Hamilton’s rule states that:
a. altruism evolves only among nonkin.
b. selfish genes swamp altruistic genes.
c. altruistic behavior is favored if the cost to the actor is less than the benefit to the recipient, devalued by the degree of relatedness.
d. altruistic behavior is favored if the benefits to the actor are greater than the costs to the recipients, devalued by their degree of relatedness.
Answer:
The correct answer is option D.
Explanation:
Hamilton rules state that any trait that helps in benefiting others, B, is multiplied by genetic relatedness, R, which is greater than cot to self, C, it is favored by the process of natural selection.
As indicated by Hamilton's rule, the kin selection makes qualities increment in recurrence when the hereditary relatedness of a beneficiary to an actor multiplied by the advantage to the beneficiary is more noteworthy than the regenerative expense to the actor.
Thus, the correct answer is option D.
Diffusion is a passive process that accounts for the movement of respiratory gases across the capillary membranes of alveoli.
True
False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Diffusion is a passive process (no energy required) in which the substance such as liquid and gases moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
During respiration, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli and oxygen diffuses from alveoli to blood across the respiratory membrane. The partial pressure of oxygen is low in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries and high in the alveoli. so diffusion allow movement of oxygen across the respiratory membrane from the alveoli into the blood.
Hence, the given statement is true.
What physiological alterations occur at both the vasculature and heart functioning level? (really stuck on this one, please help.)
Answer:
Most physiological alterations during aging and it is usually characterized by the deposition of a pigment called liposfuscin.
The valves of the heart also becomes stiff and thickened as a result of the pigment mentioned above. This makes the flow of blood slower than normal and contributes to cardiovascular diseases such as Stroke, high blood pressure etc.
Write in the space provided the type of non-Mendelian inheritance from the list above that matches the descriptions or the examples listed below.
1. ________when a gene has more than two allele variants.
2. ________Whena singlegene orallele controls the expression of 2 or more traits.
3. _______when offspring show a blended phenotype, a physical appearance intermediate to the phenotype of both parents.
4. _______when an allele is carried in the X chromosome.
5. _______when two dominant alleles are equally expressed in the phenotype.
6. _______when a snapdragon plant with red flowers is crossed with a snapdragon plant with white flowers and all their offspring produce pink flowers.
7. _______when the offspring of a red bull and a white cow producer oan offspring, a coat pattern that shows an equal mixture ofred hairs and white hairs.
8. _______when one gene controls the expression of a gene at a different locus.
9. _______in humans, wetear wax and strong body odor are two characteristics controlled by one allele.
10 ______red-green color blindness is a deficiency that appears more frequently in men. Boys inherit thered-green color deficiency allele from their mothers.
Answer:
Explanation below.
Explanation:
1. Multiple gene alleles.
2. Dominant gene
3. Heterozygous
4. Female trait
5. Homozygous
6. Evolution/ new breed
7. Mixed breed
8. Dominant gene
9. Hereditary
10. Rare gene
Which types of mutation are most damaging to an organism?
a) Substitution & Deletion
b) Deletion & Insertion
c) Insertion & Substitution
[tex]answer \\ = deletion \: and \: insertion \\ explanation \\ insertion \: and \: deletion \: results \: in \: a \: \\ frame \: shift \: that \: changes \: the \: \\ reading \: of \: subsequent \: codons \: and \: \\ therefore \: alters \: the \: entire \: amino \: \\ acid \: sequence \: that \: follows \: the \: \\ mutation ,insertion \: and \: deletions \: \\ are \: usually \: more \: harmful \: than \\ a \: substitution \: in \: which \: a \: single \\ amino \: acid \: is \: altered. \\ hope \: it \: helps[/tex]
Is it important before a blood transfusion to know blood types? Why? What are the benefits or consequences?
Answer:
It is extremely important to know all types of blood because if you donate the wrong type of blood to another person, he/she will get sick.
Explanation:
Hemolytic transfusion reactions can cause the most serious problems, but these are rare. These reactions can occur when your ABO or Rh blood type and that of the transfused blood do not match. If this happens, your immune system attacks the transfused red blood cells. This can be extremely life-threatening.
Explain how substitution, insertion, and deletion mutations are similar and different from one another.
Substitution:
Substitution is the switch of codons. A C could be switched to an A, but the original is now substituted for the new codon. This can change the amino acid present or it can be a silent mutation. If the stop codon is switched in, the protein will be cut short and the effects could be very serious.
