Management can survive a strike in an organization where labor costs are low, there is a weak demand for a product, and unemployment rates are high.
Industry and process where labor expenses make up a higher fraction of overall expenditures than do costs associated with the acquisition, maintenance, & amortization of capital equipment Labor-intensive businesses include those in agriculture, construction, & coal mining.
Industries that manufacture products or provide services demand a lot of manpower. Traditionally, the quantity of capital required to generate products and services was used to identify which sectors were labor-intensive. A few examples of industries that require a lot of work include agriculture, mining, tourism, and food service.
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urgent answers needed asap
And sorry but I cant answer question 2 im very hurried right now and I have to go sorry but there is the answer for question 1
the accumulation zone of a glacier ends at the , which marks the elevation above which the winter snow and ice remains intact throughout the summer.
the accumulation zone of a glacier ends at the firn line which marks the elevation above which the winter snow and ice remains intact throughout the summer.
Each year, the accumulation zones are divided by the yearly equilibrium line. The area of a glacier's surface, often at higher elevations, where there is net snow accumulation that later changes into firn and glacier ice is known as the accumulation zone. The area of the glacier where snow accumulates and freezes spreads outward from that point. The area above the firn line on a glacier known as the accumulation zone is where snowfall accumulates and outpaces ablation losses (melting, evaporation, and sublimation).
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provided below is a geologic time scale and specific fossils that lived during these time periods. to the left of the geologic time scale is a fossil-containing strata.
Examples of index fossils, the living forms that existed for brief periods of geologic time scale and are employed as indicators of the age of the rocks in which they are preserved, are keyed to the relative time scale.
The geological time scale is based on the geological rock record, which documents geological occurrences including erosion, mountain formation, and others. Mountains, seas, and continents have traveled great distances in both the vertical and horizontal planes over the course of hundreds to thousands of millions of years. For instance, mountainous desert landscapes have evolved where deep oceans had existed hundreds of millions of years ago. The oldest rocks were placed at the bottom of a sedimentary rock sequence (stratum) in the earliest geological time periods.
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Similarities between Czechs, Slovaks, and Hungarians
Explanation:
The Czech and Slovak language are very similar, while for Hungarian and Slovak are ethnically very similar.
Hungarian and Slovak share some words because Slovakian used to be part of Hungary but not many.
TRUE/FALSE. At depths below 100 km, subduction zone earthquakes occur almost exclusively in the interior of the colder oceanic lithosphere, the heart of the subducting slab.
TRUE. The crust or upper mantle, which extends from the surface of the earth to a depth of about 800 kilometers, is where earthquakes occur.
The strength of shaking at the surface from an earthquake that occurs at 500 km depth is significantly less than if the same earthquake had occurred at 20 km depth because the strength of shaking from an earthquake weakens with increasing distance from the earthquake's source.Additionally, the depths of earthquakes reveal vital details about the tectonic environment and the structure of the Earth. In subduction zones, where plates are colliding and one plate is being subducted beneath another, this is most obvious. We can see details of a subduction zone's structure, such as how steeply it dips and whether the down-going plate is planar or bent, by carefully plotting the location and depth of earthquakes connected to the zone.
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the stiff basaltic rocks of the sea floor are bent as they enter subduction zones. this means that: group of answer choices subduction zones produce sea-floor trenches, which may be filled with water or with sediment washed from nearby land. erosion of continents by rivers near subduction zones produces deep troughs that include the deepest water in the ocean. bending of sea-floor rocks at subduction zones produces high ridges, such as the coast ranges of california. subduction zones produce death-valley-type down-faulted spreading valleys, which form the deepest parts of the ocean.
The stiff basaltic rocks of the sea floor are bent as they enter subduction zones,it means that a)Subduction zones produce a sea-floor trenches, which may be filled with the water or with sediment washed from nearby land.So,correct option is a.
