There are a number of cytokines that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. These cytokines include interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha.
IL-1 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is thought to play a key role in the development of RA. IL-1 is produced by macrophages and other immune cells and can promote the production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha. IL-1 has also been shown to stimulate the proliferation of synovial cells, which are the cells that line the joints.
IL-6 is another pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of RA. IL-6 is produced by a variety of cells, including T cells, B cells, and macrophages. IL-6 can promote the production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha. IL-6 has also been shown to stimulate the proliferation of synovial cells.
Learn more about cytokines at : https://brainly.com/question/12199920
#SPJ4
What is the best evidence that all life evolved from prokaryotic rather than eukaryotic ancestors?.
The best evidence that life evolved from prokaryotic ancestors is that the oldest fossils found are prokaryotes.
There are thousands of distinct kinds of organisms that have been preserved in fossil records, indicating that the earliest forms of life on Earth were unicellular. The multicellular organisms that make up the majority of life on Earth gradually developed as cells began to function differently as they remained together.
The oldest fossils of bacteria were found about 3.5 billion years ago, while the oldest eukaryotic organisms were found about 2.1 billion years ago, which is almost 1.5 billion years younger than the oldest fossils.
Know more about evolution here: https://brainly.com/question/12926024
#SPJ4
Photosynthesis happens in a
_______
Answer:
Photosynthesis happens in a leaf (of a plant).
what protects mrna from attack by cellular enzymes? group of answer choices the removal of exons rna splicing a cap and tail the lack of rna-digesting enzymes in the cytoplasm
Answer: cap and tail
Explanation:
The thing that protects mRNA from attack by cellular enzymes is the cap and tail, which is the third option, as the cap is a modified nucleotide structure that is added to the 5' end of mRNA during transcription.
What are the mRNA cap and tail?Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA that carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it is translated into proteins. mRNA molecules are relatively unstable and are subject to degradation by cellular enzymes in the cytoplasm. However, mRNA molecules are protected from degradation by the addition of a cap and tail during transcription. The cap is a modified guanine nucleotide that is added to the 5' end of the mRNA molecule. The cap structure protects the mRNA from exonucleases, which are enzymes that cleave the mRNA from the ends.
Hence, the thing that protects mRNA from attack by cellular enzymes is the cap and tail, which is the third option.
Learn more about mRNA capping and tailing here.
https://brainly.com/question/29434379
#SPJ2
Which animals—five of them—slipped loose from their enclosure at a sydney zoo this week, prompting a full lockdown?.
At Sydney's Taronga Zoo, four pups and an adult lion named Ato managed to escape their cage due to "an issue of trust with a containment fence.
On Wednesday, five lions at an Australian zoo were able to escape their enclosure, causing a momentary emergency that required authorities to race to capture them. With such a "code one" signal, which indicates a reaction involving a hazardous animal, the zoo was placed directly on lockdown. Also swiftly taken to safety were participants in the zoo's extended overnight Roar and Snore program. The lions were seen in a tiny space next to the primary lion display, safety were which was divided from the body of the zoo by a six-foot fence, according to Simon Duffy, the director of Taronga Zoo.
Learn more about lion
https://brainly.com/question/23546033
#SPJ4
help a lazy man out.......................................................................................
Word equation: aluminum metal + oxygen ---> aluminum oxide
Reactants: aluminum metal and oxygen
Products: aluminum oxide
States of matter: aluminum metal (solid), oxygen (gas), aluminum oxide (solid)
Equation: [tex]4Al (s) + 3O_2 (g) --- > 2Al_2O_3 (s)[/tex]
Vocabularies of chemical equationsFollowing the examples shown in the illustration, if four atoms of aluminum metal react with three molecules of oxygen in the air to form two molecules of aluminum oxide, the answers to the problems would be as follows:
The word equation of the reaction would be written as:
aluminum metal + oxygen ---> aluminum oxideThe reactants of the reaction would be:
Aluminum metal and oxygen in the airThe product of the reaction would be:
Aluminum oxideThe states of matter of the components of the reaction:
aluminum metal - solid oxygen - gasaluminum oxide - solidEquation of the reaction:
[tex]4Al (s) + 3O_2 (g) --- > 2Al_2O_3 (s)[/tex]More on chemical reactions can be found here: https://brainly.com/question/22817140
#SPJ1
When are the genes involved in lactose metabolism in e. Coli expressed and when are they turned off?.
