Garstang's Auricularia hypothesis suggests that ancestral vertebrates may have evolved from urochordate larvae.
What is Garstang's Auricularia?
The auricularia hypothesis, proposed by Garstang was an attempt to explain how the chordate body plan originated from a deuterostome common ancestor by emphasizing the significance of changes in larval forms. According to the Garstang Hypothesis, development of sexual maturity in a non-metamorphosing lineage of tunicates might provide the immediate proto-chordate ancestors of more typical chordates.
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During protein synthesis, mrna is translated into three-base sequences representing amino acids. What signals the ribosome to begin translating the mrna into a new amino acid sequence?.
The start codon (AUG) signals the ribosome to start the translation of mRNA into a new amino acid sequence.
Translation takes place after the process of transcription. During the process of translation, the synthesis of proteins takes place from the mRNA. Translation begins when the ribosome attaches to the start codon (AUG) located on the mRNA. This specific site is recognized by the initiator t-RNA.
The process of translation polymerizes amino acids thereby creating a polypeptide. The amino acid sequence is regulated by the sequence of bases on mRNA. The translational unit in mRNA refers to a site which begins with a start codon, i.e. AUG and ends with a stop codon.
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Which molecules have been synthesized in experiments similar to the ones performed by miller and urey?.
In experiments like those carried out by Miller and Urey, DNA molecules have been created.
The initial evidence for the chemical production of proteins using amino acids was provided by Miller and Urey. They created simple organic compounds (amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, etc.) from a mixture of methane, hydrogen, water vapour, and ammonia by simulating the primitive earth conditions Oparin described. Similar to an early atmosphere, methane provided the hydrocarbon building blocks for the synthesis of organic molecules while hydrogen functioned as a reducing agent. In the glass chamber, water was used as the chemical synthesis medium for organic molecules. The early atmosphere was reducing, devoid of oxygen, and free of any oxides that produce carbon dioxide. Nitrogen was only present in the form of ammonia in the strongly reducing primaeval environment. In discharges and laser-driven plasma impact simulations conducted in a basic model of reducing environment comprising ammonia and carbon monoxide, Miller-Urey experiments yield RNA nucleobases. The well-known Miller-Urey experiment showed that amino acids, crucial components of biological proteins, may be produced under simulated primordial terrestrial circumstances from basic starting elements.
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If a cell has a chromosome number of 2n=6, how many chromatids are expected to be present in prophase ii cell?.
If a cell has a chromosome number of 2n=6, 6 chromatids are expected to be present in prophase II cell.
Meiosis is a type of cell division of germ cells that produces gametes such as sperm or egg cells in sexually reproducing organisms. It entails two rounds of division, resulting in four cells with only one copy of each chromosome. A cell duplicates all of its contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form two identical daughter cells during mitosis.
Mitosis and meiosis are the two processes by which cells divide and reproduce. Meiosis produces four sex cells, whereas mitosis produces two identical daughter cells. One of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division is referred to as a chromatid. The two "sister" chromatids are joined at the centromere, a constricted region of the chromosome.
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A cell undergoing meiosis experiences a problem with its microtubules, such that proper separation of the paired chromosomes carrying alleles q and q does not occur during anaphase i. What is the most likely effect on the four daughter cells?.
Answer:
All four daughter cells will have a full chromosome set except two daughter cells will both be plus 2 copies of the Q OR q alleles and the other two will both be minus the Q OR q alleles.
Explanation:
What is the step that is labeled D?
metaphase I
metaphase II
telophase II
telophase I
Answer:
D
Explanation:
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DEMOSTRATE THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGIST
Answer:
The central dogma of molecular biology: DNA → RNA → protein.
Explanation:
The central dogma of molecular biology describes the two-step process, transcription and translation, by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA → RNA → protein. Transcription is the synthesis of an RNA copy of a segment of DNA.
Which portion of a gene has the greatest effect on the timing and amount of protein produced in a cell?.
