The aqueous solution neutralisation of sodium hydroxide and hydrofluoric acid.
HF(aq)+OH−(aq)→H2O(l)+F−(aq)
A mixture of hydrogen fluoride (HF) and water is hydrofluoric acid. Acidic, colourless, and extremely corrosive describe HF solutions. It is employed to create the majority of fluorine-containing chemicals, including PTFE and the widely used antidepressant drug fluoxetine (Prozac) (Teflon). It produces the elemental fluorine. Glass and silicon wafers are frequently subjected to its utilisation. Organofluorine chemistry is the main use of hydrofluoric acid. Teflon, fluoropolymers, fluorocarbons, and refrigerants like freon are just a few of the many organofluorine compounds that are created utilising HF as the fluorine source. Fluorine is a component of many medicines. Hydrofluoric acid is used to create the majority of inorganic fluoride compounds with significant volume. Cryolite, AlF3, and Na3AlF6 are the two most important substances. The fabrication of metallic materials uses a molten mixture of these solids as a high-temperature solvent.
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Select all statements that correctly describe the relationship between the parameters investigated in the Boyle's law experiment shown in the visual.The variable parameters are volume and temperature.As pressure increases from (a) to (b) to (c), the volume of the gas decreases.The variable parameters are pressure and volume.The number of moles of gas remains constant.The temperature increases from (a) to (b) to (c).
Following statements that correctly describe the relationship between the parameters investigated in the Boyle's law experiment ;
-As pressure increases from (a) to (b) to (c), the volume of the gas decreases.
-The variable parameters are pressure and volume.
-The number of moles of gas remains constant.
Boyle’s Law :- Boyle's Law states that when the temperature of a given mass of confined gas is constant, the product of its pressure and volume is also constant (p * V = constant). When comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be expressed as: P1V1 = P2V2, showing that as volume increases, the pressure of a gas decreases proportionally, and vice versa.
Boyle's Law is named after Robert Boyle, who published the original law in 1662.
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Suppose the material you are recrystallizing fails to precipitate from solution. What can
you do to recover the material from solution?
Re-crystallizing material does not precipitate from solution bring the substance back from the solution Break glass using an ice bath.
Describe the recrystallization process.Chemicals are purified through the physical process of recrystallization in accordance with their varying solubilities. The procedure is finished by heating the substance to dissolve the impurity-containing chemical in a mixture of a solvent system.
What is the process of recrystallizationThe solute, which needs to be purified, is dissolved in a suitable hot solvent prior to recrystallization. As the liquid cools, the solute reaches saturation in the solution and crystallizes, producing a solid.
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Which solutions(s) showed little or no change in pH? Why?
The buffers with high and low pH had the least change; they are buffers that resist changes in pH.
The buffer solution's pH does not change, so why not?The concentration of salt to acid (or base) remains constant after dilution for this reason. A mild acid or base that prevents abrupt pH fluctuations is a buffer.pH scales range from 7.0 and above for basic solutions to 7.0 and lower for acidic ones. Buffers are solutions that include a weak acid and its conjugate base; as a result, they can absorb too many H+ions or OH-ions, keeping the pH in the environment constant.An alkali, such as sodium hydrogen carbonate, may be used to treat a patient whose blood pH is acidotic and is 7.3. The buffers with high and low pH had the least change; they are buffers that resist changes in pH.To learn more about Buffers refer to:
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complete the mechanism for the electrophilic addition when the alkene is treated with water in acid. a) Use curved arrows to show the attack on the electrophilic hydrogen by the alkene. b) Complete the structure of the carbocation intermediate by adding the missing positive charge.
Alkenes experience electrophilic addition reactions. Cross-bond addition of electrophiles occurs. Because the double bond has a higher electron density and acts as a neucleophile in the given reaction, the H+ is across
What is extremely reactive and what's an example?Since they have a low level of electrons, electrophiles can accept a pair of electrons from species that have a high level of electrons. Carbocations and compounds with carbonyls are two examples. An electron-rich species known as a nucleophile gives electron pairs to other species that lack electrons. Examples include cyanide ions, carbanions, water, ammonia, and more.
