B Lymphocytes if absent, would result in the lack of all humoral immune responses.
Antibody-producing white blood cells. Immune system components called B lymphocytes are created in the bone marrow from stem cells. called a B cell as well.
Known also as B cells, B lymphocytes produce an antibody, which is a specific kind of protein. To neutralize pathogens or foreign materials like poisons, these antibodies bind to and bind to them. In order to stop a virus from infecting a healthy cell, for instance, an antibody can bind to the virus.
The fundamental processes of producing antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses, respectively, were shown by studies conducted in the 1960s and 1970s to be predominantly carried out by B and T cells.
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When a pathogen enters the body, it is recognized by immune cells that then respond to the pathogen. Which of the following identifies the component of the pathogen's cell membrane most likely to be recognized by an immune cell? A Cholesterol. B Phospholipids. C Glycoproteins. D Integral proteins.
C.Glycoproteins. The extra cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane contains glycoproteins, which serve as receptors for immune cells and are also known as antigens, or chemical compounds that can elicit an antibody or immunological response.
The extracellular portions of proteins that extend outside of cells are frequently glycosylated as well. Additionally, glycoproteins are frequently significant membrane-associated proteins that participate in cell-cell communication. It is crucial to distinguish between reversible cytosolic-nuclear glycosylation and the secretory system's endoplasmic reticulum-based glycosylation. An additional regulatory mechanism that regulates phosphorylation-based signalling is expected to be involved in the modification of cytosolic and nuclear glycoproteins by the reversible addition of a single GlcNAc residue, which is thought to be reciprocal to phosphorylation.
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QUESTION 3
Protozoa are the smallest of the microbes.
O True
O False
Answer:
False
Explanation:
Protozoa (pro-toe-ZO-uh) are one-celled organisms, like bacteria. But they are bigger than bacteria and contain a nucleus and other cell structures, making them more like plant and animal cells.
fill in the blank. ___ which represents an organism that creates a body cavity, but that cavity is formed from the mesoderm and endoderm.
Coelomates are creatures with fluid-filled cavities in their bodies that are lined with tissue from the mesoderm germ layer. A bodily cavity that is lined is a real coelom.
The Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata are only a few of the many animal phyla that are coelomates. All vertebrate species, including humans, are coelomates.
Pseudocoelomates are organisms with a body cavity that is partially lined with mesoderm tissue and partially filled with fluid. Between the mesoderm and the endoderm lies a hollow called a pseudocoelom. Rotten roundworms are pseudocoelomates (phylum Nematoda).
Earthworms, snails, insects, starfish, and vertebrates are eucoelomates, a class of creatures. Mesoderm and endoderm tissue make comprise the body cavity of a third group of triploblasts. Pseudocoelomates are these creatures.
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Model 1 Lactase breaking down Lactose 50 points!!!
Answer:Lactose and Lactase: Exploring Enzymes as Catalysts. Digestive enzymes help your body break down your food.
Explanation:
which of the following is the most complex level of organization rainforest water molecule heart circulatory system
Rain forest is the mοst complex level of organization amοng all of the followings.
Option B is correct.
Which level of an organization is the most complicated?The eleven οrgan systems that make up the human body, or the entirety of a living thing, οperate at the organismal level, which is the level of structure with the mοst complexity.
Starting with the smallest level of an organization, what is the proper order?The six general tiers οf the organization, ranked from smallest to largest, are the chemical, cellular, structural, οrgan, organ of the body, and organism levels. Chemicals are thοught to be the smallest and lowest organizational unit in a living system. Their sizes can range frοm the smallest atoms to the largest macrοmolecules.
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Complete question:Which of the following is the most complex level of organization?
A)a water mοlecule
B) a rainforest
C the circulatοry system
D) Heart
FILL IN THE BLANK In the diploid cells of an organism, there can be ______ different allele(s) of a given single-copy nuclear gene
In the diploid cells of an organism, there can be three different allele(s) of a given single-copy nuclear gene.
A specific gene in a diploid organism has three distinct alleles. Two of these three alleles display co-dominance, and one of them is recessive. A specific gene in a diploid organism has three distinct alleles. A specific gene in a diploid organism has three distinct alleles.
Two of these three alleles display co-dominance, and one of them is recessive. When an organism's cells have two full sets of chromosomes, with one chromosome from each parent present in each pair, the organism is said to be diploid. Since humans have 23 chromosomal pairs in the majority of their cells, they are diploid.
