The United States started the tradition of the 8-hour workday, which was established as a result of the labor union movement in the late 19th century, particularly the efforts of the American Federation of Labor.
The United States did play a significant role in the establishment of the 8-hour workday as a standard for many industries. However, the concept of limiting work hours to 8 hours per day had been advocated by labor activists and reformers for several decades before it became a reality.
In the late 19th century, the labor union movement in the United States, particularly the efforts of the American Federation of Labor, played a significant role in advocating for the 8-hour workday. In 1886, the AFL passed a resolution calling for a nationwide strike on May 1 of that year to demand an 8-hour workday. The strike, which became known as the Haymarket Riot, turned violent and led to the deaths of several people, including police officers and civilians.
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One reform of julius caesar’s still in effect today is the:.
One reform of Julius Caesar's still in effect today is the Julian calendar. Prior to Caesar's reforms, the Roman calendar was based on the phases of the moon and was often out of sync with the seasons.
In 45 BCE, Caesar introduced a new calendar that was based on the solar year and included an extra day every four years to account for leap years. This calendar, known as the Julian calendar, was widely adopted across the Roman Empire and eventually became the standard calendar in the Western world. While some adjustments have been made over the years, the basic structure of the Julian calendar is still in use today.
One reform of Julius Caesar's still in effect today is the Julian calendar. The Julian calendar was introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BCE and aimed to create a more accurate and standardized system of measuring time. This reform was significant because it replaced the previous Roman calendar, which was inefficient and often manipulated for political purposes. The Julian calendar features a 12-month structure, with each month having a set number of days, and includes a leap year every four years to account for the extra 0.25 days per year. Although the modern Gregorian calendar has since replaced the Julian calendar, many aspects of the Julian system remain in use today, demonstrating the lasting impact of Caesar's reform.
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he dust bowl phenomenon of the 1930s was caused by a combination of drought, high heat, and other weather-related conditions, as well as in the region. a) railroad development b) widespread oil drilling c) extensive farming operations d) urban development group of answer choices a
The dust bowl phenomenon of the 1930s was primarily caused by a combination of drought, high heat, and other weather-related conditions in the region.
However, extensive farming operations also contributed to the problem by removing the natural vegetation cover and exposing the soil to erosion. Additionally, the railroad development in the area allowed for easier transportation of agricultural goods, which encouraged further expansion of farming operations. Widespread oil drilling and urban development were not significant factors in the cause of the dust bowl.
The Dust Bowl phenomenon of the 1930s was caused by a combination of drought, high heat, and other weather-related conditions, as well as extensive farming operations in the region. Therefore, the correct answer choice is c) extensive farming operations. The combination of severe drought and intensive farming practices, such as monoculture and overgrazing, led to the depletion of soil nutrients and erosion of topsoil. This, in turn, caused huge dust storms that ravaged the region, leading to widespread economic and environmental devastation. While railroad development, widespread oil drilling, and urban development may have had their own impacts on the environment and people, they were not direct causes of the Dust Bowl phenomenon.
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the development of the steam engine decisively transformed the nineteenth-century world. all of the following numbered among its applications except: group of answer choices mining pumps. railroad locomotives. factory looms. spinning mules automobiles.
The development of the steam engine had a significant impact on the world in the nineteenth century, transforming various industries and revolutionizing transportation.
The steam engine was a crucial innovation that brought about significant changes in the industrial and transportation sectors. Its applications were widespread, with mining pumps, railroad locomotives, factory looms, and spinning mules among the beneficiaries of this technology. However, one application that did not benefit from the steam engine was automobiles. This is because the invention of the automobile came much later in the 1800s, and it relied on different technologies such as internal combustion engines.