Why is a given atom electrophilic?An electrophile is a reagent that accepts two electrons to create a new covalent bond. Let's now discuss electrophilicity, often known as "electron-loving" or "loving negative charge." In order to create a new covalent bond, an electrophile species must receive two electrons.
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The formal charge of an atom in a Lewis structure is the charge the atom would have if all bonding electrons were shared _____ between the atoms. The formal charge doesn't necessarily reflect an actual charge on the atom.
The formal charge is a hypothetical charge assigned to an atom in a molecule assuming that all the bonded electrons are equally shared among the atoms forming the two bonds.
The formal charge is the discrepancy between the atom's number of valence electrons and the number it possesses.
Even though we frequently presume they are the same, formal charge and oxidation state are two separate concepts. While the oxidation state regulates the number of electrons exchanged between atoms during the synthesis of a molecule, the formal charge specifies the number of electrons that occur around an atom of a molecule.
When adjacent formal charges are negative or of the opposite sign, Lewis structures are preferred. The Lewis structure with the negative formal charges on the most electronegative atoms is the one to choose from when faced with a choice between numerous Lewis structures with similar formal charge distributions.
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Calculate the number of Cl atoms that are in 1.1 x 10^-21 moles of Cl atoms.
According to Avogadro's number there are 62.53 atoms of chlorine in 1.1x 10[tex]^-21[/tex] moles of Cl atoms.
What is Avogadro's number?Avogadro's number is defined as a proportionality factor which relates number of constituent particles with the amount of substance which is present in the sample.
According to the definitions, Avogadro's number depend on determined value of mass of one atom of those elements.It bridges the gap between macroscopic and microscopic world by relating amount of substance with number of particles.
Number of atoms can be calculated using Avogadro's number as follows: mass/molar mass×Avogadro's number or number of moles×Avogadro's number.
ON substitution in above formula number of atoms=1.1×10²¹×6.023×10²³=62.53 atoms
Thus, there are 62.53 chlorine atoms in 1.1x 10[tex]^-21[/tex] moles of Cl atoms.
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Which one of the following would form a precipitate when mixed with LiOH?
A) KNO3
B) NH4Cl
C) Ca(C2H3O2)2
D) ZnBr2
ZnBr2 is the only compound that will precipitate when combined with LiOH.
What is a precipitation reaction ?When dissolved substances react, one (or more) solid products are produced, which is known as a precipitation reaction. These kinds of reactions, which are also occasionally known as double displacement, double replacement, or metathesis reactions, frequently involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solutions.The chemical reaction between potassium chloride and silver nitrate, in which solid silver chloride is precipitated out, is one of the greatest examples of precipitation reactions. This is the precipitation reaction's byproduct, the insoluble salt.The balanced molecular chemical equation for the precipitation reaction between aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and silver nitrate is: NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) + AgCl (s)In this case,
a reaction between LiOH and ZnBr2 would be as follows;
2LiOH + ZnBr2 ----------> 2LiBr + Zn(OH)2 (s)
Zn(OH)2 is an insoluble salt and will precipitate out in the solution.
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Name each of the following acids and bases.
(Give your answer as a string. For example, enter hydrobromic acid for HBr.)
a) HF
b) Ba(OH)2
c) H2CO3
d) HNO3
e) H2SO3
f) H2SO3
f) HBrO2
The acids are generally named depending on the type of acids that are involved. It could be binary, ternary, oxoacids carboxylic acids, and hydroxyl acids.
a) HF is Hydrofluoric acid which is an example of Binary acid: Acids containing two elements, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), and nitric acid (HNO₃).
b) Ba(OH)₂ is Barium hydroxide is a basic compound which is alkaline in nature.
c) H₂CO₃ is Carbonic acid which is an example of Ternary acid: Acids containing three elements, such as phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) and carbonic acid (H₂CO₃).
d) HNO₃ is Nitric acid which is an example of binary acid.
e) H₂SO₄ is Sulfurous acid which is an example of binary acids
f) HBrO₂ is Bromous acid which is an example of an Oxoacid: Acids containing oxygen, such as nitrous acid (HNO₂) and perchloric acid (HClO₄).
g) CH₃COOH is an Ethanoic acid which is an example of Carboxylic acid: Acids containing the carboxyl functional groups, such as acetic acid (CH₃COOH) and formic acid (HCOOH).