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The following questions refer to the essential steps in meiosis described below.1. Formation of four new nuclei, each with half the chromosomes present in the parental nucleus2. Alignment of tetrads at the metaphase plate3. Separation of sister chromatids4. Separation of the homologues; no uncoupling of the centromere5. Synapsis; chromosomes moving to the middle of the cell in pairsFrom the descriptions above, which of the following is the order that most logically illustrates a sequence of meiosis?1, 2, 3, 4, 55, 3, 2, 4, 14, 5, 2, 1, 35, 2, 4, 3, 1
The following questions refer to the essential steps in meiosis described below is Separation of sister chromatids .
What is difference between chromosomes and chromatids?Chromosomes carry DNA, which is the genetic material of that organism. Chromatids help the cells to duplicate and in turn, aid in cell division. A chromosome is present throughout the life cycle of the cell. A chromatid is formed only when the cell under goes through either mitosis or meiosis stages.
Is a chromosome 1 or 2 chromatids?Chromatid is one of the halves of a chromosome. A chromosome contains only one chromatid. When the cell cycle occurs then after the completion of the S-phase of the cell cycle, the chromosome contains two identical sister chromatids.
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For each phrase or sentence, select the labeled part to which it is most closely related. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all for each group."Site of conversion of chemical energy of glucose to ATP"answer choicesABCD
Site of conversion of chemical energy of glucose to ATP is depicted by part labelled as B in the figure which corresponds to mitochondria of the cell.
ATP is created through the cellular respiration of glucose. Glucose is completely oxidised to produce CO2 and water, which releases ATP-stored energy. One glucose molecule undergoes aerobic respiration, yielding 38 ATP molecules. Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria and cytoplasm. Cellular respiration includes the processes of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation via the electron transport system. The site of this conversion is represented as the part B in the image.
Glycolysis is the term for the lysis or splitting of sugars. During glycolysis, one molecule of the 6-carbon chemical glucose is split into two molecules of 3-carbon pyruvic acid. Whether or whether the cytoplasm contains oxygen, this is a possibility. In sum, we have two pyruvic acid, two ATP, and two electron carrying NADH molecules.
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A large dry area that stretches across north africa and is very difficult to live in or travel across
Answer:
Sahara Desert
Explanation:
What does denature mean? In other words, how is an enzyme’s shape related to its function?
Answer:
Down bellow
Explanation:
A denatured enzyme refers to an enzyme that has lost its normal three-dimensional, or tertiary, structure. Once an enzyme loses this structure and is denatured, it is no longer able to function.
Based on the cladogram, which stateme: BEST supports the claim that flowering plants are related to earlier plants?
С
A.
Flowering plants have true leaves like ferns, and they produce pollen and seeds like the ginkgos and conifers.
B.
Flowering plants have true leaves, produce pollen and seeds, and have ovules and stamen like the ginkgos and conifers.
C.
С
D.
Flowering plants produce endosperm and transport water via xylem but do not produce pollen and seeds like the ginkgos and conifers.
Flowering plants transport water through xylem, have ovules, and produce endosperm, and ginkgos and conifers have true leaves and produce pol
Cladograms are diagrams which depict the relationships between different groups of taxa called “clades
What is cladogram?
A cladogram is an evolutionary tree that diagrams the ancestral relationships among organisms. In the past, cladograms were drawn based on similarities in phenotypes or physical traits among organisms. Today, similarities in DNA sequences among organisms can also be used to draw cladograms.Examples include vertebrae, hair/fur, feathers, egg shells, four limbs. Continue listing traits until you have one trait common to all groups and enough differences between other groups to make a diagram. It's helpful to group organisms before drawing the cladogram.The three major types are: monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic. Monophyletic means one clade, paraphyletic means around one clade and polyphyletic means many clades.
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Refer to the periodic table entry below to answer the following question.
Answer:
The atomic Number is 42 and it has 18 electrons in the n=3shell
Explanation:
Answer:
The last choice
Explanation:
Atomic numbers are found on the top left, and the number below is the molar mass.
Explain whether a graph was the appropriate type for the data being presented. (example, its a line graph but should have been a pie graph)
Explain mistakes in the way a graph is set-up. (example, the line graph did not use consistent or equal x-axis units)
How and what data could you arrange in a graph. (example, I could make a pie graph with this data)
Analyze a graph and explain some conclusion(s). (example, this bar graph showers fewer people will ____________
No, a line graph is not the appropriate type for the data being presented if it should have been a pie graph.
What is Line graph?A line graph is a type of graphical data representation that shows how a certain value or set of values have changed over time by connecting a number of different data points.
Data trends or changes over time are frequently visualised using this technique.
Line graphs—also known as line charts—are used to display quantitative data gathered over a certain subject and a defined time period.
There is a line connecting each data point to the others.
