Cohesins are multi subunit complexes that hold sister chromatids together. They were first discovered in Xenopus and the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The cohesin complex, which is made up of four major proteins, is evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes.Cohesin is not only multi subunit protein complex linked with chromosomes but that is particularly abundant at centromeres. This four-subunit complex assembles into a ring-like structure that surrounds the chromatin and holds sister chromatids together. Therefore, during mitosis and meiosis, cohesin is the molecule that keeps sister chromatids together.Chromosome segregation in dividing cells depends on cohesin, a protein that mediates cohesion between sister chromatids that have been replicated. Additionally necessary for effective DNA damage repair, cohesin also plays a critical role in controlling gene expression in both proliferating and post-mitotic cells
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What is the relationship between kinetic and potential energy of a falling object ?
Which factor is important in making it possible to cool yourself by sweating? Think carefully!
A. (a) Molecules collide with varied angles and speeds.
B. (b) Hydrogen bonds are relatively weak.
C. (c) Water has more energy at the body surface.
D. Both (a) and (b).
E. (a), (b), and (c).
Because of the different angles and speeds at which molecules contact, you can sweat to cool yourself off.
What materials make up a human body?More than 99 percent of the atoms in your body are made up of the four most prevalent elements: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Your body has them all, largely as water but also as parts of biomolecules including proteins, lipids, DNA, and carbs.
How do you characterize a person's body?Alternative terms include lean, wiry, tiny, lanky, skinny, and slim. Generally speaking, being thin, slim, or slender is more favorable than being skinny, which is frequently used as a derogatory or pejorative term. Slender and wiry describe someone who is both muscular AND lean.
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Complete the following sentences to describe the stages of the cell cycle. Choices may be used more than once. Then, place the sentences in chronological order beginning with a freshly divided cell.
After one full cycle of cell division, there is a phage called interphase. It takes up the majority (more than 95%) of the time inside the cell division process and is the longest period of the cell.
How might cell division be explained?When a parental cell divides, two or even more daughter cells are created. This process is known as cell division. For a lot of creatures, it is a crucial biological process. In order to develop, replenish (repair), and reproduce, multicellular organisms adopt this method.
Cell division is known for what purpose?To create new cells, cells divide. One cell splits to create two, then these two cells divide again to create four, and so on. Because old cells divide to create new ones, this process is also known as "cell division" or "cell reproduction."
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after describing cellular structure, juanita describes metabolism, the chemical process that takes place in living organisms. she explain that metabolism has two phases that:
Metabolism, the chemical process that takes place in living organisms. Metabolism comprises two phases: anabolism and catabolism, which occur concurrently and continually inside cells.
Catabolism is the breakdown of organic material, whereas anabolism is the utilization of energy to produce cell components such as proteins and nucleic acids.
The process through which the body converts food and beverages into energy is known as metabolism. Throughout this process, calories from food and liquids combine with oxygen to generate the energy that the body requires.
Anabolism necessitates the use of energy in order to develop and build. Catabolism consumes energy in order to break down. In all living creatures, these metabolic processes collaborate to create energy and repair cells.
Catabolism happens throughout the digestion process. For example, it is the process by which a slice of bread is broken down into basic components that your body can utilise, such as glucose.
Anabolism may be seen in bone formation and mineralization, as well as muscle mass increase.
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which part of the cardiac muscle protects the cell?
The cardiac muscle also called the myocardium makes up the thickest and middle part of the heart wall and it protects the cell.
The outer layer, known as the epicardium or visceral pericardium, surrounds the cardiac muscle on the exterior. This helps protect it from contact with other organs. The parietal pericardium attached to this outer layer creates a fluid-filled layer that helps lubricate the heart. Each muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the epimysium. Fascia, connective tissue outside the epimysium, surrounds and separates the muscles. Muscle cells are composed of a filament system underlying their mechanical properties and internal membrane systems related to the control of contraction.