Insertion:
Insertion is where base pairs are inserted into the DNA. This is different from substitution because nothing is getting switched out, just new ones are getting inserted. The original codons will still be present, just new ones are coming in. Insertions result in a frame-shift, which means everything after the mutation is shifted and nothing will be correct after this. Insertions are more harmful than substitution because it doesn't affect just one amino acid, but many.
Deletion:
Deletion is where some codons or DNA is deleted. This will result in everything after the mutation being incorrect and can cause drastic effects. Deletion is very similar to insertion because they both cause a frame-shift, but also very different because they do the opposite from one another. Deletion is also more harmful than substitution because of the frame-shift and the change in future amino acids.
_________16. Which one of the following should NOT be associated with electron transport chain?
A. Absorption of solar energy C. Movement of H+
B. Formation of ATP D. Cytochromes
ASAP PLEASE HELPP
In a DNA strand with the sequence of C-G-G-T-A-G, the letters represent different...
A.) Monosaccharides
B.) Amino Acids
C.) Nitrogenous Bases
D.) Fatty Acids.
Answer:
C) nitrogenous bases
I think its C since the rest are types of molecules bigger than DNA
how does the nonpolar nature of lipids contribute to their insulating quality
Why are fats considered as high energy compounds?
What is the function of mRNA?
What is the general formula for amino acids?
Answer:
1. Fats contain mostly C-H bonds, it has less oxygen therefore making it a high energy compound
2. mRNA plays a vital role in protein synthesis. It's a single stranded RNA molecule that contains genetic information that can be taken outside the nucleus (unlike DNA which cannot leave the nucleus). Its created during transcrption, and is used during translation to create proteins
3. (Look at image)
1. The organic molecules that contain esters of fatty acids and a mixture of compounds are called fats. They provide energy to the body for functioning. They provide slow energy but the most efficient energy.
The amount of calories supplied by fats is twice as compared to carbohydrates and proteins. The excess of fats is stored in the body for future purposes.
2. mRNA is a type of RNA and plays a vital role in the process of translation. It is a single-stranded molecule that contains genetic information transcripted from DNA and is transported out from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The main function of mRNA is in protein synthesis. It helps in the formation of amino acid sequence that undergoes modification to form proteins.
3. The general formula of amino acid is [tex]\rm R-CH(NH_{2})-COOH[/tex].
The side chains of different amino acids vary accordingly. The structure consists of a carboxylic group along with an amino group and an organic side chain.
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Albumin is a protein that is found in eggs.
Which of the following describes the structure of albumin?
Choose 1 answer:
A molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
B
A chain of amino acids folded and twisted into a molecule
Three fatty acids attached to one glycerol molecule
D
A series of nitrogenous bases attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Proteins are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Amino acids are compounds that consist of an R group, carboxylic acid end, and amino end. A chain of amino acids is referred to as a protein.
The statement 'a chain of amino acids folded and twisted into a molecule' describes the structure of albumin (Option B).
Proteins are macromolecules composed of a long sequential chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.All proteins must be twisted and folded by a cellular mechanism called protein folding, which becomes an inactive polypeptide chain into a functionally active protein.Protein folding modifies the tridimensional (3D) conformation of a protein in order to become it into a biologically active molecule that performs specific functions (e.g., an enzyme with catalytic functions).In conclusion, the statement 'a chain of amino acids folded and twisted into a molecule' describes the structure of albumin (Option B).
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Species of bacteria can evolve more quickly than
species of mammals because bacteria have
Answer:
540MIL0IAER
P
Explanation:
F
VFVVEV
Answer:
Bacteria have smaller populations, grow faster, and also share more genes compared to mammals.
Explanation:
Because bacteria reproduce quicker and are also in smaller populations, they can evolve quicker because more genes are shared which can be helpful. This is due to natural selection, which will affect bacteria more than mammals because their small populations will make natural selection more significant to be harmed by mutations and allow them to evolve.
H
Br
H
Br
H
Br
Br
H
What best describes these two molecules?
They are not isomers.
They are structural isomers.
They are geometric isomers.
They are both structural and geometric isomers.
Answer:
It's C
Explanation:
They are geometric isomers. Thus option C is the correct answer.
what is isomers ?Two chemical species with the same number and types of atoms but different configuration are called as isomers, the spontaneous process by which isomers are formed called isomerization.