In statistics, a line graph is a distinctive type of graph that is frequently employed. In relation to another quantity, it shows how one quantity has changed.
This graph, for instance, might be used to illustrate how the cost of various chocolate flavours fluctuates.
Usually, a two-dimensional XY plane is used to plot this variation.
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3 Which is of the following statements best describes the structure, or makeup, of a codon?
A. A codon is a 3-letter nucleotide sequence found on the tRNA.
B. A codon is a growing polypeptide chain.
C. A codon is a gene sequence found on the DNA strand.
D. A codon is a 3-letter nucleotide sequence found on the mRNA.
4.What is true regarding genes and DNA?
A Each DNA strand contains identical genes.
B The DNA only transcribes the genes that it needs at specific times.
C Both A and B
D None of the above
Answer:
3. D. A codon is a 3-letter nucleotide sequence found on the mRNA.
4. D None of the above
Explanation:
3. A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides, or bases, on messenger RNA (mRNA) that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis. The sequence of nucleotides on the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is copied, or transcribed, into a complementary sequence of nucleotides on the mRNA. The mRNA then travels to the ribosome, where the sequence of nucleotides, or codons, is read in groups of three. Each codon corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal, which are brought to the ribosome by transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and linked together to form a protein.
4. D None of the above
In 2010 scientists excavated a skull fossil that provides evidence of a newly discovered species of big cat. Scientists hypothesize that big cats branched off from smaller wild cats about 6 million years ago. Which of these resources did the scientists most likely rely on to form their hypothesis?
answer choices
a food web showing feeding relationships of organisms where the fossil skull was found
population and migration data for small wild cats living in the ecosystem where the skull was found
the fossil record and DNA comparisons of big cats and small cats
the historical record of interactions between different species of big cats
The ratio of radioactive argon to radioactive potassium in a rock is measured using the potassium-argon dating method to establish the age of the rock.
The best method for dating a fossilized skull associated with Homo Erectus, a species that emerged around 1.9 million years ago, would likely be potassium-argon (K/A) dating of the supporting rock. By measuring the ratio of radioactive potassium to radioactive argon in the rock, the potassium-argon dating technique establishes the age of rocks. This dating technique is based on the radioactive potassium-40, which is present in minerals and rocks, decaying to radioactive argon-40 and calcium-40. From 4.3 billion years ago (the Earth's age) to around 100,000 years ago, potassium-argon dating is reliable. With present detection methods, only 0.0053% of the potassium-40 in a rock would have converted to argon-40 after 100,000 years.
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I can’t figure out how to answer this question.
A
Explanation:
Nitrogen is also a part of non-living things like the air above and the dirt below. Nitrogen does not stay in one place. It moves slowly between living things, dead things, the air, soil and water. These movements are called the nitrogen cycle.
Kreb’s Cycle (What goes in and what comes out…Explain NAD+ to NADH here). For full points use the vocabulary HYDROGEN ATOM, PROTON, and ELECTRON in your answer
The Krebs Cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
What is Kreb's cycle?The cycle is a key part of cellular respiration and is responsible for the production of energy in the form of ATP.
The cycle starts with the conversion of a molecule of acetyl-CoA, which is derived from the breakdown of glucose and other fuels, into citrate. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme citrate synthase and consumes one molecule of CoA and one molecule of oxaloacetate.
The citrate then undergoes a series of reactions that involve the removal of CO2 and the addition of hydrogen atoms (in the form of protons and electrons) to the molecule. These hydrogen atoms are picked up by a series of electron carriers, including NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide). The electrons from the hydrogen atoms are used to produce ATP and NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FADH2 (flavin adenine dinucleotide) through the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
NAD+ is an oxidizing agent which accepts electrons and protons and is reduced to NADH. The electrons of NADH will be passed on to the electron transport chain to generate ATP. The cycle continues until all of the citrate has been converted back into its starting molecule, oxaloacetate.
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Based on the data in the table, what is the most likely reason that female tree frogs care for their eggs?
Please help 100 points
Global warming has had an impact on the migration habits of some species of birds. The image shows the changes in migration timing and chick hatching for one of the bird species impacted by rising global temperatures. It also outlines the change to the peak season for a species of caterpillar in the same ecosystem.
What prediction can be made about the impact the shift in caterpillar season will have on this ecosystem?
A. The caterpillars will eat many of the leaves on the trees, leaving the birds without a safe nesting place once they arrive.
B.The caterpillars that hatch earlier will compete with the baby birds for resources in the area.
C.The birds will migrate earlier so that they are present during the peak in caterpillar season.
D.The birds will miss the peak season for caterpillars, leaving the babies with less food and leading to a decrease in population size.