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what can the arrow in a chemical reaction be translated to mean? check all that apply. yields accompanied by react to form added to except
The arrow in a chemical reaction means
yieldreact to formWhat is a chemical reaction?A chemical reaction is a procedure that causes one group of chemical components to change chemically into another. Chemical reactions, which can frequently be described by a chemical equation, traditionally include changes that only affect the locations of electrons in the formation and dissolution of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change to the nuclei.
At a specific temperature and chemical concentration, chemical reactions occur at a predictable reaction rate. Because there is more thermal energy available to attain the activation energy required to break bonds between atoms, reaction rates often increase as temperature rises.
The arrow in the reaction is telling us that what we have in the left hand side of the equation has resulted in the equation that we have on the right.
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Answer:
A and C
Explanation:
Got it right on the pretest
in a chemical equation, which symbol should be used to indicate that a substance is in solution?; which symbol can be used to indicate the pressure at which a chemical reaction is carried out?; which equation has both a liquid and a gas as products?; the compound co2 is made of; which formula equation shows a reversible reaction?; which formula equation represents the burning of sulfur to produce sulfur dioxide?; which statement best describes the formula equation cl2(g) + 2kbr(aq) right arrow. 2kcl(aq)+ br2(l)?; which word equation shows hydrogen reacting with oxygen to form water?
The aqueous solution is represented by the symbol (aq). Aqueous solution (aq) denotes a substance that has been dissolved in water.
Water acts as the solvent in an aqueous solution. In balanced chemical equation, it is frequently expressed by appending to the corresponding chemical formula. For instance, Na+ + Cl might be used to depict a solution of table salt, or sodium chloride, in water.Aqueous solutions are composed of both water and one or more dissolved substances, Solid, gases, or other liquids can all dissolve in an aqueous solution
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consider the substitution reaction of (r)-3-chloro-3-methylhexane with methanol and heat. r 3 chloro 3 methyl hexane is treated with methanol to give four possible products. all have substituents on carbon 3. the structure of the starting material is a 6 carbon chain with a methyl group pointing towards the viewer and a chloro group pointing away from the viewer. compound a has a methoxy group pointing towards the viewer and a methyl group pointing away from the viewer. compound b has a methyl group pointing towards the viewer and a hydroxy group pointing away from the viewer. compound c has a hydroxy group pointing towards the viewer and a methyl group pointing away from the viewer. compound d has a methyl group pointing towards the viewer and a methoxy group pointing away from the viewer. identify the substitution product(s). a b c d no reaction
The possible products of the Substitution reaction of (r)-3-chloro-3-methylhexane with methanol and heat are A and D.
The substitution reaction of (r)-3-chloro-3-methylhexane with methanol and heat is a nucleophilic substitution reaction. In this reaction, the chlorine atom in (r)-3-chloro-3-methylhexane acts as the leaving group, while the methanol serves as the nucleophile. The reaction proceeds through a series of steps:
1. The chlorine atom in (r)-3-chloro-3-methylhexane is protonated by the hydrogen atom in methanol. This creates a positively charged carbon-chlorine bond.
2. The nucleophilic attack of the methanol molecule onto the positively charged carbon-chlorine bond results in the formation of a covalent bond between the two molecules.
3. The newly formed covalent bond is then broken by the removal of the chlorine atom from the molecule, leaving behind a positively charged methoxy group.