The development of the steam engine in the late 1700s and early 1800s had far-reaching consequences that shaped the world's economy, society, and culture. Prior to the steam engine's invention, most industries relied on manual labor or animal power, which limited the amount and speed of production. However, the steam engine offered an alternative source of power that was more efficient, faster, and more reliable. One of the primary beneficiaries of the steam engine was the mining industry. Mines required large amounts of water to be pumped out regularly, which was a laborious and time-consuming process. However, the steam engine-powered pumps made the process much easier and faster, leading to increased productivity and profitability. Similarly, the steam engine was instrumental in the transportation sector, particularly in the development of railroad locomotives. This innovation transformed transportation, making it faster, cheaper, and more reliable, and opening up new markets and opportunities for trade and commerce. Another industry that benefited significantly from the steam engine was textiles. The invention of the spinning mule, powered by steam engines, revolutionized textile production, leading to increased productivity and lower costs. The steam engine also powered the factory looms, making textile production more efficient and profitable.
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the modern movement group of answer choices stressed an unadorned, functional type of architecture. was inspired by the ideals of nineteenth-century romanticism. opposed high-rise buildings. paved the way for the beaux arts style.
The modern movement group of architects and designers placed great emphasis on creating architecture that was unadorned and highly functional.
They were not inspired by the ideals of nineteenth-century romanticism, as they sought to move away from the ornate and decorative styles of the past. Rather, they were opposed to the idea of high-rise buildings, favoring a more human-scale approach to architecture. Their work paved the way for a new style of design that focused on simplicity, efficiency, and practicality, and it did not directly lead to the beaux arts style.
The modern movement group of answer choices stressed an unadorned, functional type of architecture. This movement was inspired by a desire to break away from the ornate styles of the past and focus on functionality, simplicity, and clean lines. It did not draw its inspiration from nineteenth-century romanticism, and it did not pave the way for the Beaux Arts style. While not inherently opposed to high-rise buildings, the modern movement's emphasis was on the functionality and purpose of a building's design, rather than its height.
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What architectural marvel was the empire’s religious and political center?.
The architectural marvel that was the empire's religious and political center was the Great Mosque of Cordoba in Spain. Originally built in the 8th century as a small mosque, it was gradually expanded and renovated over the centuries.
The mosque's most distinctive feature is its horseshoe arches, which were decorated with intricate geometric and floral motifs. The mosque also had a large central courtyard and a prayer hall with rows of columns and double arches.
In the 13th century, after the Christian reconquest of Cordoba, the mosque was converted into a cathedral, with a Renaissance-style nave and choir added.
Today, the Great Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a symbol of the city's cultural and religious diversity.
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What tactics did the first temperance organizations use until the mid-1820s?.
Answer:
encouraged people to drink in moderation
Explanation:
pre-Civil War most important economic segment
In the pre-Civil War period, the most important economic segment in the United States was agriculture, particularly the production of cotton. Cotton was known as "King Cotton" due to its dominance in the southern economy and its significance in the global market.
For economic expansion and progress, southern states like South Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi mainly relied on cotton exports. The labour required to cultivate and harvest the cotton crops was given by enslaved people, making slavery an essential component of this economic structure.
The profitability of cotton cultivation contributed to the North and South's tensions leading up to the Civil War and helped to maintain the system of slavery.
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during the civil war, congress granted up to 100 million acres to the union and pacific railroads. true or false
True. During the Civil War, Congress passed the Pacific Railway Act of 1862, which granted land to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads, not 100 million acres but approximately 131 million acres for the construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad.
During the Civil War, Congress did indeed grant up to 100 million acres of land to the Union and Pacific Railroads as part of the Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864. The purpose of the land grants was to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, which would help connect the eastern and western parts of the United States and facilitate trade and travel. The railroad companies were given the land in alternating sections along the proposed route of the railroad, with the expectation that they would sell or develop the land to fund the construction of the railroad.
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The united nations was officially organized in 1945 with a security council responsible for international peace and security. The security council could ask its members to:.
The United Nations was officially organized in 1945 with a security council responsible for international peace and security.
As part of its responsibilities, the security council could ask its members to take action to address threats to international peace and security, such as imposing sanctions or even authorizing military force if necessary.
The security council is one of the most important bodies within the United Nations, tasked with maintaining international peace and security. It is made up of 15 members, including five permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and ten non-permanent members elected for two-year terms. When the security council determines that a threat to international peace and security exists, it can call on its members to take action to address the situation. This can include imposing economic sanctions or even authorizing the use of military force. The authority of the security council is an important mechanism for ensuring that the international community can respond effectively to crises and conflicts around the world.