Genes involved in lactose metabolism can be found in the E. coli lac operon. Only when lactose and glucose are both present does it express.
Why are the E. coli genes involved in lactose metabolism referred to as an operon?They are both under the same promoter's control. A promoter is a brief DNA region where RNA polymerase interacts to initiate transcription of the downstream genes that are under its transcriptional control. When more than one gene is controlled by the same promoter, we refer to the group of genes as an operon.
The lac operon turns on when there is lactose present.Lactose binds to the repressor protein and prevents it from binding to the operator when lactose is present in the media.
To know more about E. coli about visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/1657681
#SPJ4
-. In general, what are three main components
of a transport system?
Although part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this full question: what are the three main components of a transport system of the human body?
The three main components of a transport system are the Heart, Blood, and Blood vessels.
The function of the first main component, the heart, is to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body and receive the deoxygenated blood from the other various parts of the body. This impure blood is then sent to the lungs for oxygenation. The function of the blood is to transport the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the rest of the body.
Blood also transports nutrients absorbed in the digestive system to all the other organs in the body. The function of the blood vessels is to act as the vessels required to transport blood throughout the body.
Learn to know more about the Heart on
https://brainly.com/question/16566688
Overfishing of salmon has caused populations of wild salmon to decline. To combat this decline, salmon are raised in hatcheries, and then released to the wild. However, researchers have found that hatchery-raised salmon have reduced reproductive success in the wild, compared to wild salmon. They have also identified many genetic differences between hatchery-raised and wild salmon. Which statement describes the most likely reason for the differences between hatchery-raised and wild salmon? A. Hatchery-raised salmon have evolved to have completely different genomes from those of wild salmon. B. Hatchery-raised salmon develop into stronger swimmers than those raised in the wild. C. The pressures of a hatchery environment promote convergent evolution between hatchery-raised and wild salmon. D. The pressures of a hatchery environment and of the wild environment select for different traits.
A. Hatchery-raised salmon have evolved to have completely different genomes from those of wild salmon.
Why do the Hatchery-raised salmon have a different genome?
First generations of Hatchery-raised salmon have 700 different genes, which include variations in reproductive and survival skills which can be passed on to the next generations.
The exact reason for these genetic variations is not known yet, but by identifying these different genes, researchers hope to learn more about how they have adapted to their new lifestyle. The differences in genes between the hatchery-raised and wild salmon are vast and heritable.
These genetic changes are significant and fast. There is literally an evolutionary process at work here, but it does not take many generations or long periods of time.
Learn more about salmon here: https://brainly.com/question/27868549
#SPJ13
W ith each step during a marathon, a coordinated effort is taking place between your brain and the muscles in your body.
Place the following steps in order to describe this process for muscle contraction.
Drag the text blocks below into their
correct order.
- ATP is used to allow actin to slide past myosin, resulting in a shortening of the cell as muscle contraction occurs.
- Motor neurons carry the signal for contraction from the brain to the cells that make up each muscle.
- Neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to receptors on the muscle cell membrane.
- An electrical wave is triggered in the muscle cell, which triggers the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum.
- Motor messages originate in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum and travel to the cerebellum to be refined and coordinated.
- The electrical wave causes neurotransmitters to be released into the synapse between the motor neuron and the muscle cell.
During muscle contraction, there are motor messages that originate from the frontal lobe of the cerebrum and travel to the cerebellum. Motor neurons carry signals from the brain from here to muscle cells.
An electrical wave is then generated releasing neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine into synapses between motor neurons and muscle cells. These neurotransmitters cross synapses and bind to receptors on muscle cells. This generates electrical waves in the muscle, releasing calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum.