4. The positively charged methoxy group is then protonated by the hydrogen atom in methanol, resulting in the formation of a new covalent bond between the two molecules.
5. Heat is then applied to the reaction mixture, which increases the reaction rate and facilitates the formation of the desired product, (r)-3-methyl hexane-2-methanol.
This substitution reaction is an example of a nucleophilic substitution reaction, which is a type of chemical reaction in which a nucleophile (a molecule with an electron-rich center) replaces a leaving group (a molecule with an electron-poor center) from a substrate molecule.
Hence A and D are the products of the reaction. The image attached below explains Clearly the reaction.
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assume the magnetic susceptibility data were measured for the iron (ii) compounds given below and that the data reveals only one of them is low-spin. which of the compounds will be low-spin? hint: consult your spectrochemical series. (nh4)2[fe(h2o)6](so4)2 na4[fe(co3)3] k4[fe(cn)6] k4[fecl6] k3[fe(oxalate)3]
The low-spin compound in this set of compounds is K₄[Fe(CN)₆].
The spectrochemical series is a list of ligands ranked in order of their ability to stabilize low-spin complexes. According to the series, CN⁻ is the strongest low-spin ligand, followed by Cl⁻, CO₃⁻, and oxalate. Therefore, the compound that is most likely to be low-spin is K₄[Fe(CN)₆]. The other compounds on the list are more likely to be high-spin because the ligands they contain are weaker than CN⁻ at stabilizing low-spin complexes.
Since it is near the high-spin end of the spectrochemical series (i.e. it has a high coordination number and a high oxidation state). The other compounds in the set all have lower coordination numbers and/or lower oxidation states, so they are more likely to be high-spin.
In general, the more electrons an atom has in its outer shell, the more likely it is to be low-spin. Therefore, compounds with higher oxidation states and higher coordination numbers are more likely to be low-spin.
Hence, K₄[Fe(CN)₆] has a low spin with a strong field ligand in the spectrochemical series.
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in the dilution equation, units can vary when expressing which of the following (so long as the same units are used on both sides of the equation)?amount of solute density volume none of the above
In the dilution equation, the units can vary when expressing the volume of the solute and the solvent, as long as the same units are used on both sides of the equation. The correct answer is option c.
The dilution equation is used to calculate the concentration of a solution that has been diluted by adding more solvent. The equation is:
[tex]\rm C_1V_1 = C_2V_2[/tex]
Where, [tex]\rm C_1[/tex] is the initial concentration, [tex]\rm V_1[/tex] is the initial volume, [tex]\rm C_2[/tex] is the final concentration, and [tex]\rm V_2[/tex] is the final volume.
When using this equation, it is important that the units of volume are the same on both sides of the equation.
Therefore, when expressing the volume of the solute and the solvent, the units can differ as long as the same units are used on both sides of the equation. Option c is the right choice.
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Your question is incomplete but most probably your full question was:
In the dilution equation, units can vary when expressing which of the following (so long as the same units are used on both sides of the equation)?
a. amount of solute
b. density
c. volume
d. none of the above
which of the following is a correct set for a valence electron in potassium atom at the ground state?atomic no of K=19. Q.
The potassium valence electron's atomic number, K=19, corresponds to the correct quartet of four quantum numbers.
How are electrons made up?An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle, whether it is linked to or detached from an atom (not bound). Along with neutrons and protons the electron is a constituent particle of an atom and is one of the three primary types of particles found there.
Why are electrons used?GitHub created the open source package called Electron to help developers create cross-platform desktop applications using JavaScript, HTML, and CSS. By fusing Chromium and Node, Electron achieves this. It is possible to package apps for Mac, Win, and Linux using JavaScript into a single runtime.
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type the correct answer in the box. what is the mass of one mole of phosphorous (p) atoms? express your answer to four significant figures. the mass of 1 mole of phosphorus atoms is ___ grams.
The mass of 1 mole of phosphorus atoms is calculated to be 30 grams.
