low forehead, protruding face, lack of chin and low brain capacity. They were adapted for tree climbing, have very small brain, and a long line jaws .
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if a mastodon dies while walking along a river, what needs to happen in order to fossilize the body?
In order to fossilize the body of a Mastodon who dies while walking around the river, a flood must occur so that the sediments can wash away the body with it.
Fossilizing is the act of forming fossils. Fossils are the remains, traces or impressions of the dead plant or animals, that dies millions of years ago. They are usually found buried deep down in the earth.
Mastodon is an organism that belonged to the extinct genus called Mammut of the family Mammutidae. They are believed to be the distant relatives of elephants and mammoths. They were shorter than the current elephants but their stature was quite heavy-built.
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which increases resistance? decreased flow decreased friction increased blood vessel radius decreased viscosity decreased length
The resistance to blood flow increases with decrease in viscosity resulting in increased perfusion and blood flow.
What is resistance to blood flow and how will it increase depending to the options given?When the resistance in the blood vessels are increased then the blood flow inside the blood vessel is decreased.The most major of the blood vessel facing the resistance increased issues are arterioles.Here the question is asked of the cause of the increase in resistance whose answer would be the decrease in viscosity.The resistance in the arterioles when increase then the blood flow decreases and which leads to decrease and large fall in blood pressure.Hence increase in the resistance is caused by the decrease viscosity of the blood inside the vessels.To know more about blood visit:
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List 2 differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells and 2 features they have in common.
Answer:
Both the cells have a distinct plasma membrane, which protects the internal components from external damage.
There is no well-defined nucleus in the prokaryotic cell, whereas eukaryotic cells have an organized nucleus.
what is fibrous proteins coil the 30 nm structures into a thicker condensed structure visible under a microscope, starting during prophase
Chromosomes are the fibrous proteins coil the 30 nm structures into a thicker condensed structure visible under a microscope, starting during prophase.
Chromosomes are the structures in a cell that group genes together, are composed of chromatin (DNA and protein), and become visible under a light microscope during mitosis.Chromosomes are thread-like structures that are composed of protein and one molecule of DNA (chromatin) which contains an organism’s genetic information such as eye colour that are inherited from the parents. Chromosomes are visible in the cell’s nucleus under a microscope only when the cell is dividing. Each chromosome is divided into two sections by a constriction point (centromere) and most chromosomes are arranged in pairs in the nucleus of a cell. Humans possess 22 chromosome pairs.
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Glucose and fructose are both c6h12o6. What is the structural difference between them?.
Glucose and fructose are both C6H12O6. The structural difference between them is that fructose is a five membered ring and glucose is a six membered ring.
What is the difference between glucose and fructose?Glucose is sugar whereas fructose is an amino acid and glucose is a monosaccharide whereas fructose is a disaccharide.
Glucose is the common monosaccharide whereas fructose is only rarely found in nature. Glucose generates appetite-regulating signals by the release of insulin whereas fructose does not affect appetite in this way.
Fructose changes blood sugar levels slowly as compared to glucose and does not impact insulin levels. Glucose is processed throughout the body, whereas fructose is entirely metabolized by the liver.
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After the oil spill, marine microbes consumed the oil under the surface but also removed ________ from the water, killing both plants and animals and creating dead zones.
Marine bacteria ate the subsurface oil removing oxygen from the water, killing both plants and animals and causing dead zones.
What kind of bacteria inhabit the ocean?Marine microorganisms are minuscule creatures that only appear under a microscope and exist in aquatic habitats. They include viruses that accompany cellular organisms like bacteria, fungus, algae, and plankton.
What kind of microorganisms are most prevalent in the ocean?A family of single-celled marine bacteria known as SAR11 is the most prevalent creature in the oceans, and potentially on the entire planet. These tiny jelly bean-like drifting organisms have evolved to outcompete other bacteria for the ocean's limited nutrients.
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which of the purely endocrine organs contain modified neurons that produce and secrete neurohormones?
Only the adrenal medullae are purely endocrine organs containing modified neurons that produce and secrete neurohormones.
The adrenal medulla is the adrenal gland's inner region. It is made up of the autonomic nervous system's modified sympathetic ganglion and grows from the same embryonic tissue as the other sympathetic ganglia. The cells that make up the adrenal medulla don't have axons and are found in groups around large blood vessels.
The adrenal medulla's chromaffin cells are responsible for the endocrine system. The ANS's sympathetic preganglionic neurons provide these cells with their innervation. Epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are neurohormones because they are secreted by neurons, are secreted by the adrenal medulla.
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two parents are both heterozygous for two recessive traits. what is the probability of their first child inheriting both recessive traits?
You have a 25% chance of inheriting the faulty gene from both parents and getting the condition if you are born to parents who share the same autosomal recessive gene.
How does inherited family work?It is a process in which material property is handed down from one generation to another, typically within the family, typically from aging parents to their adult offspring, and which is finished after the death of a older generation.
How can something become yours?A will needs to be admitted to probate in order for the inheritance procedure to start. The probate court examines the will, approves an executor, and formally distributes assets to recipients in accordance with the terms. The executor will pay off any outstanding obligations of the deceased prior to the transfer.