After this step, calcium ions bind to troponin on actin and displace tropomyosin. At this stage, actin binds to myosin and forms crosslinks. Since myosin has an ATP binding site, ATP is hydrolyzed to release energy. This energy moves actin filaments inward to M-lines and myosin outward to Z-lines. This leads to sarcomere shortening or muscle contraction.
Hence the correct order is (starting from top 1st-6th): 2, 1, 6, 3, 4, 5.
Learn more about Muscle contraction here:-https://brainly.com/question/25778330
#SPJ1
how is biomagnification similar to bioaccumulation
DNA coding strand TAC TAG GTT TCA CCC ATT
Answer:
AUG AUC CAA AGU GGG UAA
Amino Acids:
Methionine, Isoleucine, glutamine, Serine, Glycine, Stop codon
Explanation:
DNA converted to mRNA goes like this
Apples Under Trees
Cars in Garages
now let me explain this,
A(Adenine) goes with T(Thymine)
C(Cytosine) goes with G(Guanine)
BUT,
this is where the U in under takes place since we are transcripting, there is no T, it is replaced with U(Uracil)
Ex: CAT
Would be
GUA
C is paired with G, A is paired with U in transcription, and T is paired with A.
Ex: AGG
Would be
UCC
A is with U in transcription, G is paired with C.
Now we find the amino acids aka traits :)
I like to use a circle codon mRNA chart
Methionine, Isoleucine, glutamine, Serine, Glycine, Stop codon
(can go in depth about codons and stuff, or the codon chart if you don't know how to use either the box or circle one)
How did your prediction about the complexity of the flower's structure compare with your observations? Cite evidence to support your answer.
My predictions were It's structure is complex. Parts of the flower are the two primary parts of the Rose and that is the stamen and the pistil which are the female and male componets.
How would i answer the question.
Flowers having different parts calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium contain a specific floral position.
What is the flower?The flower is made up of four whorls of modified leaves called the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.
Each of these whorls contains one floral portion, which is the sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils. Grasp plant sexual reproduction, pollination syndromes, plant breeding, and fruit construction require a thorough understanding of floral structure.
Therefore in flowers, different floral positions consist of calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.
Learn more about flowers, here:
https://brainly.com/question/14173769
#SPJ1
The first cell of a new organism is formed from the merging of haploid gametes during.
The first cell of a new organism is formed from the merging of haploid gametes during .Fertilization .
Haploid describes a cell that carries a single set of chromosomes. The time period haploid also can check with the variety of chromosomes in egg or sperm cells, which might be additionally referred to as gametes. In people, gametes are haploid cells that incorporate 23 chromosomes, every of which a considered one of a chromosome pair that exists in diplod cells.
Diploid describes a cell that incorporate copies of every chromosome. nearly all of the cells within the human frame bring two homologous, or similar, copies of every chromosome. The simplest exception is cells in the germ line, which go on to provide gametes, or egg and sperm cells.
Haploid refers back to the presence of a unmarried set of chromosomes in an organism's cells. Sexually reproducing organisms are diploid (having sets of chromosomes, one from every determine). In human beings, handiest the egg and sperm cells are haploid.
Learn more about Haploid here:
https://brainly.com/question/2497168
#SPJ4
What could be used to treat an infection caused by Eubacteria? peptidoglycans nucleoids plasmids antibiotics
Answer:
Antibiotics.
Explanation:
Eubacteria is a spherical or rod-shaped bacteria of the order Eubacteriales, characterized by simple, undifferentiated cells with rigid walls. Due to this being a bacterial infections, antibiotics would suffice just fine.
What are antibiotics?Any of a large group of chemical substances, as penicillin or streptomycin, produced by various microorganisms and fungi, having the capacity in dilute solutions to inhibit the growth of or to destroy bacteria and other microorganisms, used chiefly in the treatment of infectious diseases.
Thanks.
Answer:
Antibiotics
Explanation:
Eubacteria is a spherical or rod-shaped bacteria of the order Eubacteriales, characterized by simple, undifferentiated cells with rigid walls. Due to this being a bacterial infections, antibiotics would suffice just fine.