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if a single sperm cell contains exactly 0.2 picograms of dna, what is the expected nuclear dna content of a somatic cell isolated from this same individual that is arrested in g1 phase? a. 0.2 picogram b. 0.4 picogram c. 0.8 picogram d. 0.16 picogram
A single sperm cell contains exactly 0.2 picograms of DNA, 0.8 picogram is the expected nuclear DNA content of a somatic cell. Hence, the correct option is (c).
The expected nuclear DNA content of a somatic cell isolated from this same individual that is arrested in G1 phase would be c. 0.8 picogram. During the normal cell cycle, the DNA content of a somatic cell doubles during the S phase, leading to the replication of all chromosomes, hence each somatic cell will have twice the DNA content of a sperm or egg cell, which only have half the DNA content of a somatic cell because of the process of meiosis. Therefore, if a single sperm cell contains 0.2 picograms of DNA, a somatic cell would have 2*0.2 = 0.4 picograms of DNA in G1 phase and if we double that in S phase the answer is 0.8 picogram.
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question 29 the lelior pathway of galactose metabolism is shown. galactosemia is a condition that results in the accumulation of galactose-1-phosphate. which enzyme is defective in galactosemia? a. galactose-1,6-bisphosphokinase b. hexokinase c. galactokinase d. galactose-1-uridylyltransferase
The enzyme which is defective in the galactosemia is galactose-1,6-bisphosphokinase. Thus, option A is correct.
What is galactosemia?Galactosemia is a condition that results in the accumulation of galactose-1-phosphate. Affected animals given a galactokinase inhibitor do not experience toxicity.
Inhibiting galactokinase will decrease the levels of the galactose 1‑phosphate. Catalyzes has been considered as the first and committed step of the Leloir pathway involving the conversion of galactose to glucose. It causes phosphorylation of α-D-galactose to galactose 1‑phosphate.
Therefore, The enzyme which is defective in the galactosemia is galactose-1,6-bisphosphokinase. Thus, option A is correct.
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List and describe out the 4 principles of natural selection
The four main principles of natural selection of a species population include variation, overproduction, adaptation, and descent with modifications.
What are the principles of Natural selection?Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change with time. Individuals in a population are naturally variable in an environment, meaning that they are all different in some way or the other. This variation means that some individuals have traits which are better suited to the environment than others.
Natural selection is based on four main principles which are variation, overproduction, adaptation, and descent with modification.
Variation is defined as any difference between the individuals in a species or groups of organisms of any kind of species. Mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation in a population, but mechanisms such as sexual reproduction and gene flow contribute to it as well.
Overproduction occurs as a result of large production of a species. This results into increase in a population.
Adaptations are the changes in the physical or genetic makeup of a species which help them to survive better in an environmental condition.
Descent with modification means that traits are passed down from one generation to the next generation and sometimes it also undergo changes or modifications over time. These modifications may be caused through Natural Selection or even a mutation of DNA.
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hiv/aids associated linear gingival erythema includes all of the following except: group of answer choices a) pyogenic granuloma b) 2- to 3-mm band of intense redness in free gingiva c) most commonly affects entire dentition d) conventional plaque control and instrumentation therapy is ineffective
All of the following, with the exception of pyrogenic granuloma, are symptoms of linear gingival erythema associated with HIV/AIDS.
pyrogenic granulomas are tiny, red bumps on the skin that are raised. The bumps may be moist and have a smooth surface. The high numbe makes them easily bleed. The lesions frequently recur after treatment and can occasionally be brought on by trauma or the use of specific medications. They can happen to anyone of any age, but they typically affect older kids and young adults. A particular kind of vascular tumour are pyrogenic granulomas. additionally known as lobular capillary hemangioma. blood vessels at the location. This growth is benign (noncancerous). Skin lesions called pyrogenic granulomas can appear after an injury.
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Inherited traits are passed down from our parents to us, their offspring, by the information that is coded in our parents’ _____.
In the past, the IOC has employed two genetic sex-determination tests. The Barr body test screens for the presence of two X chromosomes. In XX somatic cells, one copy of the X chromosome condenses into a largely inactive structure called a Barr body, which can be seen using a light microscope. In more recent years, a polymerase chain reaction-based screen has been used to amplify the DNA sequence of the SRY gene, which is found only on the Y chromosome. Based on their karyotypes, what would be the outcome of these two tests for each of the four individuals
Male control: no SRY sequence, no Barr body; female control: SRY sequence, but no Barr body.