This process is independent of bond energy of the configurations.
Different types of isomers are structural isomers, geometric isomers, stereoisomers, optical isomers.
The major type called structural Isomers where atoms and functional groups are differently joined with each other. For example, 1-fluoropropane and 2-fluoropropane positional change.
Another types is stereoisomers formed between atoms and functional groups with differential geometrical positioning.
This class include enantiomers which are non-superimposable mirror images of each other and have chiral centers. example are D-threose and D-erythrose.
In stereoisomers, the class of diastereomers have different physical properties and reactivities.
Thus option C is the correct answer.
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The first line of defense involves which structure(s)?
O T-cells
O skin
O blood
O B-cells
Mark this andretum
Next
Submit
Answer:
skin.
Explanation:
the first line of defense uses physical parts such as skin.
You are studying a bacterium that utilizes a sugar called athelose. This sugar can be used as an energy source when necessary.Metabolism of athelose is controlled by the ath operon. The genes of the ath operon code for the enzymes necessary to use athelose as an energy source.You have found the following:The genes of the ath operon are expressed only when the concentration of athelose in the bacterium is high.When glucose is absent, the bacterium needs to metabolize athelose as an energy source as much as possible.The same catabolite activator protein (CAP) involved with the lac operon interacts with the ath operon.Based on this information, how is the ath operon most likely controlled?Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the small molecules and the states of the regulatory proteins. Not all labels will be used.POSITIVE CONTROLa) Inactive Activator (not glowing, w/o yellow square)b) cAMPc) Active Activator (glowing, w/ yellow square)NEGATIVE CONTROLd) Active Repressor (glowing, w/o yellow square)e) athelosef) Inactive repressor (not glowing, w/ yellow square)
Answer:
POSITIVE CONTROL
c) Active Activator
d) Active Repressor
NEGATIVE CONTROL
f) Inactive repressor
a) Inactive Activator
b) cAMP
Explanation:
The positive controls are those groups in the experiment whose treatments are expected to confirm previously known results, thereby enabling the comparison of these results with the target group. In this case, both active activators and repressors are able to give results that can be compared with the test group
The negative controls are those experimental groups where no response is expected. In this case, both inactive activators and repressors, and cAMP (which is a secondary messenger in diverse biological processes but is not involved in this pathway), are not expected to produce any measurable response.
The goal of applied behavior analysis is to __________.
Answer:
To establish and enhance socially important behaviors.
Explanation:
This is a form of therapy that helps individuals improve on certain important behaviors which affects our daily life. We are likely to socialize and it’s imperative to have the necessarily social skills or behavior.These behaviors include punctuality,social, communication and learning skills etc.
The main aim of applied behavior analysis is to establish and enhance socially important behaviors.
Swamps can occur seasonally.
Answer:
If you are asking a true or false this is sometimes true with small swamps
Explanation:
Can I have a thanks 5 star and brainliest? Please tell me if i am reight!!!
Answer:Esta cobertura comprende las tierras bajas, que generalmente permanecen inundadas durante la mayor parte del año, pueden estar constituidas por zonas de divagación de cursos de agua, llanuras de inundación, antiguas vegas de divagación y depresiones naturales donde la capa freática aflora de manera permanente o estacional. Comprenden hondonadas donde se recogen y naturalmente se detienen las aguas, con fondos más o menos cenagosos. Dentro de los pantanos se pueden encontrar cuerpos de agua, algunos con cobertura parcial de vegetación acuática, con tamaño menor a 25 ha, y que en total representan menos del 30% del área total del pantano.
Distribución geográfica: Las zonas pantanosas se identificaron en las llanuras de inundación a lo largo de los ríos Caquetá, Caguán y Orteguaza y sus tributarios en el departamento del Caquetá; a lo largo del Río Guaviare en el norte de la región amazónica y en el río Vaupés en los departamentos de Guaviare y Vaupés.
Explanation:
Industrial melanism refers to the dark pigmentation that evolved in some insects giving them protective coloration on vegetation darkened by soot in heavily industrialized areas prior to air pollution regulation. Assume that in one heavily polluted area near Birmingham, England in 1956, 79% of the moths of the species Biston betularia were black due to the presence of a dominant gene for melanism. Estimate the frequency of the dominant allele in this population, and the proportion of black moths that are heterozygous.