What Are Antibiotics?
Any of a large group of chemical substances, as penicillin or streptomycin, produced by various microorganisms and fungi, having the capacity in dilute solutions to inhibit the growth of or to destroy bacteria and other microorganisms, used chiefly in the treatment of infectious diseases.
Thanks.
d) What happens to a microscope if place at the edge?
When the object is placed on the slide and is in focus for each objective, the space between the slide and the objective lens gets reduce, so the microscope shouldn't be set exact at the edge.
As the objective magnification increases, the working space also increases. Therefore, you need to change it to a higher power target.
Change the focus knob to increase the stage as you look at the objective lens and stage from the side. Without permitting the objective to make contact with the coverslip, increase it as high as it can go. The sample's focus or the condenser and light intensity might need to be arranged.
Thus the accurate way to focus is that adjustments need to be made effectively and smoothly
To learn about Microscope.
https://brainly.com/question/14599847
#SPJ9
What do geologist do to recreate the geological history of an area?
Answer:
By studying rocks, fossils, and other geological features, scientists can still reconstruct what the ancient Earth looked like.
which of the following does not describe energy within an ecosystem
Solar energy, which accounts for the vast bulk of the energy in food webs, is converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis in plants.
What is the energy in an ecosystem?According to the first law, energy can only be changed from one form to another and cannot be created or destroyed.
The ecosystem's energy flow reflects this. Every stage of the energy flow results in an energy loss, according to the second law.
When molecules are broken down during respiration in plants, a small fraction of this chemical energy is converted directly into heat.
According to the rule of conservation of energy, energy can only be transformed from one form of energy to another and cannot be created or destroyed.
Therefore, Always entirely contained, energy. It is impossible to produce or destroy energy.
Learn more about energy here:
https://brainly.com/question/14546167
#SPJ2
which of the following describes the path of a blood cell from the superior vena cava as it makes its way through the heart?
Left atrium left ventricle aorta pulmonary artery ung -->pulmonary vein right atrium right ventricle
Right atrium-right ventricle => pulmonary vein - lung -->pulmonary artery
Bortoteft atrium -> left ventricle
Right atrum-right ventricle pulmonary artery lung pulmonary vein
left atrium ->teft ventricle > sorta Lottatrium-left ventricle > aorto pulmonary veinung - pulmonary artery right atrium-right ventricle
The option that correctly describes the pathway of blood cells from the superior vena cava as it makes its way through the heart is: "right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary artery --> lung --> pulmonary vein --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta (Option C)
What is the pathway of blood cells?After leaving the heart, the red blood cell goes to the lungs through the pulmonary artery.
It takes up oxygen there, transforming the deoxygenated red blood cell into an oxygenated blood cell. The blood cell subsequently returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein and enters the left atrium.
The above journey starts when the heart relaxes between two heartbeats, and blood flows from both atria (the top two chambers of the heart) into the ventricles (the lower two chambers of the heart), which subsequently expand.
Learn more about blood cells;
https://brainly.com/question/17890844
#SPJ1
Which component of eukaryotic cells is critical for the correct sorting and transport of proteins?.
In eukaryotic cells, the Golgi body, a component of the endomembrane system, transports and changes protein.
Proteins produced either by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are processed in the Golgi before being sent to the cell. Proteins reach this same Golgi on the part that is trans to the ER and leave on the side that is trans to the cell's plasma membrane (trans side). Proteins must pass through a series of intermediate cisternae where they are altered and packed before being transported to various parts of the cell. Three primary cisterna are typically represented diagrammatically, however this is a simplification. The trans Golgi system (TGN) and the cis Golgi system (CGN) are occasionally inserted as extra sections on each side (TGN). These systems have a more complex structure, with some vesiculated and some cisterna-like areas.
Learn more about protein
https://brainly.com/question/17095120
#SPJ4
Envelope viruses get their envelope during which step?