Why do Barr bodies occur?A typical female's somatic cells randomly deactivate a single of the X chromosomes, which is the cause of this. In the cell nucleus, a tiny, dark-staining structure called the Barr body represents this inactive X chromosome.
Barr body positive: What is it?The Barr body, which was first termed by Barr and Bertem, is a mass of inactivated X chromatin that is present against with the nuclear membrane un females (1949). Those Barr bodies are lacking in males who are thought to have chromatin negative genome and present in 40% percent females who are thought to have chromatin positively chromatin.
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stimulation in hillary's brain resulted in a massive overabundance of synapses, many of which served identical functions. neurons that were seldom stimulated lost their synapses in a process called .
The stimulation in Hillary's brain resulted in a massive overabundance of synapses, many of which served identical functions. Neurons that were seldom stimulated lost their synapses in a process called synaptic pruning.
Synaptic pruning is a process that occurs during development in which the brain eliminates synapses that are not being used. It helps to optimize neural circuits, increasing the efficiency and specificity of neural communication.
During this process, the brain eliminates the synapses that are not being used and strengthens the ones that are, allowing for the most efficient communication possible. Synaptic pruning can be seen as a mechanism that optimizes neural circuits and increases the efficiency and specificity of neural communication.
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like animals, cyanobacteria have a circadian rhythm. by analyzing the genes that maintain bio- logical clocks, scientists concluded that the 24-hour rhythms of humans and cyanobacteria reflect convergent evolution (see concept 26.2). what evidence would have supported this conclusion? explain.
The evidence that would have supported the conclusion that the 24-hour rhythms of humans and cyanobacteria reflect convergent evolution is the genetic similarity of the genes that maintain the biological clocks in both organisms.
Convergent evolution is the process by which different organisms independently evolve similar features or adaptations in response to similar environmental pressures or selective pressures.
In the case of circadian rhythms, if scientists found that the genes that regulate the biological clocks in humans and cyanobacteria were similar, it would suggest that both organisms have evolved similar clock mechanisms in response to similar selective pressures, such as the daily cycle of light and dark.
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if an uncut plasmid travels much faster through a gel than expected, but still only gives one band, what could be the potential explanation
Because the plasmid supercoiled, and therefore was able to move through the gel much more quickly than expected, but still only gives one band.
There are two types of uncut plasmids: relaxed and supercoiled (or superhelical). When compared to a rubber band, these two shapes are easier to comprehend. The relaxed form is comparable to a regular rubber band. The band will coil into a compact shape resembling a supercoiled plasmid if you hold one side of the band between your thumb and forefinger and roll that side. The band won't continue to twist if you cut it with scissors.
Supercoiled plasmids may pass across a gel significantly more quickly than a linear DNA fragment with the same amount of base pairs because of their small size. Similar to how sliced fragments of the same mass normally move more slowly than uncut relaxed plasmids do.
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which is not a function of proteins? choose one: a. acting as molecular motors b. encoding genetic information c. providing cells with structural support d. catalyzing biochemical reactions e. encasing certain viruses
Answer:
Encasing certain viruses is not a function of proteins. Proteins are complex molecules consisting of chains of amino acids, and they can act as molecular motors, encode genetic information, provide cells with structural support, and catalyze biochemical reactions.
Explanation:
how do body systems help animals survive cold temperatures? choose an animal and a body system and tell me how it survives the cold with that system.
Through the skin, heat is lost from the body. In the cold, wearing layers of clothing helps you keep your body warm. For warmth retention and protection from the cold, other mammals may rely on fat layers or a fur coat. animals with big ears and long tails don't live in very cold regions.