The Security Council has the authority to ask its members to engage in diplomatic efforts, impose economic sanctions, enforce arms embargoes, or even authorize the use of military force. These measures are taken in accordance with the UN Charter to ensure global stability and resolve conflicts.
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U. S. Census records from what year, which was the last year when census workers went door-to-door to gather information, were just posted online?.
The U.S. Census records from 1940 were the last year when census workers went door-to-door to gather information and were recently posted online.
The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) partnered with the genealogy website, Ancestry.com, to digitize and index the 1940 census records, which includes information on approximately 132 million people. The census records provide valuable insights into American life during the World War II era, including demographics, occupations, and economic data. The release of the 1940 census records is a significant event for researchers, historians, and genealogists, as it allows for easier access to important information on their ancestors and the broader society of the time.
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the treaty system refers to the agreements reached between britain and china and france and china for incursion resulting in trade and settlement. the treaties arranged between european imperialists and the nations they were subjugating for raw materials. the treaties agreed to in the asian territories between imperialists and the subjugated nations. a system put in place by the imperialists to guarantee access to asian and african nations limited by access to only those listed within the treaty. a system of european control in china, in which european powers were allowed to establish their own settlements in chinese port cities, free from chinese authority. 2 points save answer question 5 what was the russo-japanese war? after the open door trade policy was passed, japan decided to join forces with russia to seize and then divide manchuria. after the open door trade policy, japan decided to seize territory for herself in 1904 and went after manchuria by attacking the russian naval fleet and base in china. japan was able to seize the territory for herself. the japanese were attacked by russia in their chinese port of port arthur. russia seized all of manchuria and damaged the economy of japan. the russians decided to fight against the japanese for control of manchuria. their navy was not strong enough to combat the japanese and russia was defeated. the russians were blindsided by the japanese when they seized control of korea and subsequently lost the territory to japan.
The treaty system refers to the agreements reached between European imperialists and the nations they were subjugating for raw materials, as well as the treaties arranged between European powers and Asian territories. This system was put in place by the imperialists to guarantee access to Asian and African nations limited by access to only those listed within the treaty.
The Russo-Japanese War was a conflict that arose after the Open Door Trade Policy was passed. Japan decided to seize territory for herself in 1904, attacking the Russian naval fleet and base in China to go after Manchuria. Japan was able to successfully seize control of the territory for herself, while Russia was blindsided by the Japanese and subsequently lost control of Korea.
The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) occurred after the Open Door trade policy. Japan sought to seize territory in Manchuria and attacked the Russian naval fleet and base in China. Despite Russia's attempts to gain control of Manchuria, their navy was not strong enough, resulting in their defeat and Japan seizing the territory.
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Speaking of affronts on lawmakers, who did china send a forceful letter demanding she cancel her upcoming taiwan trip?.
China sent a forceful letter to U.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi, demanding that she cancel her upcoming trip to Taiwan. This action can be seen as an affront on lawmakers, as it involves a country attempting to influence the decisions and actions of a foreign political representative.
China sent a forceful letter to Heather Chen, a lawmaker in Taiwan, demanding she cancel her upcoming trip to the United States. This is just one example of China's ongoing efforts to assert its dominance over Taiwan, which it considers a renegade province. Such affronts on lawmakers have become increasingly common in recent years, as China seeks to intimidate and silence any voices that challenge its authority in the region. Despite these pressures, many lawmakers in Taiwan remain committed to defending their country's sovereignty and standing up to Chinese aggression.
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What was an important result of the persian gulf war of 1990?.
Bus boycotts, lunch counter-sit-ins, and "freedom rides" were all attempts to promote?
Bus boycotts, lunch counter-sit-ins, and "freedom rides" were all attempts to promote civil rights for African Americans.
These actions were part of the larger civil rights movement that sought to end segregation and discrimination against African Americans in the United States. Bus boycotts, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott, were a form of nonviolent protest that aimed to challenge the racial segregation of public transportation. Lunch counter-sit-ins were similar acts of civil disobedience that aimed to challenge segregation in public spaces.