Answer:
Envelope viruses get their envelope fully during the "Budding" stage.
Explanation:
The host membrane begins to wrap around the virus and form the envelope in the "envelopment" stage, but the virus is only properly enveloped at the "budding" stage. The process begins in the envelopment stage and is completed in the budding stage. Here is a diagram, you can see that the budding step is the first step where the virus is completely encased in its envelope.
Which set of facts is true for the lymphatic system?
It works together with the respiratory and immune systems.
It returns tissue fluid back to the cardiovascular system.
It works together with the circulatory and respiratory systems.
It transports blood to the central nervous system.
It works together with the circulatory and immune systems.
It returns tissue fluid back to the cardiovascular system.
It works together with the circulatory and immune systems.
It carries blood to the excretory system.
Answer:
It works with the circulatory and respiratory systems.
Explanation:
Because they both destroy pathogens and remove waste in the body to keep it healthy.
one unique feature of the water cycle of Gorongosa National
Park (examples include Mt. Gorongosa, Lake Urema).
A wide variety of animals and flora, some of which are unique to Gorongosa, can be found there. A complex environment where interactions between people, plants, and animals result from this vast biodiversity.
The Cheringoma Plateau, which has limestone formations, caves, canyons, and waterfalls, is undoubtedly the highlight of the Rift Valley, where the park is located. The park's primary water supply comes from Lake Urema.
The park is located beneath a mountain that rises over 2000 meters above sea level and is built around a sizable lake. The animation demonstrates how rain falls in the park during the rainy season as a result of moisture from the Indian Ocean. Water that the mountain had stored is gradually released into the park during the dry season.
to know more about Gorongosa National Park visit
https://brainly.com/question/29362837
#SPJ1
Which recombination frequency corresponds to perfect linkage and violates the law of independent assortment?.
Zero 0 is the recombination frequency corresponds to perfect linkage and violates the law of independent assortment.
The division of homologous chromosome pairs into halves during meiosis results in the formation of haploid cells, and the assortment of these homologous chromosome pairs is random. Thus, unlike the separation of all paternal chromosomes into one cell, the separation of all maternal chromosomes into another cell will not occur.From Mendel law of independent assortment the alleles of more than or equal to two distinct genes are independently sorted into gametes. The allele a gamete receives for one gene does not affect the allele a gamete receives for another gene, in other words. The law of segregation explains how a gene's alleles divide into two gametes before coming together during fertilisation. Alleles of various genes separately segregate from one another during the development of gametes, according to the law of independent assortment.
Learn more about assortment here:
https://brainly.com/question/12338476
#SPJ4
Two different mixtures that are dissolving sugar and salt are described below:
Mixture 1: Large chunks of sugar and salt are put into a pot of water and slowly stirred.
Mixture 2: Small grains of sugar and salt are stirred into a hot pot of water.
Which statement is true about dissolving? (2 points)
Group of answer choices
The two mixtures will dissolve the sugar and salt at the same rate.
Mixture 1 will dissolve the sugar and salt at a faster rate.
Mixture 2 will dissolve the sugar and salt at a faster rate.
Mixture 2 will not dissolve the sugar and salt at all.
Statement is true about dissolving will be : Mixture 2 will dissolve the sugar and salt at a faster rate.
Dissolution is the procedure wherein a solute in gaseous, liquid, or stable segment dissolves in a solvent to shape a solution. Solubility is the most concentration of a solute which can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature. on the most concentration of solute, the answer is said to be saturated.
Substances that dissolve in water are known as soluble materials. while you mix sugar with water, the sugar dissolves to make a obvious answer. Salt is soluble in water too. Substances that don't dissolve in water are called insoluble materials. While you blend sand or flour with water, they do now not dissolve.
Stirring sugar into water is an instance of dissolving. The sugar is the solute, even as the water is the solvent.
Learn more about Dissolve here:-https://brainly.com/question/24972177
#SPJ1
Need help on all parts
To learn more about genotype, refer to
brainly.com/question/902712
#SPJ1
What is the basic of a fatty acid
A basic fatty acid has a long chain of carbon atoms (generally even in number) along with a carboxyl group at one terminal. The fatty acid may be saturated or unsaturated depending upon the presence of double bonds.
