All of the above are common mRNA modifications in human cells.
What is mRNA?
mRNA, or messenger RNA, is a molecule of ribonucleic acid (RNA) that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes in the cell. It is responsible for the translation of genetic information into proteins, which are the functional molecules of the cell.
5' cap addition is a common mRNA modification in human cells that involves adding a modified guanine nucleotide to the 5' end of the mRNA as a protective measure. Intron removal and exon joining is another common mRNA modification in human cells where introns are removed and exons are joined together to form the mature mRNA. 3' poly-A tail addition is a modification where a long chain of adenine nucleotides is added to the 3' end of the mRNA, which helps protect the mRNA from degradation. Alternative splicing is another common mRNA modification in human cells where the pre-mRNA is spliced in multiple ways to produce different mRNA molecules that can code for different proteins.
Therefore, option e, All of the above is the correct answer.
To learn more about mRNA from the link
https://brainly.com/question/12903143
#SPJ1
The reactants of aerobic cellular respiration are glucose and oxygen. Organisms typically get glucose from
Answer:
oxygen
Explanation:
hope this right
Classify each description as true of introns only, exons only, or both.
a. Removed from initial mRNA strand prior to translation
b. Generally absent from bacterial genomes
c. Present in eukaryotic genomes
d. Present in the DNA used as the template for ransciption
e. Code for amino acid seuence
f. Part of the final mRNA strand
Introns only: B) and E) : Exons only: D) and C) ; Both introns and exons: F) and A)
Nucleotide sequences are found in introns and exons within genes. Introns are eliminated during RNA splicing as RNA matures, meaning they are not expressed in the resulting messenger RNA (mRNA) product. In contrast, exons are chemically linked together to produce mature mRNA.
As opposed to exons, which are expressed sequences, introns are intervening sequences.
Exons are conserved nucleotide sequences in DNA and RNA that are present during development. The process of creating mRNA from DNA through transcription uses DNA as a template.
In the precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) stage of mRNA maturation, RNA splicing eliminates introns, which are nucleotide sections of DNA and RNA that do not directly code for proteins.
To learn more about exons and introns
brainly.com/question/26464408
#SPJ4
What are the components of the hydrologic cycle?How is water transferred from each component to another?
The components of the hydrologic cycle are evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and surface runoff. The water is transferred by evaporating, condensing, infiltrating, and flowing.
The hydrologic cycle, also known as the water cycle, is the process of how water circulates between the Earth's oceans, atmosphere, and land. The components of the hydrologic cycle include:
Water is transferred from one component to another through these processes. For example, water is transferred from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere through evaporation, from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface through precipitation, and from the Earth's surface to the oceans through runoff.
Learn more about hydrologic cycle at https://brainly.com/question/28929709
#SPJ11
how do i calculate the energy transferred here
The total amount of energy transferred during photosynthesis is found to be 290,000 kcal/[tex]m^2/year.[/tex] Thus, the corrrect option for this question is D.
What is the net primary productivity (NPP)?The net primary productivity (NPP) may be defined as the amount of energy that is available to primary consumers. This energy is available for consumers and increases biomass. It is the amount of matter accumulated by plants per unit area in a given time.
According to the question,
The net primary production of a pine forest = 175,000 kcal/[tex]m^2/year.[/tex]
The amount of plant respiration = 115,000 kcal/[tex]m^2/year.[/tex]
Therefore, the total or gross primary production (GPP) of the pine forest is calculated through the following formula:
GPP = NPP + Respiration loss.= 175,000 + 115,000 = 290,000 kcal/[tex]m^2/year.[/tex]
Therefore, the total amount of energy transferred during photosynthesis is found to be 290,000 kcal/[tex]m^2/year.[/tex] Thus, the corrrect option for this question is D.
To learn more about NPP and GPP, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/29696025
#SPJ1
on isle royale in lake superior, moose are prey for wolves and hosts for a parasite known as the moose tick that causes them to lose fur. in this community, how does predation differ from the parasitic relationship?
Parasite and host population coevolve, whereas predator and prey populations do not. Hence, Option B is the correct answer.
What do we mean by parasite?