Mass number of an atom is defined as the sum of total number of protons and neutrons present in an atom. The mass number of any element is calculated by the formula:
Mass Number (A) = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons
On the other hand, atomic number is defined as the total number of protons present in an atom.
Therefore, it is calculated experimentally that mass number of phosphorous is 30 g/mol whereas atomic number of phosphorous is 15.
Therefore, the mass of 1 mole of phosphorus atoms is 30 grams.
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among the following h atom transitions, which would emit a photon of light with the longest wavelength?
C
An hydrogen atom absorbs energy then the electron moves from lower to higher shell number.
Also if the wavelength is longest then energy difference is minium as wavelength and energy are inversely proportional.
Energy difference is directly proportional to (1/n1^2 - 1/n2^2).
Hence we want this quantity as minium for minimum energy and longest wavelength.
a)(1/1 - 1/4) =0.75
b)(1/16 - 1/36) =0.035
v)(1/36-1/49)=0.00737
D)Not the answer as n=5 to n=4 means energy is released.
e)(1/4-1/9) =0.139
Hence the minimum value is c transition.
Hence the answer is option c.
So an hydrogen atom absorbs energy then the electron moves from lower to higher shell number.
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Predict the major products of the following reactions, and give the structures of any intermediates. Include stereochemistry where appropriate.
The study of a molecule's three-dimensional structure is known as stereochemistry. The sole structural difference between the cis and trans isomers, which are types of stereoisomers, is where the atoms of the molecule are situated in three dimensions.
What is the stereochemistry principle?Stereochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies and manipulates the relative spatial arrangement of atoms within molecules.
What role does stereochemistry play?Because a drug's shape affects how it interacts with the different biological molecules (enzymes, receptors, etc.) that it comes into contact with in the body, stereochemistry is crucial to understanding how drugs work.
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prepare a conversion factor for a 48% w/w solution of hbr in water. (w/w stands for weight / weight.) double check your answer with your instructor when you get to lab.
If an aqueous solution with concentrated hydrobromic acidity contains 48% by mass of HBr, then the molarity of HBr is 8.9 M.
How do mol and molarity work?The term "Molarity" is derived from the unit of measurement called a mole, which is used to describe chemical substances. Determining the amount of substance present in a certain chemical solution is done using a concept known as molarity, commonly known as the molecular concentration of a solution.
What does 1 molarity mean?The most frequent measure of molarity in chemistry is the amount of moles per liter, denoted by the unit notation mol/L or mol/dm3 in SI units. A solution with a level of one mol/L is referred to as 1 molar, or 1 M.
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The correct question is :
An aqueous solution of concentrated hydrobromic acid contains 48% HBr by mass. If the density of the solution is 1.50 g/mL, what is its concentration?
Using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, calculate the volume of 0.20 M Acetic Acid and 0.2 M Sodium Acetate needed to prepare 50 mL of 0.1 M Acetate Buffer solution (pH = 4.5). pKa of Acetic Acid is 4.74?
Volume of 0.20 M sodium acetate is calculated to be 0.82g. Sodium acetate can be used as additives in food, industry and in buffer solutions.
What is Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?To determine pH of a buffer is by using the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation is pH = pKₐ + log([A⁻]/[HA]).
As we know that, pH = pKa + log [salt]/[acid]
Given pH (4.75) and pKa (4.75).
Given [acid] = 0.20 M
When the pH = pKa, ratio of [salt]/[acid] =1 because log 1 = 0
Hence,[sodium acetate] = 0.20 M.
4.75 = 4.75 + log [sodium acetate]/[0.20]
0 = log x/0.2
Hence, x = 0.2 M
To calculate the "amount" in grams, convert 0.20 M to grams using the volume of 50 ml (0.05 L)
0.20 mole/L x 0.05 L = 0.01 moles moles sodium acetate
0.01 moles sodium acetate x 82 g/mole
Volume of 0.20 M sodium acetate= 0.82g
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what is the molar concentration of a 40.0% w/v (m/v) nacl solution? the information below may be helpful: molar mass of nacl: 58.443 g/mol density of water: 1.00 g/ml enter your answer in standard notation with the correct number of significant figures.