Basalt is an extrusive molten or volcanic rocks that has a low silica content, dull in variety, and is extremely wealthy in iron and magnesium. Basalt rock is primarily made out of pyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase and is the most well-known rock on the world's surface. The surface of basalt rocks is coarsely permeable as those openings are left by gas bubbles. The examples of these stones are for the most part fine-grained, smooth and conservative. A huge piece of the sea floor is produced using basalt rocks. When ejected by volcanoes in sea bowls, it can prompt the development of volcanic Islands
As the rocks are twisted entering a subduction zone, a channel structures. Channels are once in a while water-filled, yet in the event that near a landmass, materials dissolved by streams or ice sheets might fill the channels. There most likely are a couple of Windows Compact discs off Washington and Oregon, however insufficient to fill the channel. Disintegration by waterways doesn't go underneath ocean level (aside from once in a blue moon, and afterward simply down to near the lower part of Death Valley, still not exceptionally profound).
Hence, correct option is a.
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(Complete question) is:
The stiff basaltic rocks of the sea floor are bent as they enter subduction zones. This means that: Bending of sea-floor rocks near the subduction zone of Oregon and Washington produced a deep trench, which has been filled with discarded Microsoft Windows CDs, thrown away by people sick of all the viruses.
Correct choices are:
a)Subduction zones produce a sea-floor trenches, which may be filled with the water or with sediment washed from nearby land.
b)Subduction zones produce Death-Valley-type down-faulted spreading valleys, which form the deepest parts of the ocean.
c)Bending of sea-floor rocks at subduction zones produces high ridges, such as the coast ranges of California.
d)Erosion of continents by rivers near subduction zones produces deep troughs that include the deepest water in the ocean.
Which of these characteristics of a drainage basin would tend to promote a longer lag time between a rainfall event and peak discharge? (choose all that apply) larger drainage basin impermeable surfaces steep terrain more vegetation thick soils
Large drainage basins have a higher peak discharge than smaller basins because they can hold more precipitation. Because precipitation does not have as far to go, smaller basins typically have shorter lag times.
Runoff and outflow are also impacted by the drainage basin's form. Because water must travel a shorter distance to reach a river, drainage basins with a more circular shape have shorter lag periods and a higher peak discharge than those with a long, thin shape. Shallower drainage basins typically have longer lag times than those with steep slopes. This is due to the fact that water moves more swiftly down steep slopes toward rivers. High drainage density basins have a shorter lag time because they drain more quickly.
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What Is the Suez Canal and Why Is It So Important?
Energy, commodities, consumer products, & componentry are transported from Asia and the Middle East to Europe via the Suez Canal. The quickest marine route from Europe to Asia is via the Suez Canal, which links the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.
Energy, commodities, consumer products, and componentry are transported from Asia and the Near East to Europe via the Suez Canal. Because of its position, the canal serves as a major regional center for the transportation of hydrocarbons like oil.
The fact that there aren't any alternatives to the Suez makes it even more significant; if it weren't for the Red Sea, which runs alongside Sudan and Egypt, above the Horn of Africa, no landmass would be too small to support a man-made waterway that connects Europe with both the Asia-Pacific.
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9. a metropolitan region of 100,000 people has 2,000 births, 500 deaths, 100 emigrants, and 200 immigrants over a 1-year period. its population growth rate is
A metropolitan region of 100,000 people has 2,000 births, 500 deaths, 100 emigrants, and 200 immigrants over a 1-year period. its population growth rate is 1.4 percent.
A metropolitan region is a geographic area in the United States that has strong economic links and a center with a relatively high population density. The specific definition of any particular metropolitan area might vary depending on the source because such areas are neither legally established as a city or town would be, nor are they formal administrative divisions like counties or distinct organizations like states. In 1949, the statistical standards for a standard metropolitan area were established, and the term "metropolitan statistical area" was introduced in 1983.
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On the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale, a hurricane with winds in excess of 157 mi/hr (137 knots) would be classified as a category ____ hurricane.
A tropical cyclone must have one-minute average maximum sustained winds of at least 74 mph (64 kn, 119 km/h; Category 1) at 10 m above the surface in order to be categorized as a hurricane.
The greatest wind speed measured 10 meters above the ground and averaged over a one-minute period is the basis for the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. The scale displays wind speeds in continuous speed ranges, but due to the inherent uncertainty in estimating the strength of tropical cyclones, the National Hurricane Center and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center assign tropical cyclone intensities in 5-knot (kn) increments (e.g., 100, 105, 110, 115 kn, etc.). Once converted to other units, wind speeds in knots are rounded to the nearest 5 mph or 5 km/h.