A mechanoreceptor cell found in the inner ear that responds to auditory stimuli. The arrangement of the accessory sensory structures ensures that the movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia), which transmit information to the central processing unit of the nervous system, is triggered by the appropriate stimuli. The Organ of Corti, a sensory receptor located inside the cochlea, contains nerve receptors for hearing in sensory cells with hair-like structures (hair cells). The cochlea contains two fluids (endolymph and perilymph).
The Organ of Corti of the cochlea is a sensory organ that houses the hair cells that serve as nerve receptors for hearing.
Learn more about Parasite here:
https://brainly.com/question/999225
#SPJ1
conditions that produce acute renal failure by directly acting on functioning kidney tissue (either the glomerulus or the renal tubules) are classified as .
Conditions that produce acute renal failure by directly acting on functioning kidney tissue, either the glomerulus or the renal tubules, are classified as intrinsic or intrarenal acute kidney injury.
An abrupt loss in kidney function brought on by direct injury to the kidneys is known as intrinsic or intrarenal acute kidney injury (AKI), also known as acute renal failure. Identifying and addressing the kidney injury's underlying cause is a key component in treating intrinsic acute kidney injury.
These conditions may include kidney diseases such as glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, or interstitial nephritis, as well as toxic substances such as medications, contrast dyes, or heavy metals. Intrinsic acute kidney injury is characterized by a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate and impaired tubular function, leading to the accumulation of waste products in the blood and electrolyte imbalances.
The complete question is:-
conditions that produce acute renal failure by directly acting on functioning kidney tissue (either the glomerulus or the renal tubules) are classified as _________.
To learn more about renal tubules, refer:-
https://brainly.com/question/30265786
#SPJ4
Which group is correctly paired with its description? (A) diatoms-important consumers in aquatic communities (B) diplomonads-protists with modified mitochondria (C) apicomplexans-producers with intricate life cycles (D) red algae-acquired plastids by secondary endosymbiosis
The correct answer is (B) Diplomonads-protists with modified mitochondria.
Diplomonads are a group of protists that are characterized by having two nuclei, multiple flagella, and modified mitochondria called mitosomes. Mitosomes are vestigial organelles that are thought to have once been functional mitochondria but have lost their ability to perform aerobic respiration. Instead, diplomonads obtain energy through anaerobic metabolic pathways.
(A) Diatoms are unicellular algae that are important primary producers in aquatic communities, not consumers.
(C) Apicomplexans are parasitic protists that have intricate life cycles involving both sexual and asexual reproduction, not producers.
(D) Red algae acquired plastids by primary endosymbiosis, not secondary endosymbiosis.
For such more questions on Diplomonads
https://brainly.com/question/14695062
#SPJ4
in the sense of alternation of generations, how many generations are included in a mature pine seed?
In a mature pine seed, there are two generations of cells included. The first generation of cells is the diploid generation, which contains two sets of chromosomes.
What is diploid generation?Diploid generation is the stage of a life cycle in which an organism has two sets of chromosomes. This is the most common type of generation for eukaryotes, which are organisms with complex cells that contain a nucleus. During diploid generation, organisms contain two copies of each chromosome, one copy from each parent. This stage is preceded by the haploid generation, which contains only one set of chromosomes, and followed by a meiotic generation, during which the chromosomes replicate and recombine.
This generation is responsible for the production of haploid cells, which contain only one set of chromosomes. The haploid cells then divide to form the second generation of cells, which are the haploid spores. These spores can then go through another cycle of division to form a new diploid generation, which starts the cycle again. Thus, there are two generations of cells included in a mature pine seed.
To learn more about diploid generation
https://brainly.com/question/9217496
#SPJ1
term definition 4. natural system a. a branch of science focused on the relationships between humans and the natural world, and how to maintain and preserve our environment 5. environmental science b. an organism that isn't native to a place and can outcompete native species, as it's free from its natural enemies 6. ecology c. a group of natural objects or forces that work together as a whole 7. biosecurity d. a philosophy that studies the moral relationship between humans and the environment and between humans and all other living things 8. invasive species e. procedures put in place to protect humans or animals against disease or harmful biological agents 9. environmental ethics f. the study of interactions among plants and animals in a particular system brainly
The answers to the above from 4 to 9 are as follows:
4 - c
5 - a
6 - f
7 - e
8 - b
9 - d
4. Natural system - c. a group of natural objects or forces that work together as a whole
5. Environmental science - a. a branch of science focused on the relationships between humans and the natural world, and how to maintain and preserve our environment
6. Ecology - f. the study of interactions among plants and animals in a particular system of the brain
7. Biosecurity - e. procedures put in place to protect humans or animals against disease or harmful biological agents
8. Invasive species - b. an organism that isn't native to a place and can outcompete native species, as it's free from its natural enemies
9. Environmental ethics - d. a philosophy that studies the moral relationship between humans and the environment and between humans and all other living things.