According to National Park Service, animals, insects, and plants have three main tactics to endure low temperatures: migration, hibernation, and resistance (tolerance). Let's investigate all these in greater depth. Animals with cold blood also hibernate. Through the skin, heat is lost from the body. In the cold, wearing layers of clothing helps you keep your body warm. For warmth retention and protection from the cold, other mammals may rely on fat layers or a fur coat. animals with big ears and long tails don't live in very cold regions.However, because they expend less energy than warm-blooded animals, they have a lower need to store fat. For up to six months at a time, turtles and frogs burrow themselves in the mud beneath lakes and ponds, appearing to be dead to all outward appearances. There are no visible signs of life outside.
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an oocyte is an immature reproductive cell found in many sexually reproducing organisms. A crawfish oocyte has a radius of approximately 1mm, while a human oocyte is much smaller and has a radius of about 0.05mm
Surface area of a sphere: A = 4πr2
Assuming both cell types are perfectly spherical, how many times larger is the surface area of a crawfish oocyte compared to the surface area of a human oocyte?
answer choices
100 times larger
200 times larger
300 times larger
400 times larger
Assuming both cell types are perfectly spherical, the surface area of a crawfish oocyte is 400 times larger than the surface area of a human oocyte. Here option D is the correct answer.
The surface area of a sphere is given by the formula A = 4πr^2. To compare the surface area of two spheres, we need to use the ratio of the surface area of one sphere to the surface area of the other sphere.
Surface area of the crawfish oocyte = 4π(1mm)^2 = 4πmm^2
Surface area of the human oocyte = 4π(0.05mm)^2 = 4π(0.0025mm^2)
The ratio of the surface area of the crawfish oocyte to the human oocyte is:
(4πmm^2) / (4π(0.0025mm^2))
= 1 / 0.0025
= 400
Therefore, the surface area of the crawfish oocyte is 400 times larger than the surface area of the human oocyte. So the answer would be 400 times larger.
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How is the gene CCNA 1 most likely to break
Answer:
CCNA1 (Cyclin A1) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with CCNA1 include Myeloid Leukemia and Testicular Cancer. Among its related pathways are Regulation of activated PAK-2p34 by proteasome mediated degradation and Homology Directed Repair.
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What would be the end result if an
experiment has been repeated several
t mes and continues to support a
hypothesis?
A. setting up another experiment based on the same
hypothesis
B. developing a theory
C. graphing the data a different way
D. recoing the hypothesis
The end result if an experiment has been repeated several times and continues to support a hypothesis results into developing a theory. Thus, the correct option is B.
What is a Hypothesis?A hypothesis in a scientific context, is a testable statement which is about the relationship between two or more different variables or a proposed explanation for some observed phenomenon or experimental work.
A theory is a carefully thought-out explanation for all the observations which are made of the natural world which has been constructed using the scientific methods, and which brings together many different facts and hypotheses. Thus, the end result if an experiment has been repeated several times and continues to support a hypothesis is the development of a theory.
Therefore, the correct option is B.
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define carrying capacity. explain the connection between dynamic equilibrium and carrying capacity.
The greatest number of a biological species that can be supported by a given environment, given the amount of food, habitat, water, and other resources available, is known as the carrying capacity of that environment. To test a number of theories regarding population and settlement patterns, a dynamic equilibrium system model of carrying capacity is created and put into operation.
An equilibrium is reached once the population size reaches its carrying capacity. The habitat's resources will refill at a rate required to support the population in this condition of equilibrium.
Using a logistic function, the impact of carrying capacity on population dynamics is modeled. The term "carrying capacity" refers to the maximum population that an ecosystem, farm, or fishery can sustain. Before the 1950s, the phrase "carrying capacity" had been used to refer to population restrictions in relation to a number of different processes. The concept of sustainable population includes the idea of human carrying capacity.
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which characteristics are common to snails and slugs? choose all correct answers. responses stalked eyes and antennae stalked eyes and antennae foot on the underside of the belly for movement foot on the underside of the belly for movement radula radula tentacles extending from the body
Response eyes and antennae on a stalk antennae and stalked eyes on the belly's underside to detect movement putting a foot on the tummy to move it radula The radula's body is covered in protruding tentacles. radula. putting a foot on the belly's bottom to shift it. antennae and eyes on a stalk.