Fatty acids are the carboxylic acids due to the presence of the carboxyl group. In an organism's body, fatty acids are the source of energy. Besides they are also involved in the formation of phospholipids which are an essential component of cell membrane.
Unsaturated fatty acids are those that contain one or more double bonds. This gives a little kink to their structure which is very essential for the fluidity of cell membranes. They are less stable than the saturated fatty acids and are also more prone to rancidity.
To know more about fatty acids, here
brainly.com/question/13210356
#SPJ1
How do molecules differ from atoms?
1 Atoms occur naturally, whereas molecules
do not.
2 Atoms are individual particles, whereas mol-
ecules are combinations of atoms.
3 There many different types of atoms, but only
a few different types of molecules.
4 Atoms are found in living things, whereas
molecules are found in nonliving things.
Answer:
2, Atoms are individual particles, whereas molecules are combination of atoms.
“Fortunately, the V-2 came too late in the war to help the Germans win.” How did the United State's rocketry program, NASA, etc. benefit from this?
The way that United State's rocketry program, NASA, etc. benefit from the issue with e V-2 was that While the Space Race frequently fueled Cold War rivalry and anxiety, it also had significant positive effects on human society. Telecommunications, microtechnology, and other fields all experienced significant advancements as a result of space exploration.
What advantages does the NASA space program offer?The singular goal of NASA offers advantages both large and small. Spending in space exploration boosts the economy, creates jobs, and kickstarts businesses. Our inventions enhance day-to-day living, promote medical knowledge, aid in disaster relief efforts, and more.
Therefore, The Space Race was crucial because it revealed which nation had the best economy, science, and technology in the globe. Both the United States and the Soviet Union knew after World War II how crucial rocket research would be for the military.
Learn more about rocket from
https://brainly.com/question/20116093
#SPJ1
Amylase is a protein that catalyzes the conversion of starch to simple sugars. Amylase activity in an aqueous solution can be measured by using iodine as a starch indicator. A solution containing iodine and starch will have a dark-blue color, whereas a solution containing iodine but no starch will have a light-brown color. The color change of an iodine solution from dark blue to light brown can be used to measure the rate at which starch is converted to simple sugars.
Measuring the emergence of the product or the removal of the reactants allows for the detection of enzyme catalysis.
How is the amylase activity of starch measured?
We'll use the rate at which the substrate (starch) is broken down to calculate the activity of amylase in saliva samples. Iodine and starch easily combine to create a purple tint. To measure the purple color's intensity quantitatively, we shall utilize a spectrophotometer.
How can you check if a solution contains amylase?Iodine does not react with glucose but instead produces a blue to black complex with starch. Iodine's red or yellow tint is the sole color that appears when it is added to a glucose solution. Consequently, the quicker starch loses its blue hue, The amylase enzyme is operating more quickly.
To know more about amylase activity visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/28724493
#SPJ4
what is the polymer for monosacchride, amino acid, triglyceride, and nucleic acid
Answer:
The polymer for monossacharide is carbohydrate. The polymer for amino acid is protein, the polymer for triglyceride is lipid and the polymer for nucleic acid are DNA and RNA
Explanation:
Macromolecule or “big molecule” in living things are consist of carbohydrate, lipid, protein and nucleid acid. Each macromolecule is called as polymer.
A polymer is made up of monomers. In other words, the monomer is a single molecule. As the monomers join together the polymer will be formed.
Macromolecule of carbohydrate is made up of numerous monomers of monosaccharide, such as glucose, galactose and fructose.
Macromolecule of protein is made up of numerous monomers of amino acid
Types of macromolecule of lipid include triglyceride, phospholipids and steroid. Triglyceride are formed by one glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
Types of nucleic acid are DNA and RNA. The macromolecule of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) are made up of nucleotides.
Learn more about macromolecules at https://brainly.com/question/25817353
#SPJ1