Molar concentration
To calculate the Molar Concentration, we will find the molar concentration by dividing the moles by liters of water used in the solution. For example, the acetic acid here is completely dissolved in 1.25 L of water. Then divide 0.1665 moles by 1.25 L to get the molar concentration, which will be 0.1332 M.
- Molarity [tex]$=w^2 / M^2 x(1000 N)$[/tex]
1. where[tex]$w^2=$[/tex] Weight of solut[tex]e $=2.60 \mathrm{~g}$[/tex]
2.[tex]$M^2=$[/tex] Molecular weight of solute [tex]$=58.5$[/tex]
3. Volume of the solution in ml=40
4. Molarity = ?
- So Molarity (M)=(2.60 / 58.5) x(1000 / 40)
So Molarity (M)= (2.60/58.5) x(1000/40)
Molarity (M) = 1.111 M
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A student added 3 g of melted wax to a container that weighed 15 g. What is the weight of the container after the wax hardens?
The weight of the container after the wax hardens is 0.18 N.
What is the law of conservation of mass?We know that according to the law of the conservation of mass, the mass of an object can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be changed from one form to the other.
Looking at this law, we know that the mass would not change even after the time that the wax must have hardened. The total mass of the wax would have to be a constant.
Total mass would now be;
Mass of the wax + mass of the container
= 3 g + 15 g
= 18 g
Weight = 18/1000 * 9.8 m/s^2
= 0.18 N
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What convert nitrogen to a form that can be used by plants?; How can nitrogen in the soil be converted?
Nitrogen gas (N2) diffuses into the soil from the atmosphere, and species of bacteria convert this nitrogen to ammonium ions (NH4+), which can be used by plants.
What is soil?
Soil, also commonly referred to as soil or soil, is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life. Some scientific definitions distinguish soil from soil, especially by restricting the former term to displaced soil.
Therefore, Nitrogen gas (N2) diffuses into the soil from the atmosphere, and species of bacteria convert this nitrogen to ammonium ions (NH4+), which can be used by plants. Soil, also commonly referred to as soil or soil, is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life.
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C3H9NO + C7H5ClO= ?
Answer:
C3H9NO + C7H5ClO = C10H14NOCl
Explanation:
In this chemical equation, C3H9NO and C7H5ClO are the reactants, and C10H14NOCl is the product. The reactants are combined through a chemical reaction to form the product. The coefficients in front of each chemical formula indicate the number of molecules of each substance that are involved in the reaction.
To balance the equation, we need to make sure that the number of atoms of each element on the reactant side of the equation is equal to the number of atoms of each element on the product side of the equation. In this case, we can see that the reactant side of the equation has 3 carbon atoms, 9 hydrogen atoms, 1 nitrogen atom, and 1 oxygen atom. The product side of the equation has 10 carbon atoms, 14 hydrogen atoms, 1 nitrogen atom, 1 chlorine atom, and 1 oxygen atom.
To balance the equation, we need to add coefficients in front of each chemical formula to make sure that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation. For example, we can add a coefficient of 3 in front of C7H5ClO to balance the number of carbon atoms on both sides of the equation. This gives us the balanced equation:
C3H9NO + 3C7H5ClO = 3C10H14NOCl
In this balanced equation, the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation, and the reaction can proceed without violating the law of conservation of mass.
a farmer tested soil in his farm and found out that its ph was 5.5.this was below the recommended ph of 7.0.suggest how the farmer could achieve the recommended ph of the soil in his farm
To achieve the recommended ph of the soil in his soil, the farmer should use quick lime or slaked lime, or calcium carbonate.
In general, the plants will grow best in neutral soil pH. When the soil pH property is acidic, it can decrease the availability of essential nutrients and decrease plant production. Limestone is the most common way to increase the pH of soil.