How do tentacles work?Some animal species—mostly invertebrate ones—possess the flexible, mobile, and extended tentacle. Tentacles typically come in one or even more pairs in animal anatomy.
Describe an antenna?A metallic object called an antenna is used to receive and/or broadcast radio waves.
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which type of tissue provides structure and support for the body?
Connective tissue supports other tissues and binds them together (bone, blood, and lymph tissues).
Which kind of tissue offers stability and structure?
auxiliary connective tissue
Bone and cartilage, two types of supportive connective tissue, give the body its strength and structure while shielding the soft tissues. These tissues are composed of a matrix of tightly packed fibers and a few unique cell types.
What kind of tissue supports the body's organs?
The tenacious, frequently fibrous tissue that provides support and suppleness to the body's components by holding them together is called connective tissue. It makes up a sizable portion of the skin, tendons, joints, ligaments, blood vessels, and muscles in practically every organ.
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Which of the following diseases are caused by smog? (a) Rickets. (b) Bronchitis. (c) Breathing Problems. (d) All of the above.
The answer to the question is (d) All of the above. These three diseases are all caused by smog in some way, either through a reduction in vitamin D exposure or through the irritation of airways.
Smog is a term used to describe a type of air pollution that is created by a combination of pollutants from burning fossil fuels. It is a major environmental concern and has been linked to a range of health problems.
Rickets is a disease caused by a lack of vitamin D, which is found in sunlight. Exposure to smog can reduce the amount of sunlight that reaches the skin, reducing the amount of vitamin D the body can absorb. This can lead to a deficiency in vitamin D and cause rickets.
Bronchitis is a type of respiratory infection caused by breathing in irritants, such as smog. The particles of air pollution inflame the airways, leading to breathing difficulties and symptoms such as coughing and wheezing.
Breathing problems can also be caused by smog. Inhaling the particles of air pollution irritates the airways and leads to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
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match each product of pyruvate metabolism with the condition under which it is produced.
Aerobic oxidation __
Fermentation in human mucle __
Fermentation in yeast and bacteria __
(When exposed to oxygen, human cells do aerobic respiration, which produces acetyl CoA. Human cells may ferment lactic acid in the absence of oxygen, producing lactate.
Lactate: fermentation in human muscle
Ethanol: fermentation in yeast and bacteria
Acetyl CoA: aerobic oxidation
Alcohol fermentation occurs under anaerobic settings and creates ethanol in yeasts and many bacteria.) Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate can diffuse into mitochondria.
where it enters the citric acid cycle and generates reducing equivalents in the form of NADH and FADH2. These reducing equivalents then join the electron transport system, producing 32 ATP per glucose molecule.
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if a scientist discovers a new monkey in paraguay, its genome will probably be most similar to that of
If a scientist discovers a new monkey in Paraguay, its genome will likely be most similar to that of its closest relatives, the titi monkeys.
Titi monkeys, or Callicebus, are a genus of New World monkeys found in the tropical forests of northern South America and southern Mexico. These primates are highly social, living in monogamous pairs or small family groups, and have a unique suite of physical and behavioral characteristics.
The discovery of a new monkey in Paraguay would provide a chance to explore the genetic basis of these traits. To compare the newly discovered species with its closest relatives, the scientist would need to sequence its genome and compare it with the genomes of titi monkeys.
By comparing the genomes of the two species, scientists can gain insight into how their behaviors and physical characteristics evolved. For example, genetic information can provide clues about the factors that led to the development of different vocalizations among titi monkeys, or how their diet has changed over time.
Additionally, comparing the genomes of the two species can provide valuable insight into how species adapt to their environment. By comparing the genes that are expressed differently between the two species, scientists can gain insight into how they have responded to changes in their environment.
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Depending on the type of cell injured by radiation, the biologic effects of radiation can be classified as _________ or ______
Depending on the type of cell injured by radiation, the biological effects of radiation can be classified as radiation or exposure.
The main health risks from radiation exposure include cancer and genetic damage. Compared to a genetic effect, cancer would be around five times more likely. Chromosome alterations, stillbirths, congenital disorders, and infant and young child mortality are examples of genetic consequences.