Answer: promoters
Explanation:
in studying an x-linked dominant trait, you examine a family with seven children. none of the three sons has the trait and all four daughters have the trait. what is a likely conclusion about the parents?
Upon studying the X-linked dominant trait of a family with seven children where none of the three sons have the trait and all four daughters have the trait, the conclusion can be made that the father has the dominant trait in his gene.
X-linked dominant trait is the one where the mutant gene for a specific character lies of the X-chromosome. Since the trait is dominant hence only one allele transferred from any of the parent is sufficient to cause the disease.
Genes are the unit of heredity. They are transferred from the parent of offspring that carry information about some character which can be seen in the offspring.
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the mammalian immune system is informed of the presence of pathogens (e.g., infections) by the presence of foreign peptides that are bound and presented by
The mammalian immune system is informed of the presence of pathogens (e.g., infections) by the presence of foreign peptides that are bound and presented by class I and class II MHC molecules.
Class I and class II MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins are essential components of the adaptive immune system. The task of presenting peptides on the cell surface for recognition by T cells is shared by both classes of proteins.
After a protracted search in secondary lymphatic organs, the persistent engagement between a T cell receptor and particular pMHC complexes eventually causes T cells to multiply and generate a particular cellular immune response. Once processed, each specific MHC allelic variant's binding groove structural characteristics heavily influence the peptide repertoire that MHC proteins present.
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When oxygen and glucose
combine during cellular
respiration, what is produced?
A. glucose and oxygen
B. oxygen, water, and energy
C. carbon dioxide, water, and energy
Answer:
C
Explanation:
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what are two of the main types of changes that have occurred in the evolution of primate teeth from the primitive mammalian pattern
The main modifications include a decrease in the number of teeth and an expansion of the molars' cusp pattern.
What are the two significant modifications that have been made to the fundamental mammalian pattern of primate teeth?Heterodonty is a primitive feature because primates have diverged from the basic pattern less than most mammals. The two main changes are a reduction in the number of teeth and an expansion of the cusp pattern on the molars.
What phases of primate evolution are there?Prosimians and anthropoids are the two categories used to categorize primates. During the Oligocene Epoch, prosimians gave rise to monkeys. African catarrhines gave rise to apes during the Miocene epoch. Lesser and bigger a apes re the two categories of apes.
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The membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for potassium at label _____.
At label D, the cell membrane is closest to the potassium equilibrium potential.
The equilibrium potential is where?At the level of the cell membrane, homeostasis prospective is the completion of the brief, directed flow of charged ions. This phase normally has zero charge, which prevents ions from moving freely between the membrane's two sides.
What does electrochemistry's equilibrium potential mean?For any chemical change, the total of the electrolytic possibilities of the reactants and products must equal one another in order for the system to be in equilibrium and for every given species to have the same electrochemical potential throughout the system.
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individual ants of the same species use pheromone trails to indicate the path to different food sources or back to their own colony. this is an example of
The same species of ants use pheromone trails to show the way to other food sources or back to their own colony. This exhibits phenotypic flexibility.
Why do ants utilize pheromones?
Individuals of the same species employ pheromones as cues for communication. Ants employ trail pheromones to facilitate the efficient movement of other colony members from their nest to a food source and back again.
This demonstrates phenotypic adaptability.
Therefore, The scouting ants create a pheromone trail in the direction of a food supply so that other ants can also discover food.
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When you reach the end of the mrna strand in your modeling of the translation process, describe what has happened to the polypeptide.
Polypeptides often require several "changes". Amino acids can be chemically altered or removed during and after translation. New polypeptides fold into specific 3D structures and combine with other polypeptides to form multipart proteins.
What are Polypeptides and their Functions?Polypeptides help build proteins by joining together a number of amino acids. Proteins are formed by combining two or more polypeptides. Peptides containing more than 100 amino acid units are called polypeptides. example : Amarin, glucagonDuring translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded by extranuclear ribosomes to produce specific amino acid chains or polypeptides. The polypeptide later folds into an active protein and performs its function inside the cell.What about the translation process?Translation is the process of deciphering the genetic code contained in messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules to produce specific amino acid sequences in polypeptide chains. It occurs in the cytoplasm after DNA transcription.