"Freedom rides" were organized bus trips that challenged segregation on inter-state bus routes. All of these actions were part of a larger effort to promote civil rights for African Americans and to challenge the entrenched system of segregation that existed in the United States at the time.
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A troubling economic problem in the 1920s was the depressed state of agriculture caused by.
One of the troubling economic problems in the 1920s was the depressed state of agriculture, which was caused by overproduction and falling prices.
During World War I, American farmers had increased their output to meet the high demand for food, but after the war ended, the demand dropped sharply, leading to a surplus of agricultural products. In addition, advances in technology allowed for increased efficiency and higher yields, leading to even more overproduction.
As a result, farmers were forced to sell their products at lower prices, which made it difficult for them to make a profit and resulted in widespread economic hardship for rural communities.
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U. S. citizens who were put in detention/internment camps for national security
U. S. citizens who were put in detention/internment camps for national security were Japanese Americans.
A person who is imprisoned without a charge U. S. citizens who were put in detention/internment camps for national security the intention of filing one is said to be being interned. The phrase is specifically used in reference to the detention "of enemy citizens during times of war or of terrorist suspects." Consequently, even though it can simply mean "incarceration," it usually refers to preventive confinement rather than confinement following a conviction for a crime.
Political sensitivities and dispute may affect how these terms are used. The Hague Convention of 1907 authorised neutral nations to keep belligerent armed soldiers and their equipment on their soil during times of war. This practise is sometimes referred to as internment. People who are interned may be housed in jails or internment camps (also known as concentration camps).
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Complete question: Who were the U. S. citizens who were put in detention/internment camps for national security?
during 1888-1918, there was tension between _______ and _______, and______ and ________
During 1888-1918, there was tension between Germany and Britain, and Russia and Austria-Hungary. These tensions contributed to the complex web of alliances and rivalries that ultimately led to World War I.
Germany and Britain experienced growing tensions due to an arms race, particularly in naval power. Under Kaiser Wilhelm II, Germany pursued an aggressive policy of expansion and military build-up, aiming to challenge Britain's dominance as a global power. Britain, in response, accelerated its own naval development to maintain supremacy. This competition heightened mistrust and anxiety between the two nations.
Meanwhile, tensions between Russia and Austria-Hungary stemmed from conflicts over territorial claims in the Balkans. As the Ottoman Empire weakened, both Russia and Austria-Hungary sought to expand their influence in the region. Russia aimed to protect and support Slavic nations, such as Serbia, which sought independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Austria-Hungary, on the other hand, desired to maintain control over its diverse territories and prevent the spread of nationalist movements. These opposing interests led to increased animosity between the two empires.
These tensions, combined with other factors like nationalist movements, imperialism, and a web of alliances, set the stage for the outbreak of World War I in 1914. The conflict resulted in profound changes to the political landscape, as well as significant loss of life and social upheaval.
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What was the long era after Reconstruction in which African Americans in the South were denied the full rights of American citizenship?
The long era after Reconstruction in which African Americans in the South were denied the full rights of American citizenship is known as the Jim Crow Era.
During the Jim Crow Era, laws were passed that enforced racial segregation in public places, such as schools, restaurants, and transportation systems.
These laws were often referred to as "Jim Crow laws". African Americans were also denied the right to vote through a variety of discriminatory practices, such as literacy tests and poll taxes.
The Jim Crow Era was marked by frequent acts of violence and terror against African Americans, including lynchings, bombings, and other forms of racial violence. These acts of violence were often carried out with the complicity or active participation of law enforcement and other government officials.
The Jim Crow Era was a dark period in American history, characterized by systematic oppression and discrimination against African Americans in the South. It was not until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s that significant progress was made towards ending segregation and securing equal rights for African Americans.
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Which country gave the Statue of Liberty ti American people as a gift?
France gave the Statue of Liberty to the American people as a gift in 1886.
The Statue of Liberty was gifted to the American people by France. It was dedicated on October 28, 1886, and was a gift to the United States in recognition of the friendship established during the American Revolution and to commemorate the centennial of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence.
The Statue of Liberty is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in the United States. It was designed by the French sculptor Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi and its metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue depicts a woman holding a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand, upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776.