Answer:
The answer is D. The birds will miss the peak season for caterpillars, leaving the babies with less food and leading to a decrease in population size.
The birds will miss the peak season for caterpillars, leaving the babies with less food and leading to a decrease in population size. Hence, option D is correct.
What is global warming?Climate change includes global warming, which is the gradual increase in the earth's temperature. It is brought on by an increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, primarily as a result of human activities like farming and the burning of fossil fuels.
Environmental changes brought on by global warming may have a negative influence on human health. Additionally, it can result in an increase in sea level, which poses a threat to biodiversity, a change in precipitation patterns, an increase in the likelihood of droughts and floods, and the loss of coastal land.
Due to global warming, The birds will miss the peak season for caterpillars, leaving the babies with less food and leading to a decrease in population size. Hence, option D is correct.
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5. Identify figure 5.1 Fig. 5.1 a. Label epidermis, cortex, phloem, conjunctive tissue, protoxylem and metaxylem 6. Given figure is of secondary growth in stem label the figure. a. List the stages in secondary growth.
Dicot roots undergo secondary growth in two stages: a) the development and activity of the vascular cambium; and b) the development and activity of the cork cambium.
Between the xylem and phloem in roots is a collection of parenchymatous or sclerenchymatous cells known as conjunctive tissue. Within the body of the plant, xylem transmits sap and water, and phloem delivers organic food. These cells initiate the lateral roots and vascular cambium during the secondary growth. The pith is minute or barely noticeable. The lateral meristems, which are inactive in herbs or herbaceous plants, are responsible for the secondary growth of plants, which results in an increase in stem thickness. There are two categories of lateral tissues that participate in secondary growth: vascular cambium and cork cambium.
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Which of the following statements about the biosynthesis of geranyl diphosphate are correct? Select all that apply.The reactive intermediate is an allylic carbocation.The reactive intermediate adds to a double bond.
.The reactive intermediate is an allylic carbocation.
The reactive intermediate adds to a double bond.
Both claims are true; during the biosynthesis of geranyl diphosphate, an intermediate called an allylic carbocation is formed, and it joins with a double bond to produce geranyl diphosphate.
Ionic species known as carbocations have a positive charge on the molecule's carbon atom. Typically, they develop as an intermediary during different chemical reactions. Steric hindrance and the +I impact of alkyl groups linked to the carbocation's C+ dictate the stability of carbocations .The positive charge is delocalized over the two terminal carbons because the conjugated allyl carbocation's actual structure is a mix of the two resonance structures. The allyl carbocation becomes more stable than a typical primary carbocation as a result of this delocalization.
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21.1.2 Quiz: What Is Science?
What must scientists assume when using scientific laws to make
predictions?
A. The universe acts in the same way as it acted in the past and will
continue to act in the future.
B. There is enough empirical evidence to turn a theory into a law.
C. The process of science will always uncover the truth.
D. The universe is always changing, and new laws will need to be
discovered all the time.
sorry
Explanation; doesn't know the answer
The questions below will help determine which restriction enzyme should be used to make a plasmid that contains both an intact vgp gene and a functional ampR gene. Answer questions 1-4 by selecting from the answer choices on the left. Drag the correct answer to the right of each question.
1. BamHI, HaeIII, and HindIII
2. BamHI, EcoRI, and HaeIII
3. BamHI, EcoRI, and HindIII
4. BamHI only
BamHI only restriction enzyme should be used to make a plasmid that contains both an intact vgp gene and a functional ampR gene
What is plasmid ?A plasmid is a tiny extrachromosomal DNA molecule that exists in a cell but is physically distinct from chromosomal DNA and has the ability to multiply on its own. Plasmids are occasionally detected in archaea and eukaryotic organisms, although they are most frequently discovered as tiny, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria.
In contrast to a cell's chromosomal DNA, plasmids are tiny, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules. Plasmids naturally exist in bacterial cells and certain eukaryotes as well. Plasmid genes frequently give bacteria genetic advantages, such as antibiotic resistance.
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The alveoli are air sacs inside our lungs where gas exchange occurs between our bodies and the air in the atmosphere. Based on the data in the table, which gas is present in the least amount in both the atmosphere and in the lungs?
a) CO2
b) H2O
c) N2
d) O2
Our lungs' alveoli are air sacs where gas exchange between our bodies and atmospheric air takes place. The least amount of CO2 is found in the atmosphere and the lungs.
About 78.08 percent of the dry air on Earth is composed of nitrogen, 20.95 percent of it of oxygen, and 0.93 percent of it is argon. The remaining fraction, or 0.04 percent, is made up of a variety of trace gases, such as ozone, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and other greenhouse gases. Although these greenhouse gases only make up a small portion of our atmosphere, they are crucial in trapping the Earth's radiant heat and preventing it from escaping into space, which warms our planet and increases the greenhouse effect.