Learn more about environmental science concepts here:
brainly.com/question/1186120
#SPJ4
which of the following would be most likely to lead to cancer? see concept 18.5 (page) view available hint(s)for part a which of the following would be most likely to lead to cancer? see concept 18.5 (page) failure of both a proto-oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene to produce proteins hyperactivity of both a proto-oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene failure of a proto-oncogene to produce a protein and amplification of a tumor-suppressor gene amplification of a proto-oncogene and inactivation of a tumor-suppressor gene hyperactivity of a proto-oncogene and activation of a tumor-suppressor gene
The most likely to lead to cancer would be (d) amplification of a proto-oncogene and inactivation of a tumor-suppressor gene.
Amplification of a proto-oncogene results in an increase in the number of copies of the gene, which can lead to an overexpression of the protein it encodes, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and division. Inactivation of a tumor-suppressor gene, on the other hand, results in the loss of its normal function in regulating cell growth and division.
The combination of amplification of a proto-oncogene and inactivation of a tumor-suppressor gene can result in the uncontrolled cell growth and division that is characteristic of cancer. The amplification of the proto-oncogene would promote cell growth and division, while the inactivation of the tumor-suppressor gene would remove the normal controls on cell growth and division, leading to uncontrolled proliferation of cells.
Learn more about proto-oncogene at :https://brainly.com/question/13252012
#SPJ4
oxytocin is produced by neurons of the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus, but is released into the bloodstream where? group of answer choices
Oxytocin is a hormone produced by neurons located in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that plays a crucial role in regulating a variety of physiological and behavioral processes.
Once produced, oxytocin is released into the bloodstream via the posterior pituitary gland, a small structure located at the base of the brain. From there, oxytocin travels to various parts of the body and exerts its effects by binding to specific receptors in target tissues, such as the uterus and mammary glands.
Oxytocin is involved in a range of physiological processes, including labor and delivery, lactation, social bonding, and stress regulation.
To know more about Oxytocin , here https://brainly.com/question/2588448
#SPJ4
neutrophils remove invading microorganisms through a process called
Neutrophils remove invading microorganisms through the process called as Phagocytosis.
What are neutrophils?The ability of neutrophils to ingest and kill invading microbes is essential for the maintenance of the host health. Neutrophils remove bacterial and fungal pathogens through process which is known as phagocytosis.
Neutrophils capture and destroy invading microorganisms through phagocytosis and intracellular degradation, release of granules, and then formation of neutrophil extracellular traps after detecting pathogens.
When microorganisms, like bacteria or viruses, enter the body, then neutrophils are one of the first immune cells to respond.
Phagocytosis is the process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest/ engulf other cells or particles.
To know more about neutrophils, refer
https://brainly.com/question/27960151
#SPJ1
Define the term "medium. " Also, identify a wave property that is determined by the "medium"
A substance or material that carries or supports something else is referred to as a "medium" in general. A medium in physics is a material that allows waves to travel through it.
What is medium?A medium is a physical substance that allows waves to travel through it in the context of physics. A disturbance that moves through a medium and causes oscillations or vibrations in the medium's particles is referred to as a wave. Sound waves, water waves, and seismic waves are a few examples of waves that need a medium to travel. The density, viscosity, and elasticity of the medium, among other factors, have an impact on the waves' behaviour and speed. For instance, sound travels more quickly through heavier mediums like solids or water than it does through less dense mediums like air. In conclusion, a medium is a physical substance that aids in the movement of waves and affects their characteristics.