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HI PLEASE HELP!! (question 21)
The advantage that these organelles gain by having the above-indicated structures is that "these structures increase the surface area, which in turn increases the rate of diffusion". (Option C)
What is Diffusion?Diffusion is the net transfer of something from a high-concentration zone to a low-concentration region. A gradient in Gibbs free energy or chemical potential drives diffusion.
Diffusion is the movement of individual molecules of a material over a semipermeable barrier from a high concentration area to a low concentration area.
The heat mobility of molecules is the main factor behind diffusion. Molecules are never at rest at temperatures above absolute zero. Because of their kinetic energy, they are continually in motion, and when molecules clash often, the direction of the motion becomes randomized.
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A Gram stain will____________________.
a. always clearly show only pink cells
b. sometimes clearly show only pink or purple cells
c. always clearly show only pink or purple cells
d. always show a mixture of pink or purple cells
Answer:
A Gram stain will always clearly show only pink or purple cells.
Explanation:
Gram-positive organisms are either purple or blue in color, while gram-negative organisms are either pink or red in color.
what is the anatomical basis for the fact that the left side of the brain controls motor function on the right side of the body?
Lower motor neurons on the opposite side of the body are innervated by motor fibers of the corticospinal pathway because crossing-over (decussation) of axons is the physical basis for opposite-side motor control.
What area of the brain is in charge of managing the left side of the body?proper hemisphere
Right and left hemispheres of the brain each regulate a different side of the body. The large, C-shaped structure of white matter and nerve fibers known as the corpus callosum joins the two parts. The corpus callosum is located in the center of the cerebrum.
The human brain is basically symmetrical, divided down the middle. While the right hemisphere receives sensory input from and regulates movement on the left side of the body, the left hemisphere controls actions similar to those on the right side of the body. However, because there are disparities as well, symmetry can only go so far.
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Which processes produce different proteins in different cells from the same primary transcript? select all that apply.
Answer:
what's the select all..?
2. explain how membrane receptors transmit messages across the cell membrane: 3. describe the similarities between enzymes and receptors 4. if proteins were rigid, why would they make poor receptors 5. insulin helps cells take up sugar from the blood. explain the effect on blood sugar levels if insulin receptors stopped working
Receptors are typically transmembrane proteins that bind to signaling molecules outside the cell and then convey the signal to internal signaling pathways using a series of chemical switches.
The substrates are recognized by specific locations on the enzymes and receptors. Beyond the cell membrane, binding the receptor results in a reaction, and the enzyme helps the substrate's chemical composition change.
Proteins need a specific shape and molecule to connect to, therefore if they were rigid, they wouldn't form good receptors. Insulin aids in the blood's sugar absorption by cells.
Without insulin, cells cannot use glucose as fuel and would begin to act abnormally. In order to be used as energy when blood glucose levels are too low, any extra glucose that is not utilized by the cells will be transformed and stored as fat.
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evolution connection paramecium and other protists that live in hypotonic environments have cell membranes that limit water uptake, while those living in isotonic environments have membranes that are more permeable to water. describe what water regulation adaptations might have evolved in protists in hypertonic habitats such as the great salt lake and in habitats with changing salt concentration.
Hypertonic pond protists may store solutes inside the cell to equalize its concentration with Great Salt Lake. It could also move ions across the membrane by using active transport.
What is a hypertonic solution?Any external solution that, in comparison to the fluids of the body, has a high solute concentration but a low water content is considered to be a hypertonic solution. In the presence of a hypertonic solution, the body will lose water and gain it in the solution as a result of the net movement of water.
It's possible that protists that live in hypertonic ponds will store concentrated solutes within their cells in order to make the concentration of their interior match that of the Great Salt Lake. Ion movement across the membrane might also be accomplished through active transport.