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which of the following countries has had a relatively inexpensive universal health insurance system for more than 50 years? Japan, India, US, UK
Japan has had a relatively inexpensive universal health insurance system for more than 50 years.
Health care in Japan is generally free for everyone whether it is a Japanese citizen or an expatriate or a tourist or a foreigner. It is available to all given that the person is staying in Japan for more than a year.
Along with being the leading country in technology, it offers us the best state of the art equipments in the hospitals. Hospitals in Japan are required to be run by a physician as a non profit organisation. Any for profit organisations are banned from owning any hospital or a clinic by the government of Japan. The Japanese also do not have a public doctor system as the rest of the world does.
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the following photograph shows a jetty field and a seawall protecting one side of the hook at north avenue beach, chicago, illinois. describe the direction of longshore drift. describe the width of the beach in the areas between the jetties. suggest an explanation for this pattern
When waves hit the shore at an angle, longshore drift develops. Waves are surging toward the coast at Point Lookout Beach from the north-west.
describe the width of the beach in the areas between the jetties. ?A sturdy man-made structure known as a jetty collects sand on its updrift side and entirely redirects or interrupts the longshore current.
The structure's extension is the only distinction between jetties and groynes.
A jetty is not a part of a series and is often longer and narrower than a groyne. To maintain the navigation channel open, it is frequently constructed on each side of a river mouth.
Jetties help defend against erosion and shield the shoreline from tides, currents, and swells.
What are the similarities and differences between groins and jetties?On either side of a coastal entrance, massive man-made piles of concrete or boulders are known as jetties. Jetties are constructed so that a waterway to the ocean will remain available for navigational purposes, as opposed to groynes, which are constructed to alter the consequences of beach erosion.
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which of the following states has a trough axis going through it at 12z on thursday, november 3, 2011?Wisconsin
Wisconsin states has a trough axis going through it at 12z on thursday, november 3, 2011.
Wisconsin (/wɪˈskɒnsɪn/(tune in)) is a state in the upper Midwestern US. Wisconsin is the 25th-biggest state by all out region and the twentieth generally crowded. It is lined by Minnesota toward the west, Iowa toward the southwest, Illinois toward the south, Lake Michigan toward the east, Michigan toward the upper east, and Lake Better than the north.
The heft of Wisconsin's populace live in regions arranged along the shores of Lake Michigan. The biggest city, Milwaukee, secures its biggest metropolitan area, trailed by Green Cove and Kenosha, the third-and fourth-most-populated Wisconsin urban communities separately. The state capital, Madison, is right now the second-most-populated and quickest developing city in the state. Wisconsin is partitioned into 72 provinces and as of the 2020 evaluation had a populace of almost 5.9 million.
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g classical flexible pavements carry applied traffic loads by doing which of the following? question 8 options: spreading the load throughout the subgrade. spreading the load throughout the base layer. spreading the load throughout the asphalt layer. spreading the load throughout the subbase layer attenuating the load down through the layers.
Classical flexible pavements carry applied traffic loads by attenuating the load down through the layers.
Flexible pavements are so named because the total pavement structure deflects, or flexes, under loading. A flexible pavement structure is typically composed of several layers of materials. Each layer receives loads from the above layer, spreads them out, and passes on these loads to the next layer below. Thus the stresses will be reduced, which are maximum at the top layer and minimum on the top of the subgrade.
In order to take maximum advantage of this property, layers are usually arranged in the order of descending load-bearing capacity with the highest load-bearing capacity material on the top and the lowest load-bearing capacity material on the bottom.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. a prime example of a hurricane that resulted in significant loss of human life due to flood waters, rather than high wind speeds, was hurricane___in 2005.
Hurricane Katrina, a powerful Category 3 hurricane, made landfall on August 29, 2005, close to Buras-Triumph, Louisiana, with winds of 125 mph (200 km/h).
What is a hurricane?A tropical storm is referred classified as a hurricane if its sustained winds reach 74 mph or higher. The eye of a storm can stretch 400 miles and is normally 20 to 30 miles wide. Strong gusts, torrential rain, and storm surges make storms potentially hazardous. A hurricane can stay over open water for up to two weeks and travel the entire length of the Eastern Seaboard. Tornadoes can develop in hurricanes, increasing the storm's potential for destruction. Property damage and fatalities are also a result of floods and flash floods caused by heavy rain.