To learn more about oscillations visit:
https://brainly.com/question/30111348
#SPJ4
classify the descriptions of keratin, collagen, and fibroin. some phrases may apply to more than one protein.nswer Bank contains hydroxyproline every third residue is glycine contains heptad repcals has intrachain hydrogen bonds has left-handed helices has interchain hydrogen bonds every second residue is glycine
Keratin contains intrachain hydrogen bonds, has left-handed helices Collagen contains hydroxyproline, every third residue is glycine, Fibroin contains intrachain hydrogen bonds, has left-handed helices.
Keratin is a fibrous protein that provides structural support and strength to skin, hair, nails, and other tissues in the body. It contains intrachain hydrogen bonds, which help to stabilize its structure, and has left-handed helices, which are a type of alpha helix that provide additional stability. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body and is a key component of connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. It contains hydroxyproline, a type of amino acid that is important for its stability, and every third residue is glycine, which helps to maintain its triple-helix structure. Collagen also has left-handed helices and interchain hydrogen bonds, which provide additional stability to the protein. Fibroin is a silk protein that is used by silkworms to produce their cocoons. It contains intrachain hydrogen bonds and has left-handed helices, which contribute to its stability. Fibroin also has interchain hydrogen bonds and every second residue is glycine, which help to maintain its overall structure.
Learn more about Collagen here:
https://brainly.com/question/14387059
#SPJ4
Choose the best explanation as to why both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration.
Although they may obtain their sugars in different ways, both consumers and
producers rely on cellular respiration to make ATP.
Cellular respiration is a process that both consumers and producers engage in to produce energy for their metabolic processes in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
Cellular respirationCells release energy through a process called cellular respiration, which breaks down organic molecules like glucose to power cellular functions including growth, movement, and reproduction.Cellular respiration takes place in the cells of consumers, like animals, to break down the organic molecules they eat, including proteins, lipids, and carbs, into smaller molecules that can be utilized to produce ATP. The animal's body temperature, mobility, and other activities are maintained by using this energy to drive cellular operations.Along with photosynthesis, cellular respiration also takes place in the cells of producers like plants.Although photosynthesis is the main way that plants make energy, it does not meet all of their needs; as a result, they also need to engage in cellular respiration in order to manufacture ATP for their cellular functions.Therefore, cellular respiration is a crucial activity in the functioning of living creatures and is carried out by both consumers and producers as a necessary way to generate energy and carry out their metabolic activities.learn more about cellular respiration here
https://brainly.com/question/14158795
#SPJ4
euglenozoa is a diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs, and parasites, and has a main distinguishing feature of
The complex clade of organisms known as euglenozoa includes parasites, mixotrophs, predatory heterotrophs, and photosynthetic autotrophs. An internal spiral or crystalline rod that serves as the clade's identifying characteristic, thus A is the correct option,
Most significantly, the euglenids and the kinetoplastids are included in the category euglenozoa, which includes a wide range of eukaryotes in the kingdom Protista. Both the free-living and parasitic varieties are flagellated. While certain euglenoid genera include chloroplasts and are thus classified as algae, the bulk of Euglenozoa's genera are colorless and devoid of chloroplasts, which do not comply with normal algal traits. This has caused controversy regarding the taxonomy of Euglenozoa for a long time. Instead, scientists currently think that those euglenids that do have chloroplasts did so through an endosymbiotic relationship with green algae.
To learn more about the euglenozoa follow the link: https://brainly.com/question/28343268
#SPJ4
The complete question is:
Euglenozoa is a diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs, and parasites. The main feature distinguishing them as a clade is
A spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella, or
B this clade includes the kinetoplastids and euglenid
2. At its earliest stages, a logistic growth curve closely resembles an exponential growth curve. False True.
A logistic growth curve initially mimics an exponential growth curve very closely. True
An empirical illustration of a quantity's development through time is a growth curve. For quantities like population size or biomass (in population ecology and demography, for population growth analysis), individual body height or biomass growth curves are frequently used in biology (in physiology, for growth analysis of individuals).
The growth curve has four unique phases: lag, exponential (log), stationary, and death. While bacteria are metabolically active but not dividing, the lag phase takes place.