The dosage, or the amount of energy physically deposited in your body, is the most crucial element. The extent of the biological harm increases as cells absorb more energy. Radiation dose is the term used by health physicists to describe the quantity of energy received by the body.
Atoms in a DNA molecule can directly interact with ionizing radiation. Cells are unable to reproduce as a result. Direct action can harm vital cellular systems as well. It may occasionally even cause cancer.
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some food substances inhibit iron absorption. all the following are such inhibitors except: a. calcium and phosphorus in milk. b. phytates in whole grain cereals. c. vitamin c in citrus fruits. d. tannins in tea and coffee.
Some foodstuffs prevent the body from absorbing iron. With the exception of phytates in whole grain grains, all of the following are such inhibitors. (Choice b)
What occurs if your calcium intake is insufficient?Several conditions can result from inadequate calcium intake, including the following: Osteoporosis, which results in brittle, weak bones and raises the chance of falling. Children who with rickets develop weak, brittle bones. Osteomalacia, which affects both children and adults, results in soft bones.
How can you determine whether you need calcium?Muscle pain, cramps, and spasms might be signs of a calcium shortage. walking or moving causes arm and thigh ache. tingling and numbness in the legs, feet, arms, and mouth, as well as in the hands, arms, and legs.
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because the tropical rainforest has warm temperatures, abundant water, and a year-round growing season, what type of net primary productivity does it have?
Tropical rainforests have the maximum NPP and biodiversity of almost any terrestrial ecosystem. The physical environment encourages large photosynthetic production and rapid development.
Water, sunshine, and high temperatures are constant in Tropical Rainforests, and there is a dense concentration of plants, resulting in very high GPP and NPP. As a result, increased productivity increases biomass.
Tropical rainforests have the greatest diversity and production. The tropics have more sun energy and resources, which encourages increased output.
Because of the significant quantity of rainfall and warm weather, tropical rainforests may retain a significant species richness of plants.
Net primary production is high in warm, wet biomes such as the tropical rainforest because mild temperatures, ample water, and a year-round growing season drive plant development. Due to severe temperatures and a lack of water, some biomes, such as deserts and tundra, have poor primary production.
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In E.coli there is a mutation in a gene called dnaB that alters the helicase that normally acts at the origin of replication. Which of the following events would you expect to occur as a result of this mutation?a) replication will require a DNA template from another sourceb) additional proofreading will occurc) no replication fork will be formedd) replication will occur via RNA polymerase alone
A dnaB gene mutation in E. coli changes the function of the helicase, which ordinarily works at the origin of replication. In this mutation, there won't be any replication forks.
Escherichia coli, sometimes referred to as E. coli, is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, coliform bacterium that is typically discovered in the lower intestine of warm-blooded species. While the majority of E. coli strains are benign, some serotypes (EPEC, ETEC, etc.) can seriously poison their hosts and occasionally cause food contamination situations that force product recalls.
A bacterial enzyme called DnaB helicase is responsible for opening the replication fork during DNA replication. In E. coli, dnaB is a hexameric protein made up of six 471-residue subunits that come together to create a three-fold symmetrical ring. The second DNA strand is blocked from binding to the lagging DNA strand during DNA replication by the dnaB protein's central channel. The binding of dNTPs results in a conformational shift that enables dnaB to move along the DNA and mechanically separate the strands.
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an interesting case study of evolution in apes has revealed evidence that, in the past, humans had 24 pairs of chromosomes. what is the most likely explanation for this change?
The most likely explanation for this change is that : human lineage changed from 24 pairs of chromosomes to 23 pairs of chromosomes due to a chromosomal fusion.
What is chromosomal fusion?Gene made by joining parts of two different genes is called chromosomal fusion. Fusion genes and fusion proteins that come from them, may be made in laboratory, or made naturally in the body when part of DNA from one chromosome moves to another chromosome.
A fusion gene is a hybrid gene created from two distinct genes in the past. Translocation, interstitial deletion, or chromosomal inversion are possible causes. All of the major forms of human neoplasia have been found to frequently contain fusion genes.
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