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what was daily life like for roman women? describe two differences that exsisted between men and women who were wealthy and those who were poor
In Ancient Rome, the daily life of women varied depending on their social status. Wealthy women generally had more opportunities for education and leisure activities, but they were also subject to greater restrictions on their behavior.
One major difference between wealthy and poor women was their level of education. Wealthy women had access to private tutors and could learn to read and write, while poor women often did not receive any formal education.
Another difference was in the roles they played in society. Wealthy women were expected to manage their households and oversee the work of their slaves, while poor women often had to work outside the home to contribute to the family income.
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Which of these was an effect of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the nineteenth century in the United States?
Answer: Urban population growth led to an economic boom in the Northeast.
Explanation:
Which of these was an effect of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the nineteenth century in the United States? Urban population growth led to an economic boom in the Northeast. This was the source of many of the resources needed to power and operate large factories.
The Bill of Rights is meant to protect the
people from what?
A Government
C. Themselves
03-2023 International Academy of Science. All Rights Reserved.
B. Taxes
D. Warfare
Answer:
Explanation:
d
Answer:A Government
Explanation:
1. Which of the following represents a difference between industrialization in Europe and industrialization outside the West in the period 1750 to 1900?
A. Industrialization outside the West was often state-sponsored as in Japan with the Meiji Restoration
B. Most industrialization outside the West depended on the exploitation of colonies for raw materials
C. Most industrialization outside the West did not include any textile manufacturing because that was dominated by Europe
D. Industrialization outside the West did not include urbanization and the growth of urban areas remained minimal
2. All of the following contributed to the rise of Nazism in Germany after World War II except?
A. increased conflict with the communists in the USSR that had seized control of the Russia during the Great War
B. economic crisis resulting from heavy reparations and a world-wide depression
C. the rise of fascism in neighboring countries like Mussolini in Italy
D. the resentment of the German people toward the harsh limits place on them by the Treaty of Versialles
3. All of the following represents a result of the fall of communism in Europe except?
A. the unification of Germany
B. nationalist movements in the Balkans that led to ethnic cleansing in Serbia
C. the breakup of the Soviet Union into various republics and the establishment of democracy in Russia
D. the acceptance of Russia influence in Poland with the Solidarity party led by Lech Walesa
4. Which of the following best describes the Indian independence movement and the partition of of India in the 20th Century?
A. The British accepted the views of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League which led to a peaceful transition from British rule
B. Hindus and Muslims embraced nonviolent resistance and were not in direct conflict with one another
C. Civil disobedience was a method of protest against the British government but the philosophy of passive resistance did not stop violence by the British army or conflict between Muslim and Hindu extremists
D. The fight for India independence was violent but the partition process was peaceful as the countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh emerged
5. Which of the following best describes the result of decolonization in Africa in the 20th Century?
A. European nations voluntarily relinquished their control of colonies in Africa
B. All the former colonies in Africa were forced to fight for their independence in wars against European colonizers
C. Many of the nations in Africa experienced challenges related to civil war, debt, and political corruption
D. All the nations in Africa were able to harness their natural resources to become economically independent after gaining independence
Industrialization outside the West was often state-sponsored as in Japan with the Meiji Restoration. This represents a difference between industrialization in Europe and industrialization outside the West in the period 1750 to 1900.
A. Increased conflict with the communists in the USSR that had seized control of the Russia during the Great War is not a factor that contributed to the rise of Nazism in Germany after World War II. Economic crisis resulting from heavy reparations and a world-wide depression, the rise of fascism in neighboring countries like Mussolini in Italy, and the resentment of the German people toward the harsh limits placed on them by the Treaty of Versailles are all factors that contributed to the rise of Nazism in Germany after World War II.
D. The acceptance of Russian influence in Poland with the Solidarity party led by Lech Walesa is a result of the fall of communism in Europe. The unification of Germany, nationalist movements in the Balkans that led to ethnic cleansing in Serbia, and the breakup of the Soviet Union into various republics and the establishment of democracy in Russia are all results of the fall of communism in Europe.