Learn more about growth curve
https://brainly.com/question/1040607
#SPJ4
______ is a type of lipid that is found only in foods of animal origin.
Cholesterol is a type of lipid that is found only in foods of animal origin.
The type of lipid that is found only in foods of animal origin is cholesterol. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that is essential for the normal functioning of the human body. It is an important component of cell membranes and is involved in the synthesis of hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids.
While cholesterol is an essential component of the human body, too much cholesterol can be harmful to health. High levels of cholesterol in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other health problems. For this reason, it is recommended to limit the consumption of foods that are high in cholesterol, such as red meat, dairy products, and eggs.
In addition to being present in animal-based foods, cholesterol can also be produced by the liver. The liver produces cholesterol to meet the body's needs, and this production is regulated by a number of factors, including dietary intake of cholesterol and the body's hormonal balance.
Learn more about lipid at : https://brainly.com/question/3498396
#SPJ4
microorganisms require phosphorus, sulfur, iron, and magnesium for metabolism. what specifically are these elements used for in microbial metabolism or cellular structures?
Particularly for final e-acceptors in cellular and microbial metabolism, these components are used.
What causes a slow metabolism?Persistent diseases Numerous diseases, such as overweight, hypothyroidism, diabetes, particularly Cushing's syndrome, can reduce the metabolism. Obesity: Obese folks with higher fat mass & reduced muscle mass are more likely to have this sluggish metabolism.
How to test your metabolism?The doctor can assess the effectiveness of your metabolism by using your BMP. This blood test can provide you with a number for your kidney function, blood glucose levels, and other variables. This could offer clues to help with diagnosing various diseases.
To know more about metabolism visit:
brainly.com/question/15966561
#SPJ4
A nerve fiber is a long __ elongated process usually an axon in the peripheral process?
Usually an axon in the peripheral process, a nerve fibre is a single long, elongated process.
Is the axon of a nerve fibre long?In vertebrates, a nerve cell, or neuron, has a long, slender projection called an axon that normally carries electrical impulses known as action potentials away from the nerve cell body. (See spelling variations.) A huge process known as an axon, which originates from the cell body at a location known as the axon hillock, is responsible for transmitting information.
What is a neuron's extended extension?A nerve cell's long, hair-like axons, which transmit messages to other nerve cells, are known as axons. Dendrites are cytoplasmic extensions that resemble threads in a neuron.
To know more about nerve fibre visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/10864608
#SPJ4
in order for natural selection to occur within a population, certain conditions must be met. one condition is
Natural selection to occur within a population. The answer is A), which refers to phenotypic changes that are hereditary.
Phenotypic expression is the result of a complex interaction between an object's genes and environment. As they develop and evolve, organisms go through a programmed progression of phenotypic changes. Hence, even in uniform, static contexts, phenotypic expression shifts during growth and development.
Genetic diversity interacts with behavioral and environmental factors to produce phenotypic variation in humans, which is a direct effect. The genetic make-up of a genetic variant and its frequency in the population serve as two key criteria for classification.The nucleolus is a crucial component of protein synthesis because it produces ribosomes. Ribosomes are the cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis. They are then transferred to the cytoplasm.
Learn more about phenotypic here
https://brainly.com/question/30621509
#SPJ4
The Complete Question :
In order for natural selection to occur within a population, certain conditions must be met. One such condition is
A. phenotypic variations that are genetic.
B. heterozygosity must be very low.
C. phenotypic differences resulting from environmental conditions.
D. low rates of immigration.
E. frequent mutations that are inherited.
The process of producing glucose from noncarbohydrate sources is called:
a. glycolysis.
b. gluconeogenesis.
c. glycogenolysis.
d. lipolysis.
The process of producing glucose from noncarbohydrate sources is called gluconeogenesis.
What are the steps in the gluconeogenesis.?Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that involves the conversion of non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids, lactate, and glycerol, into glucose. The main steps in gluconeogenesis are:
Pyruvate carboxylation: Pyruvate, an end product of glycolysis, is converted to oxaloacetate by the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase.
Conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate: Oxaloacetate is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) by a series of reactions that involve the enzymes PEP carboxykinase and enolase.
Conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is converted to fructose-6-phosphate by the enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.
Conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose: Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to glucose by the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase.
These steps require energy input in the form of ATP and other cofactors, and they occur mainly in the liver and kidneys.
To know more about glucose, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/2396657
#SPJ1
are crossed to short plants producing oval fruit. what are the expected percentages of progeny phenotypes?
The expected percentages of phenotypes from the cross between F1 and short plants producing progeny oval fruit would be as follows:
25% of the progeny would be tall plants with oval fruit (DdRr), 25% of the progeny would be tall plants with round fruit (Ddrr), 25% of the progeny would be short plants with oval fruit (ddRr), 25% of the progeny would be short plants with round fruit (ddrr). This is based on the principles of Mendelian genetics, where each trait is independently inherited and follows the laws of phenotypes segregation and independent assortment. In the F1 generation, all the individuals are heterozygous for both traits, which will segregate during gamete formation. When the F1 individuals are crossed with short plants producing oval fruit, the expected phenotypes ratios can be determined using a Punnett square or by applying the product rule.
Learn more about phenotypes here:
https://brainly.com/question/7053976
#SPJ4
The complete Question is:
In a diploid species of plant; the genes for plant height and fruit shape are syntenic and separated by 18 m.u: Allele D produces tall plants and is dominant to d for short plants, and allele R produces round fruit and is dominant to rfor oval fruit. Apure-breeding tall plant producing oval fruit is crossed to pure-breeding short plant producing round fruit to produce the F1 generation: If the F1 are crossed to short plants producing oval fruit; what are the expected percentages of progeny phenotypes?
when does mitosis occur? when a parent cell divides to become two daughter cells. when a cell is dividing from the prophase to the metaphase stage. when a parent cell divides into two cells each containing 23 chromosomes. when the dna from the parent cell is replicated into the daughter cells.
Mitosis occurs when a parent cell divides to become two daughter cells. This process is a vital part of the cell cycle and allows for growth and repair of tissues.
The cell cycle is composed of four stages: G1, S, G2, and M. During the G1, S, and G2 stages, the cell prepares for mitosis by growing, replicating its DNA, and synthesizing the necessary proteins for cell division.
Mitosis occurs during the M stage of the cell cycle, which includes four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During the prophase stage, the chromosomes condense and become visible, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
In the metaphase stage, the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, and the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes. During anaphase, the spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids apart and move them to opposite poles of the cell. Finally, during telophase, the nuclear envelope reforms, and the chromosomes decondense, resulting in the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells.
Learn more about cell division at : https://brainly.com/question/29773280
#SPJ4
which materials are broken down by the enzymes during the modification of barley?
Micropyle and the Husk
Cell walls and protein
Yeast adn Hops
Pericarp testa
Cell walls and protein are the materials that are broken down by the enzymes during the modification of barley.
Malting is a practice in applied biochemistry, particularly enzymology. The molecules of carbohydrate, protein, and nucleic acid held in barley grains are neither appropriate nutrition for brewing yeast nor promote the fermentation events performed by brewing yeasts.
During "malting," barley seeds are germinated under regulated circumstances, causing degradative enzymes to develop and begin hydrolyzing starch, protein, and nucleic acid molecules into tiny molecules required at various stages of the brewing process.
The green malt is kilned (gently dried with heat) and the rootlets are removed to stop the malting process. Little of the starch has been converted to sugars at this point, but around 70% of the protein that has to be solubilized during malting and mashing has already been rendered soluble.
The amount of free amino nitrogen (FAN) emitted during malting is currently unknown. Modification is a catch-all word for all of the polymer-degrading reactions that occur during malting. If malting is allowed to continue for an extended period of time, the malt produced will be overmodified and will not create beers of ideal quality.
The correct options are Cell walls and Proteins.
Learn more about modification of barley.at https://brainly.com/question/16550688
Muscles are not likely to tear from their bones because Select one: a. the tendons are partially ossified at their attachment points to the periosteum. b. a circumferential lamella sandwiches the ends of the tendon onto the surface of an adjacent lamella. c. perforating fibers of collagen attach the tendons and periosteum to the cortical surfaces of bone. d. elastin fibers in the tendon can allow for stretching and recoil of the muscle.