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What is the difference between a theory and a law examples?.
laws usually describe what will happen in a given situation as demonstrable like a mathematical equation, where theories describe how the phenomenon happens.
9.list and describe five or more characteristics of natural or treated hair that can be determined by viewing hair under a compound microscope.
Characteristics of natural or treated hair that can be determined by viewing hair under a compound microscope are:
Treated hair is brittle.Treated hair has disturbed hairs on the cuticle.Treated hair can damage mt-DNA.Artificial bleaching shows a shape demarcation.The natural hair grows closer to the root if it has been treated.Cuticle is the protective layer of cells for the hairs. These cells are dead in nature and overlap each other to form the protective layer. Healthy cuticle is important to protect the innermost layer of cells.
mt-DNA refers to mitochondrial DNA. This is the DNA present inside the mitochondria instead of the cell's nucleus. The DNA is circular is structure.
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which enzyme has a repair function and can excise incorrect nucleotides during dna replication? g
Glycosylases are the enzymes that has a repair function and can excise incorrect nucleotides during dna replication.
Base excision repair is a method for identifying and removing particular kinds of damaged bases. In base excision repair, a class of enzymes known as glycosylases plays a crucial role. Each glycosylase recognises and eliminates a particular type of damaged base.
For instance, a process known as deamination can change a cytosine base into uracil, a base that is generally only found in RNA. Uncorrected cytosine-to-uracil changes can result in mutations because during DNA replication, uracil will pair with adenine rather than guanine (as it would if the base was still cytosine).
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he most harmful radiations are those that group of answer choices damage living cells. kill living cells. don't encounter cells.
Radiations that damage living cells are the most dangerous.
Which of the three radiation kinds has the biggest particles, and why?Alpha particles make up the first one. The heaviest form of radiation particle, these particles are made up of two protons and two neutrons. A lot of the earth's naturally occurring radioactive substances, including uranium and thorium, emit alpha particles. Radon in our houses is one example that most people are acquainted with.
The most dangerous outside threat is gamma radiation. "Beta burns" can be brought on by beta particles that partially penetrate skin. Alpha rays can't get through healthy skin. Gamma and x-rays can pass through a person while harming the cells they encounter.
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What two roles does atp play during the contraction stage?.
Muscle cells can use both fatty acids and glucose for his or her aerobic respiratory. ATP is used for 2 matters in muscle cells: lively shipping of calcium (Ca++) and motion of motor proteins.
It also reminds us that ATP is needed by using the muscle mobile for the electricity stroke of the myosin pass bridge, for disconnecting the cross bridge from the binding web page on actin, and for transporting calcium ions back into the SR.
ATP is used for contraction when: the myosin heads are activated by an ATP molecule, which supplies it with the energy to carry out a electricity stroke. ATP is used at some point of rest to break the bond among the myosin heads and the actin filament.
ATP binding to myosin at some point of the contractile cycle effects in myosin detachment from actin, and electricity liberated from next ATP hydrolysis is then used to pressure the next contractile cycle. ATP is likewise used to decrease myoplasmic calcium ranges at some point of muscle rest.
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i lived in east and south africa around 2mya. i had a small, low cranium, a cranial capacity around 600cc. i used oldowan tools to scavenge. what fossil species am i?
The early handaxes, the first significant advancement in stone tool making, are sometimes linked to the arrival as Homo erectus inside the fossil record.
Why are people a species?Humans have 99.9% of the same DNA as each other. Additionally, the 0.1% of human DNA that varies from person to person does not neatly fit the definition of race because genetics does not support the idea of race. Because of this, we are too related to each other to be classified as separate subspecies.
Can we even call humans a species?Our species is classified as belonging to the genus Homo within the hominid family. The only extant member of this genus is our species, Homo sapiens. Homo erectus is one of several earlier subspecies of Homo that formerly lived but are now extinct.
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a woman sustains a spinal cord injury in a car accident and loses the ability to move her fingers and her hand. the injury most likely damaged which region of her spinal cord? lateral ventral horn lateral dorsal horn medial ventral horn medial dorsal horn lateral column
Answer:
Lateral ventral horn
Explanation:
I know the answer from Quizlet.
The ventral horns contains the cell bodies of motor neurons that send axons via the ventral roots of the spinal nerves to terminate on striated muscles
mendel crossed tall plants with short plants (once he had true-breeding lines). all of the offspring were tall. what can this tell you about the inheritance of height?
When a tall and quick plant are crossed, all the offspring are tall. If the offspring self-fertilize, they produce tall and quick flowers in a ratio of 3:1 withinside the subsequent technology. Mendel's real counts have been 787 tall:277 quick flowers on this technology (2.84:1 ratio).
Mendel stated that hybridizing true-breeding (P technology) flowers gave upward push to an F1 technology that confirmed most effective one trait of a characteristic. For example, a true-breeding purple-flowering plant crossed with a true-breeding white-flowering plant constantly gave upward push to purple-flowered hybrid flowers.
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