C. Civil disobedience was a method of protest against the British government but the philosophy of passive resistance did not stop violence by the British army or conflict between Muslim and Hindu extremists best describes the Indian independence movement and the partition of India in the 20th Century. The fight for India's independence was largely non-violent but the partition process was marked by significant violence and displacement of populations.
C. Many of the nations in Africa experienced challenges related to civil war, debt, and political corruption best describes the result of decolonization in Africa in the 20th Century. While European nations did relinquish their control of colonies in Africa, the process of decolonization was often marked by conflict and instability, and many newly independent African nations struggled with economic, political, and social challenges in the post-colonial period.
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What were the major concerns of the muslim league?.
Answer:
to protect Muslim rights and interests
Explanation:
Feelings, emotions not accompanied by such a belief, may be pleasant or unpleasant, but
Feelings and emotions can be pleasant or unpleasant, but they do not necessarily have to be accompanied by a belief.
Generally speaking, feelings and emotions are seen as being a reaction to a certain stimuli, such as an outside event, thinking, or physical experience.
They are a normal, instinctive response of the body and mind that can be influenced by a variety of elements, including heredity, environment, culture, and individual experiences.
Though beliefs undoubtedly have an impact on our feelings and emotions, these things are not always necessary for us to feel them. For instance, a person may experience anxiety before an event without having a predetermined notion about what will occur.
Similar to this, a person may experience delight when spending time with family and friends without necessarily holding that emotion to be true.
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Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor in December 1941?
Answer:becuase threats from the U.S.
Explanation:
Answer: Japan intended the attack as a preventive action. Its aim was to prevent the United States Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned military actions in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and those of the United States.
Explanation:
The year the american anti-slavery society was founded:.
The American Anti-Slavery Society was founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other prominent abolitionists in Philadelphia.
The society's primary goal was the immediate abolition of slavery and the granting of full rights and citizenship to African Americans. The founding of the society marked a significant turning point in the abolitionist movement, as it brought together various factions of abolitionists under a unified organization.
The American Anti-Slavery Society played a critical role in raising public awareness about the evils of slavery and in mobilizing support for the abolitionist cause, which eventually led to the Emancipation Proclamation and the end of slavery in the United States.
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ASAP PLEZZZZZZ!!!!!
explain 2 consequences of the formation of NATO, write in form of evidence and explanation. PLEZZZZ
The formation of NATO among its member countries resulted to:
increased military and political cooperationheightened tensions with the Soviet Union.How did the formation of NATO impacted the members?NATO is a military alliance whose main consequences was to increase military cooperation and the development of a unified strategy to defend against Soviet aggression.
All these included joint military exercises, intelligence sharing and establishment of a permanent military presence in Europe. It has solidified the alliance between the United States and Western Europe and further divided the world into two opposing blocs with the Soviet Union and its allies on one side and NATO on the other.
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Flavius stilicho and his roman army defeated what enemy, commanded by alaric, at the april 6, 402 battle of pollentia?.
Flavius Stilicho and his Roman army defeated the Visigoth army, commanded by Alaric, at the Battle of Pollentia on April 6, 402.
The battle was significant in Roman history as it marked the first time a barbarian army was decisively defeated by the Roman army in a major battle. Stilicho was a skilled military commander who had previously served as a general under the Emperor Theodosius I. His victory at Pollentia prevented the Visigoths from invading Italy and secured the Roman Empire's northern border. The battle was also notable for the participation of the Huns, who fought on the side of the Romans. The victory at Pollentia was a significant military achievement for Stilicho and a boost to the morale of the Roman army.
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What economic issues in France help inspire the French Revolution?
The French Revolution population had outgrown the available food supply. The region experienced famine and widespread hunger in 1788 as a result of a harsh winter. Bread riots were caused by rising costs in Paris. France was broke by 1789.
The population had outgrown the available food supply. The region experienced famine and widespread hunger in 1788 as a result of a harsh winter. Bread riots were caused by rising costs in Paris. France was broke by 1789.
The budgetary crisis in France was the direct cause of the revolution. Despite the economy's 50-year expansion, there were sporadic crises. Food shortages, escalating food costs, and unemployment were caused by poor harvests in 1787 and 1788 as well as a halt in industry.
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