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Endocytosis relies on which two organelles to move molecules in and out of the cell?.
One of the fundamental functions of lysosomes is the digestion of fabric taken up from outdoor the cell with the aid of endocytosis, that is mentioned in element in chapter 12. but, the function of lysosomes inside the digestion of fabric taken up with the aid of endocytosis relates not only to the characteristic of lysosomes but also to their formation.
Endosomes are membrane-certain vesicles, fashioned through a complex circle of relatives of techniques collectively known as endocytosis, and found inside the cytoplasm of in reality every animal cellular.
Endocytosis is a kind of energetic shipping that movements debris, together with huge molecules, elements of cells, and even whole cells, into a cellular. There are unique endocytosis variations, however all percentage commonplace characteristics: The cellʼs plasma membrane invaginates, forming a pocket across the target particle.
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The fact that older locusts use less energy to fly than younger locusts suggests that __________. a. younger locusts are incapable of flying efficiently b. efficient flying is an innate behavior that is only apparent in some locusts c. the older locusts have learned a more efficient way to fly d. flying is a learned behavior that the younger locusts must practice please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
The fact that older locusts use less energy to fly than younger locusts suggests that c. the older locusts have learned a more efficient way to fly.
The example is based on the classical theory test, Classical test theory is the body of related psychometric theory that predicts outcomes of psychological testing, such as the difficulty of objects or the proficiency of the test takers. The goal of classical test theory is to understand and improve the dependability of psychological tests.
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning theory, learning takes place because of an association that is established between a previously neutral stimulus and a natural stimulus. The older locusts use less energy to fly than younger locusts because they have been conditioned over time.
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________ involves the conversion of sensory stimulus energy into neural impulses.
Transduction is the process through which energy from sensory input is transformed into neuronal impulses.
The method by which a virus spreads its genetic material from one bacteria to another is called transduction. Bacteriophages, a kind of virus, may infect bacterial cells and utilize them as hosts to produce other viruses. These viruses build up the bacterial DNA of the host cell after they have multiplied and sometimes remove a little bit of it. This fragment of bacterial DNA could later be integrated into the genome of the new host when one of these bacteriophages infects a different host cell.
Transduction comes in two types generalized and specialized. Bacteriophages may take up any part of the host's genome during generalized transduction. But with specialized transduction, the bacteriophages only take up certain bits of the host's DNA. Using viruses, researchers have used the transduction process to transfer desired genes into a variety of host cells.
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How do studies of new zealand’s maori and japan’s burakumin undermine the thesis that some races have innately lower iqs than others?.
Low IQ ratings are clearly caused solely by sociological factors for both populations.
What are some instances of social factors?Social isolation, support networks, melancholy, racial and cultural features, education, wealth, employment, profession, pressures at work and at home, neighborhood characteristics, and housing conditions, including environmental stressors, are a few examples of sociological variables.
What makes social elements crucial?Consumer purchasing decisions are significantly influenced by social influences. Humans are social creatures. To come up with more effective answers and ideas, we need others around to talk to or debate a variety of concerns. Our behavior is significantly impacted by the social situation in addition to our own psychological makeup.
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After performing an investigation, a scientist produced results that did not support the hypothesis. Another scientist does the same experiment and her results do support the hypothesis. What should the scientists' next steps be to make sure any claim made regarding these investigations is valid?.
To decide on future study ideas, the scientist should compare and debate the findings with other researchers. A scientist must validate his method by adhering to a tried-and-true scientific procedure in order to validate a finding.
When a scientist conducts an inquiry and the results do not support the hypothesis, the scientist should compare and debate the data with other scientists to decide on the direction of subsequent study. Scientists should compare and discuss the results with the other scientist who worked on the same topic and design research with both results to explore what is off or what is missing. Not every investigation yields the same results, so she/he cannot say the other scientist is wrong because without comparing results she/he cannot look for information that supports "the desired outcome."