Because collagen perforating fibers connect the tendons and periosteum to the cortical surfaces of bone, it is unlikely that muscles will separate from their bones.
Sharpey's fibres, which extend to the outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae of bone, are strong collagenous fibers that bind the periosteum to the bone. An outside "fibrous layer" and an inner "cambium layer" make up the periosteum. The cambium layer contains progenitor cells that eventually become osteoblasts, which widen the bone, whereas the fibrous layer contains fibroblasts. The progenitor cells that form osteoblasts and chondroblasts after a bone fracture are crucial to the healing process. It has nociceptive nerve endings, which makes it more sensitive to manipulation than bone itself does.
To learn more about tendons and periosteum click here:
https://brainly.com/question/29101377
#SPJ4
What makes staphylococcus epidermidis gram positive or negative?
A coagulase-negative, gram-positive cocci bacteria called Staphylococcus epidermidis clumps together. Additionally, it is a facultative anaerobe that is catalase positive. They are the most prevalent species of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus to inhabit human skin.
One of the most frequent infections in hospitals was staphylococcus, and many of its strains have developed antibiotic resistance. Staph bacteria are still persistent in hospitals despite great efforts to eradicate them, where they can infect patients who are already ill. There are at least 43 different species of Staphylococcus. One has three, one has four, while nine of them only have one subspecies. Numerous species can thrive on the skin and mucous membranes of people and other animals in their natural environments, but they are unable to transmit illness.
To learn more about staphylococcus click on the given link: brainly.com/question/30478354
#SPJ4
Paleontologists are studying a specific type of fossil from an organism found in the bottom rock layer of a cliff. Later they notice the same type of fossil in a higher layer on the same cliff. The rock layers are undisturbed – no folding or faulting has taken place. Which of the following is the BEST explanation for why fossils of this organism can be found in multiple rock layers in this cliff? SC.7.E.6.3
A. This particular type of organism lived for a long period of time in the same area
B. The cliff has many faults that have broken down the rocks and moved the fossils
C. This particular type of organism was present in multiple locations on Earth
Why did you choose this answer?
The BEST explanation for why fossils of this organism can be found in multiple rock layers in this cliff is: This particular type of organism lived for a long period of time in the same area. option A is the correct answer.
What are fossils?This refers to the traces of ancient life that have been preserved by natural processes, from spectacular skeletons to tiny sea shells. Fossils are formed in a number of different ways, but most are formed when a plant or animal dies in a watery environment and is buried in mud and silt.
The best explanation for why fossils of this organism can be found in multiple rock layers in the same cliff without any folding or faulting taking place is that this particular type of organism lived for a long period of time in the same area. This phenomenon is known as the Law of Superposition, which states that in undisturbed rock layers, the oldest rocks are on the bottom and the youngest rocks are on the top.
Over time, as new sediment is added to an area, organisms can be buried and preserved in multiple layers, resulting in their fossils being found in multiple rock layers. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.
Learn more about fossils on
https://brainly.com/question/14988327
#SPJ1
Pollution: What's in the Citarum River?
What chemicals and objects are found in this river?.
the anatomy of the intrinsic conduction system causes contraction of the ventricles to begin at the apex and move superiorly. why is this important? view available hint(s)for part a the anatomy of the intrinsic conduction system causes contraction of the ventricles to begin at the apex and move superiorly. why is this important? so blood is forced upward, toward the semilunar valves so the atria can finish contracting before the ventricles contract because the av bundle is the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles because the purkinje fibers conduct action potentials away from the heart apex
Starting at the apex, contraction forces blood upward, through the semilunar valves, and into the aorta and pulmonary trunk.
It allows the pumping of blood upwards towards the respective blood vessel from each ventricle.
From the right ventricle, blood is pumped upwards into the pulmonary artery while the left ventricle pumps the blood upwards into the aorta. The contraction of the ventricle starts at the apex and moves upwards to pump the blood from the left and right ventricle into the aorta and pulmonary artery respectively.
The aortic and pulmonary valves are called semilunar valves. As the blood pressure in ventricles exceeds the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary arteries, the semilunar valves are opened and blood is pumped into respective arteries.
Learn more about semilunar valves
https://brainly.com/question/30459640
#SPJ4