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which of the following statements is valid about the structural and metamorphic history of new england?
None of the given statements are correct regarding the structural and metamorphic history of new England.
The New England colonies were flat along the rocky coast, making them ideal for harbors. Further inland, the terrain became more hilly and mountainous. The land was densely forested. The soil was rocky, which made farming difficult.
New England is a region of the United States comprised of six distinct states: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.
The Taconic, Green, and White Mountain Ranges are distinct New England features. The Taconic Mountains are a north-south trending mountain range along the province's western edge that is thought to have been formed by the erosion of an upper block of a large thrust fault.
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Which of the following statements is valid about the structural and metamorphic history of New England?
A. The geology of New England, like most of the East Coast, is not complicated.
B. The geology of New England has few large folds and thrust faults.
C. The rocks of New England have a similar metamorphic grade from New York to Maine.
D. Most of the metamorphic rocks of New England had the same temperature-pressure history.
E. None of these.
which of the following are evidence for massive floods caused by the failure of ice dams at the end of the last glacial period?
the answer is true. The right option is (a)
Evidence for massive floods caused by the failure of ice dams at the end of the last glacial periods is Gravel deposits at high elevations. Rapid slope movement into the lake. The countryside was stripped of soil and sediment cover. Large braided channel networks.
Ice dams get flooding because, In some places, the quantity of ice will exceed the transport capacity of the river, and an ice jam will form. The jam may then build to thicknesses great enough to raise the water level and cause flooding. The rushing water has nowhere to go because the river is blocked, and it might create floods in the surrounding area.
An ice jam, or ice dam, happens when chunks of ice clump together to block the flow of a river. This can cause flooding in communities near the river.
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the complete question is
which of the following are evidence for massive floods caused by the failure of ice dams at the end of the last glacial period?
a. true
b. false
One widely accepted hypothesis is that the Earth's magnetic field is created by electric currents within the ______.
A. asthenosphere
B. crust
C. lower mantle
D. liquid outer core E. sun
One widely accepted hypothesis is that the Earth's magnetic field is created by electric currents within the D. liquid outer core
Which best sums up the composition of the Earth's crust?The outermost layer of a terrestrial planet is referred to as its "crust." The older, heavier continental crust and the denser, younger oceanic crust make up the majority of the Earth's crust. Plate tectonics provides information about the dynamic geology of the Earth's crust. The outermost layer of a terrestrial planet is referred to as its "crust."
Which of these are seismic wave sources?When materials suddenly move within the Earth, such when they slip along a fault during an earthquake, seismic waves are produced. Seismic waves can also be produced by volcanic eruptions, explosions, landslides, avalanches, and even swiftly flowing rivers.
What name do surface waves go by?The Rayleigh wave, named after John William Strutt, sometimes known as Lord Rayleigh, who mathematically predicted the existence of this type of wave in 1885, is the other type of surface wave. Unlike Love waves, a Rayleigh wave has a more complicated motion as it travels through the ground.
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what do you call the dark shadow cast by the earth on the moon; a solar eclipse might be observed from earth when the moon is at which position?; what is a lunar eclipse; what happens during a lunar eclipse; total lunar eclipse; new moon occurs when the earth is between sun and moon; moon phases; what is the phase of the moon during a solar eclipse
When the Moon moves through the Earth's shadow, a lunar eclipse takes place. Only during a full moon, when the Moon is on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun, does this occur.
a solar eclipse might be observed from earth when the moon is at which position?When the Moon moves through the Earth's shadow, a lunar eclipse takes place. Only during a full moon, when the Moon is on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun, does this occur.
what is a lunar eclipse; what happens during a lunar eclipse?When the Sun covers the Moon with Earth's shadow, a lunar eclipse occurs. The Sun, Moon, and Earth must all be in the same plane of orbit for this to occur, with the Earth physically between them. Only under a full moon and when the Moon travels entirely or partially through Earth's shadow can there be a lunar eclipse.