Therefore, CO2 only makes up 0.04% of the gases with other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and 5.2% of the gases in alveoli.
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which of the following statements details the role of lipids? 1) some serve as a fuel source. 2) some provide structure to membranes. 3) some transport small molecules and ions across membranes. 4) some are precursors to steroids. which of the following statements details the role of lipids? 1) some serve as a fuel source. 2) some provide structure to membranes. 3) some transport small molecules and ions across membranes. 4) some are precursors to steroids. 1 and 3 are correct. 1, 2, and 4 are correct. all of the listed statements are correct. none of the listed statements is correct.
1, 2, and 4 are correct from the following statements that details the role of lipids.
What do you mean by lipids?
Lipids are a class of organic molecules that are essential components of all living cells. They are composed of fatty acids and have a wide range of functions in the body, such as providing energy, storing vitamins, and acting as structural components of cell membranes. Lipids are also important for many other processes such as hormone production, blood clotting, and digestion.
1) some serve as a fuel source.
2) some provide structure to membranes.
4) some are precursors to steroids.
The role of lipids is multifaceted. They can serve as a fuel source, provide structure to membranes, and act as precursors to steroids. In terms of fuel, lipids are an important energy source, providing more energy per gram than carbohydrates or proteins. They also provide structure to cellular membranes, as they can form a lipid bilayer which acts as a barrier between the interior and exterior of the cell. Lastly, lipids are precursors to steroids, which are hormones that play various roles in the body, such as regulating metabolism and reproductive processes.
Hence, options 1, 2 and 4 are correct.
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with reference to camel and reptile discuss how animal adapted to life in desert
Camel and reptiles are both animals that have adapted to life in the desert.
Camel:
Camels have thick fur or hair that helps insulate them from the hot sun and retain moisture.
They have wide, padded feet that help them walk on sand without sinking.
Camels can go long periods of time without drinking water because they can store water in their humps.
Reptiles:
Reptiles are cold-blooded, which means they can tolerate the extreme temperatures of the desert.
They can conserve water by spending most of the day in burrows or under rocks where it is cooler.
Some reptiles, such as the desert horned lizard, can survive by storing water in their bodies.
Some species like the desert tortoise, can bury themselves underground to escape from the heat.
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complete question :
How have camels and reptiles adapted to life in the desert?
One variant in the green groups (Groups 1, 3, and 6) was used to make a vaccine that was distributed very early in the pandemic. Based on the graphed data, does it look like the vaccine was effective? Why or why not?
The green line never reaches 100 on the y-axis, indicating that it was successful used to make a vaccine that was distributed very early in the pandemic.
An effective acquired immunity to a specific infectious or cancerous disease is provided by a vaccination, which is a biological preparation. [1] Numerous studies and independent assessments have confirmed the vaccinations' efficacy and safety. The typical component of a vaccination is an agent that closely resembles a microbe that causes a disease; this agent is frequently created from weakened or deceased versions of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent induces the body's immune system to identify the agent as a threat, eliminate it, and then identify and eliminate any associated bacteria that it may come into contact with in the future.
Vaccines can be either preventive (to shield against or lessen the symptoms of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen) or therapeutic (to treat a condition that has already developed).
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Which cells are more efficient at obtaining nutrients and maintaining homeostasis?
medium cells
large cells
extra large cells
small cells
The correct answer is Option D: Small Cells
Small cells are generally more efficient at obtaining nutrients and maintaining homeostasis. This is because they have a higher surface-to-volume ratio, which allows them to more easily absorb nutrients and exchange waste products with their environment. Additionally, small cells are able to respond more quickly to changes in their environment, which helps them maintain homeostasis.
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FILL IN THE BLANK while_____ involves the stimulation of sense organs,______ involves the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input.
While sensation involves the stimulation of sense organs, perception involves the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input.
The sensation is the activation of the senses. The process of choosing, organizing, and interpreting sensory information is perception. All forms of perception entail nervous system signals, which are generated when the sense organs are physically or chemically stimulated.
Stimulation of the perception of the senses the process of choosing, organizing, and interpreting sensory information the study of the relationship between physical stimuli and psychological experience blindness from lack of focus absolute threshold: the inability to see completely observable things or events due to other attentional demands.
In addition to the physical strength of the stimulus, other elements that affect sensory sensitivity include sensory adaptation, progressive loss of sensitivity to chronic exposure, and the olfactory system.
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What is optimal foraging theory?