Thus, we may conclude that scientists should compare and debate the findings with other scientists in order to decide on the course of their future research.
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Your question is incomplete. Please find the complete question below.
After performing an investigation, a scientist produced results that did not support the hypothesis. Another scientist does the same experiment and her results do support the hypothesis. What should the scientists' next steps be to make sure any claim made regarding these investigations is valid?
A. Change the hypothesis to match the results.
B. Choose data from both investigations that support the desired outcome.
C. Publish the results so the public can decide which investigation is correct.
D. Compare and discuss the results with other scientists to determine
malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. what citric acid cycle intermediates would accumulate in the presence of malonate?
The inner mitochondrial membrane contains succinate dehydrogenase, a respiratory enzyme involved in the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. The succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the dehydration of succinate, which transforms it into fumarate in the cycle's sixth phase. Two hydrogen atoms are transferred to decrease FAD to FADH2.
In the citric acid cycle, alpha-ketoglutarate is a molecule that is transformed into succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate in following processes.
The succinate dehydrogenase reaction's succinate binding is competitively inhibited by malonate. The citric acid cycle's intermediates, such as succinate, succinyl-CoA, and alpha-ketoglutarate, will build up in the presence of malonate.
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Select all of the following scenarios that can potentially lead to a decrease in genetic diversity of a rabbit population. (SEC1.c) A. Increase in the number of hawks present in the ecosystem B. More rabbits immigrate from a neighboring ecosystem C. A road is placed through the ecosystem. D. Inbreeding within the rabbit population. E. A portion of the rabbit population emigrates to a neighboring field.
Mendel used true‑breeding strains of peas. Would true‑breeding peas with the trait caused by a dominant allele or a recessive allele have been easier to produce?.
The trait caused by a dominant allele or a recessive allele has been easier to produce is a recessive allele.
A plant that when self-pollinated always produces offspring of the same phenotype. Homozygous for the trait being tracked. Peas also grow well in one season, allowing several generations to be produced in a relatively short period of time. can be evaluated between True breeding organisms that are genetically identical and have identical alleles for a particular trait.
Alleles in these types of organisms are homozygous. True breeding plants and organisms can express phenotypes that are homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive. Mendel's peas had identical alleles for all the traits he observed. Plants with purple flowers had the same gene encoding flower color on both chromosomes.
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On a cattle ranch, 70% of all cows have brown fur and 20% of all cows have spots. Assuming independent assortment, how many cows in a herd of 200 will be both brown and spotted?.
28 cows in a herd of 200 will be both brown and spotted.
Probability of brown fur, P1 = 70% or 0.70, and
probability of spots, P2 = 20% or 0.20.
Probability that a cow will be both brown and spotted,
= P1 × P2
= 0.7 × 0.2
= 0.14
Thus, in a herd of 200, the number of cows which will be both brown and spotted,
= 0.14 × 200
= 28
Hence, the answer is 28.
Genes or alleles that sort into newly produced gametes independently of one another are referred to as independent assortment. Be aware that during crossing over, the order of the genes on each chromosome is altered.
Therefore, the Gregor Mendel principle of Independent Assortment explains how various genes bearing various features may appear in the new gametes following the completion of the meiotic division. Gregor Mendel postulated several laws of inheritance, and this rule is simply one of them. Below, we will learn more about Mendel's laws.
The monk Gregor Johann Mendel, who lived in the nineteenth century, is the source of the Mendelian inheritance principles, which bear his name.
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pls help me do this asap
In botany, stoma, also called stomata, are pores in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs that control gas exchange. A pore is surrounded by a pair of specialized parenchymal cells known as guard cells that regulate the size of the stomatal opening. Guard cells are hydraulic valves that allow the opening and closing of the stomata. Several environmental factors affect stomata, including hormones, light quality and intensity, humidity, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, and biotic and abiotic stress.
When salinity increases, stomatal guard cells lose water and shrink, creating the conditions for stomatal closure.
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