What is total lunar eclipse; new moon occurs when the earth is between sun and moon?A lunar eclipse occurs when Earth passes in front of the Sun and the Moon, obstructing the Moon's exposure to sunlight. Lunar eclipses come in two varieties: When the Moon and Sun are on opposing sides of Earth, a total lunar eclipse takes place. When only a portion of the Moon is covered by Earth's shadow, a partial lunar eclipse occurs.
what is the phase of the moon during a solar eclipse?When the Moon passes directly between the Sun and Earth, it creates a solar eclipse by casting its shadow across the planet. The only time a solar eclipse can occur is during a New Moon
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after the development of cyclogenesis theory by the norwegians, this was the next major development in the expanding knowledge of mid-latitude cyclones.
The discovery of strong winds in upper troposphere was next major development in expanding knowledge of mid-latitude cyclones.
What is troposphere?Most weather phenomena take place in the troposphere, which is the first and lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere. It contains 75% of the planet's total atmospheric mass, 99% of the total mass of water vapor, and aerosols. The Greek words tropos (rotating) and sphaira (sphere) are the roots of the word troposphere, which denotes that rotational turbulence mixes the air layers and thus shapes the troposphere's structure and phenomena. The planetary boundary layer (PBL), which ranges in height from a few hundred meters up to two kilometers, is created when the rotational friction of the troposphere against the planet's surface affects the flow of air.
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What kind of wave is created by an earthquake landslide and volcanic eruption?; What is the triggering event for tsunamis?; What are earthquakes tsunamis and volcanoes caused by?; How are tsunamis caused by landslides?
Beneathwater disturbances like earthquakes or landslides under oceans will cause a moving ridge. A moving ridge could be a little wave that doesn't cause any hurt.
A moving ridge could be a series of extraordinarily long waves caused by an oversized and unexpected displacement of the ocean, typically the result of an earthquake below or close to the ocean bottom. This force creates waves that radiate outward in all directions, removed from their supply, generally crossing entire ocean basins.
The development we tend to decide moving ridge could be a series of waves of extraordinarily long wavelength and amount typically generated by a violent, impulsive subsurface disturbance or activity close to the coast or within the ocean.
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lahars, composed of ash, debris, and water a)occur only in arctic regions because snow supplies the water for mud.
A hot or cold mixture of water and rock fragments that rushes down a volcano's slopes and often reaches a river valley is referred to as a lahar in Indonesian.
A streaming mixture of water and pyroclastic material is referred to as a lahar. It does not allude to a specific concentration of sediment or rheology. Lahars can take the form of regular stream flows (less than 30% sediment concentration), hyper-concentrated stream flows (between 30 and 60% sediment concentration), or debris flows (more than 60% sediment concentration). Indeed, due to variations in the supply of sediment and water, a lahar's rheology and subsequent behavior can fluctuate across time and space within a single occurrence.
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What causes the uneven heating of the earth's surface?
Land heats up more quickly than water, which causes air to warm up, expand, and float over land while cooling down and sinking over cooler water surfaces, resulting in uneven solar heating of the Planet's surface.
What sources of surface water are there?On the surface of the land or in a creek, river, lake, dam, or ocean, surface water gathers. Water bodies' surface water constantly evaporates, seeps into the groundwater supply, and is replenished by wet weather. Surface water is created when ground water reaches the surface and forms a spring.
What other name does surface water go by?When compared to seawater and other bodies of water like the ocean, surface water—also known as blue water—is the water that lies on top of the land and creates terrestrial (inland) waterbodies.
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Select the statement that describes what the uneven heating of Earth's surface causes.
Radiation absorption in
The Vaiont Dam area was vulnerable to mass movement because
Choose one:
A. underlying granite bedrock had begun to weather.
B. limestone beds there dipped parallel to the mountain slope and were interlayered with weak shale.
C. logging in the region had stripped the mountain tops of vegetation.
D. shale layers in that region dipped into the mountain slope, causing weakness.
B. limestone beds there dipped parallel to the mountain slope and were interlayered with weak shale.
The Vaiont Dam area was vulnerable to mass movement because limestone beds there dipped parallel to the mountain slope and were interlayered with weak shale.
The Vaiont Dam is characterized by a series of marl and limestone formations from the Jurassic/Cretaceous to the Eocene, with the valley forming large folds along the fold axis. The sediment layers found along the slopes of the mountains roll down into the valleys and form slip surfaces for mass movement.