The other way to increase the pH value of soil is, by mixing the soil using a lime-based compound like dolomite lime or agricultural lime. The finer the particles of limestone, the more rapidly it becomes effective.
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the compound carboxymethl-coa is a competitive inhibitor of citrate synthase and is a posposed transition state analog. propose a structure for the reaction intermediate derived from acetyl-coa in the rate-limiting step fo the reaction, just prior to its reaction with oxaloacetate
The process by which acetyl CoA binds to citrate synthase's binding pocket and the intermediate product of the reaction between acetyl CoA and citrate synthase.
What happens before the acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate reaction is shown below. Analogs of transition states and reaction intermediaries. In a reaction that is mediated by an enzyme, transition state analogues are temporary forms of the substrate. These substrate analogues for the transition state will be such that the enzyme catalyzing the process can readily stabilize them. Complexes called reaction intermediates exist between the time the enzyme binds to the substrate and the time the product is liberated from the enzyme. Reaction intermediates are complexes made up of an enzyme and its substrate (ES) and an enzyme and its product (EP).
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as seen in problem 3.109, silicon carbide nanowires of diameter d 15 nm can be grown onto a solid silicon carbide surface by carefully depositing droplets of catalyst liquid onto a flat silicon carbide substrate. silicon carbide nanowires grow upward from the deposited drops, and if the drops are deposited in a pattern, an array of nanowire fins can be grown, forming a silicon carbide nano-heat sink. consider finned and unfinned electronics packages in which an extremely small, 10 m 10 m electronics device is sandwiched between two d 100-nm-thick silicon carbide sheets. in both cases, the coolant is a dielectric liquid at 20 c. a heat transfer coefficient of h 1 105 w/m2 k exists on the top and bottom of the unfinned package and on all surfaces of the exposed silicon carbide fins, which are each l 300 nm long. each nano-heat sink includes a 200 200 array of nanofins. determine the maximum allowable heat rate that can be generated by the electronic device so that its temperature is maintained at Tt <85oC for the unfinned and finned packages.
1.30×10 W is the maximum allowable heat rate that can be generated by the electronic device to maintain the temperature below 85°C for an unfinned package.
Write the equation conduction resistance
Rcond = d/kA.........(1)
Consider the following and substitute the values:
From the table of 'thermo physical properties of selected nonmetallic solids' at a temperature of 300K.
The thermal conductivity of Silicon carbide, k is given by 490 W/m - K
Dimension of the electronic device,
W=10x10⁻⁶m
Find the cross-sectional area
A=W²
= (10x10⁻⁶)² m²
Rcond = 100×10⁻⁹/490×(10×10⁻⁶)^2
= 2.04 K/W
The equation Convection resistance is given as follows:
Rconv = 1/hA
Consider the following and substitute the values:
Heat transfer coefficient of coolant
h= 1×10 W/m² K and
A= (10×10⁻⁶)² m²
Rcond = 1/10⁵x(10x10⁻⁶)^2
= 1×10⁵ K/W
Find the heat rate by using the following equation
q= T1- Tinfinity/ Rcond + Rconv...........(3)
= 2(85-20)/ (2.04+10⁵)
q = 1.30×10 W
Thus, the maximum allowable heat rate that can be generated by the electronic device to maintain the temperature below 85°C for the unfinned package is 1.30×10 W.
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Using the following equation and your results from the previous
question, calculate the enthalpy of combustion of 1 mole of
ethanol (show your workings and the correct units).
Q = m c T
Where:
Q = energy released (J)
m = mass of water (g)
C = specific heat capacity of water (4.18 J K-1 g
-1
)T = change in temperature (oC)
Results from previous : c) mass of ethanol burned = 70.3 g - 62.5 g
mass of ethanol burned = 7.8 g
molar mass of ethanol = 46.07 g/mol
moles of ethanol = 7.8 g * 1 mol/(46.07 g)
moles of ethanol = 0.169 moles
The moles of ethanol burned were 0.169 moles.