After the disaster, geologists found a thin layer of green mudstone in the limestone of the Vaiont Dam. The clay layer served as a sliding surface for prehistoric landslides and was reactivated by rising water levels in the reservoir. Worst-case scenario denials by authorities and power companies continued due to a lack of understanding of large mass movements at the time. Over time, it occurs due to strong pressure and the process of solifluction, a type of soil creep that occurs where the rock is not weak, such as in limestone areas, and at high altitudes.
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What are the Earth System's Four Spheres?
Answer: "lithosphere" (land), "hydrosphere" (water), "biosphere" (living things), and "atmosphere" (air).
which of the following geological processes is most likely to move rock from below the surface of the earth to the surface?
Volcanic activity is most likely to move the rock from below surface of earth to the surface.
What is volcano?A volcano is a fissure in a planetary-mass object's crust, such as Earth, through which hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases can leak out from a magma chamber under the surface. The majority of the Earth's volcanoes are underwater, and they are most frequently found where tectonic plates are separating or merging together. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, for instance, includes volcanoes brought on by divergent tectonic plates, whereas the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes brought on by converging tectonic plates. A diapir upwelling from the core-mantle barrier, located 3,000 kilometers (1,900 miles) beneath the Earth's surface, is thought to be the cause of volcanism that occurs distant from plate boundaries. Where two tectonic plates travel past one another, volcanoes typically do not form.
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a star's ___is the most critical factor determining what happens in every phase of its life.
A star's mass is the most critical factor determining what happens in every phase of its life.
A star's life still up in the air by its mass. The bigger its mass, the shorter its life cycle. A star's still up in the air by how much matter that is accessible in its cloud, the goliath haze of gas and dust from which it was conceived. After some time, the hydrogen gas in the cloud is arranged by gravity and it begins to spin. As the gas spins faster, it heats up and becomes as a protostar. At last the temperature reaches 15,000,000 degrees and atomic fusion occurs in the cloud's center. The cloud begins to gleam brilliantly, contracts a bit, and becomes stable. It is presently a fundamental sequence star and will stay in this stage, shining for millions to billions of years to come. This is the stage our Sun is at the present moment.
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pulverized rock and clastic materials ejected violently during an eruption are called .
Pulverized rock and clastic materials ejected violently during an eruption are called Tephra, or pyroclastics. Regardless of composition, fragment size, or emplacement process, tephra is the fragmented material created during a volcanic eruption.
Lives far from an erupting volcano can be disrupted by falling volcanic ash. All chunks of rock that are propelled into the air by a volcano eruption are referred to as tephra. The majority of the tephra returns to the volcano's slopes, expanding it. But millions of smaller, lighter fragments known as ash, with a diameter of less than 2 mm (less than one hundredth of an inch), are blown thousands of miles by winds. Glacier Peak, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Mazama are three Cascade Range volcanoes that have the capacity to release enormous amounts of volcanic ash, according to evidence from previous eruptions.
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look at the map of early japan and describe how the geography of the couintry helped it maintain its own distinctive culture
Japan was isolated from any direct connection to China, allowing it to maintain its culture throughout the country without being influenced by China.
What geographical features of Japan have allowed it to develop its own distinct culture?Because the islands are separated from the mainland by hundreds of miles of water (120 miles at its closest point), a sense of security has developed, allowing for the emergence of distinct Japanese culture. This isolation also explains why attempts to invade Japan were mostly futile.Because of their geographical location, the Japanese relied heavily on the sea in many aspects of their daily lives. To obtain the resources they required, trade with China and Korea became critical. Cultural diffusion between Japan and China began as early as 100 B.C.E. through trade and migration.China's proximity to Japan aided cultural diffusion between the two countries.To learn more about geography of japan refer to :
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Which of the lettered choices in the soil profile above represents the region the region with the greatest concentration of organic material?
(soil layers chart starting with a as the top soil and moves down to E)
A(top layer)
The top layer of the soil profile above is indicated by the lettered options as having the highest concentration of organic material.
The topsoil is the richest in nutrients needed for plant life because it contains the most organic materials and soil life. A deeper covering of topsoil will be present in areas with a high rate of organic substance turnover.
Horizons are the name for the soil's strata. The topsoil layer is the highest horizon. The topsoil is made up of a combination of sand, sediment, clay, & humus, which is decomposed organic material. Rich in organic materials and severely degraded, the humus is mostly formed of twigs, crushed leaves, microscopic bugs, and dead plants.
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