The enthalpy of combustion of a substance is the heat released when a given amount of the substance burns. To calculate the enthalpy of combustion of 1 mole of ethanol, we can use the following equation:
ΔHcomb = [-ΔHf(products) + ΔHf(reactants)]
Where ΔHf is the standard molar heat of formation, and the values have to be looked up in a thermochemistry table.
ΔHcomb = [-ΔHf(CO2(g)) - ΔHf(H2O(l)) + ΔHf(C2H5OH(l))]
ΔHcomb = [-(-393.5) - (-285.83) + (-235.53)] = -865.36 kJ/mol
So the enthalpy of combustion of 1 mole of ethanol is -865.36 kJ/mol.
Note that the enthalpy of combustion is an exothermic process, as the enthalpy is negative, which means that heat is released during the combustion of ethanol.
What is enthalpy of combustion?Enthalpy of combustion is a measure of the heat released during a chemical reaction in which a substance, typically a fuel, is burned in the presence of oxygen. It is defined as the change in enthalpy that occurs when a substance is completely burned in a steady-state process, typically at constant pressure. It is represented by the symbol ΔHc and is measured in units of energy per mole of substance, such as joules per mole (J/mol) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).
The enthalpy of combustion is a measure of the energy content of a fuel and is an important property in thermochemistry. It is used to determine the energy efficiency of fuels and combustion processes and to compare the energy content of different fuels. In general, fuels with higher enthalpies of combustion release more energy when burned and are more efficient.
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FILL IN THE BLANK a _____consists of a nitrogen-containing base, a sugar, and a phosphate group. a ________consists of a nitrogen-containing base, a sugar, and a phosphate group. base pair nucleoside nucleotide complementary base purine
A sugar, a phosphate group, and a base with nitrogen make up a nucleoside. A nucleotide is made up of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a base that contains nitrogen.
Who or what uses nitrogen?When preparing samples for chemical analysis, nitrogen is frequently utilized. Liquid sample concentration and volume reduction are accomplished using it. The chemical sector depends on nitrogen as well. It is used to make explosives, nylon, nitric acid, and fertilizers.
Is nitrogen dangerous to people?Each year, inhaling "air" with insufficient oxygen results in fatalities. Since nitrogen gas makes up 78 percent of the air we breathe, many people believe it to be safe. Nitrogen is only safe to breathe, though, when combined with the right amount of oxygen.
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TRUE/FALSE. when methylenecyclopentane is treated with in dichloromethane, the major product is 1-(bromomethyl)cyclopentene .
TRUE, 1-(bromomethyl)cyclopentene is the main byproduct of the treatment of methylenecyclopentane with dichloromethane.
How dangerous is dichloromethane?Even though dichloromethane is really the least hazardous C1 chlorohydrocarbon, it nevertheless poses risks. Its inhalation can result in symptoms like fatigue, inflammation of the respiratory tract, and even death. It also might be carcinogenic, but insufficient research has been done to determine the level of exposure likely causes cancer.
What is the chemical symbol for dichloromethane?Dichloromethane, another name for methylene chloride, is an odorless, flammable liquid with a volatile nature similar to chloroform. Paint stripping, the production of pharmaceuticals, the production of paint removers, and the cleaning and degreasing of metal are just a few of the businesses that employ methylene chloride in diverse industrial processes.
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below are the structures of five amino acids. select the amino acid that would contribute most significantly to stability of the tertiary structure of a protein.
The amino acid that would contribute most significantly to the stability of the tertiary structure of a protein is : cysteine.
What is cysteine?Cysteine is a semi essential proteinogenic amino acid that has the formula HOOC−CH−CH₂−SH. The thiol side chain in cysteine participates in enzymatic reactions as a nucleophile.
The formation of disulfide bridges by oxidation of the sulfhydryl groups on cysteine is a very important aspect of the stabilization of protein tertiary structure. This allows different parts of the protein chain to be held together covalently.
Very high doses of cysteine may be toxic to human cells and may lead to death.
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