Answer:
The frequency of the dominant allele, p = 0.542The proportion of black moths that are heterozygous 2pq = 0.496Explanation:
According to Hardy-Weinberg, the allelic frequencies in a locus are represented as p and q, referring to the allelic dominant or recessive forms. The genotypic frequencies after one generation are p² (Homozygous dominant), 2pq (Heterozygous), q² (Homozygous recessive). Populations in H-W equilibrium will get the same allelic frequencies generation after generation. The sum of these allelic frequencies equals 1, this is p + q = 1.
In the same way, the sum of genotypic frequencies equals 1, this is
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
Being
p the dominant allelic frequency,q the recessive allelic frequency,p² the homozygous dominant genotypic frequencyq² the homozygous recessive genotypic frequency2pq the heterozygous genotypic frequencyIn the exposed example, 79% of the moths of the species Biston betularia were black due to the presence of a dominant gene for melanism.
If the genotypic frequency of back moths is 0.79, then, by performing the following equation we can get the not-black moths genotypic frequency:
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
where p² is the homozygous dominant genotypic frequency, q² the homozygous recessive genotypic frequency, and 2pq is the heterozygous genotypic frequency.
As 0.79 is the phenotypic frequency of black moths, then this frequency equals p²+2pq.
Clearing the equation:
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
0.79 + q² = 1
q² = 1 - 0.79
q² = 0.21
The genotypic frequency of non-black moths is 0.21. So, from here we can calculate the allelic frequency:
q² = 0.21
q= v 0.21
q = 0.458
If 0.46 is the allelic frequency of non-black moths, then by clearing the equation p + q = 1, we can get the p allelic frequency:
p + q = 1
p + 0.458 = 1
p = 1 - 0.458
p = 0.542
The genotypic frequency p² = (0.542)² = 0.294The heterozygote genotypic frequency2 x p x q = 2 x 0.542 x 0.458 = 0.496
Finally, we can check this answer by clearing the following equation:
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
0.294 + 0.496 + 0.21 = 1
SCENARIO ABiological anthropologists have discovered a previously unknown fossil species namedAustralopithecus sediba. The species lived about 2 million years ago in Africa and has an interesting mix of traits. For example, its arms are adapted for climbing in trees and its legs are adapted for walking on two legs on the ground. It does not directly resemble any of the living ape species, which suggests that the living ape species (including humans) have each become adapted for their own environmental contexts over time.What is the primary type of biological anthropology addressed in this research?A. Human biologyB. Forensic anthropologyC. PaleoanthropologyD. PrimatologyDoes the research also touch on topics that might be relevant to researchers in disciplines outside anthropology, such as biology, geology, psychology, medicine, sociology, or criminology? Which of the following disciplines would be most relevant?A. PsychologyB. BiologyC. CriminologyD. SociologyHow does this research relate to human evolution? In other words, what can we learn about human evolution from research along these lines?
Answer:
In scenario A A. Human biology
Which of the following disciplines would be most relevant?
B. Biology
Explanation:
In scenario A Australopithecus sediba arms are adapted for climbing in tree and its legs are adapted for walking on two legs. Australopithecus is related to homo habilis and also homo erectos. They are different human primate.
B. Biology because there are fossil remains dated to about 2 million years ago.
Pigment of chicken feathers is regulated by two genes, the gene for feather pigment C, and a gene that inhibits pigment production, I. A mother chicken, who is heterozygous for gene C, and heterozygous for gene I, is crossed with a father chicken, who is homozygous recessive for the pigment gene, and heterozygous for gene.
1) What are the potential haplotypes of the gametes produced by the mother for these two genes?
2) What are the potential haplotypes of the gametes produced by the father for these two gametes?
3) What is the probability of one of the offspring of these two chickens having pigmented feathers?
4) In a population of 100 chickens, produced from the same parents, how many chickens would you expect to have white feathers?
Answer:
(1) CI Ci cI ci
(2) CI Ci
(3) 25
(4) 75
Explanation:
Mother is in this case is heterozygous for C & I, genotype of mother would be : CcIi
Father is on other hand is homozygous for C (dominant) and heterozygous for I, genotype : CCIi
1. Gametes produced by the mother will be:
CI Ci cI ci by the combinantion of C, I, c, and i alelles present in mothers genotype.
2. Gametes produced by the father :
CI Ci by the combinantion of alleles present i genotype of father CCIi
3. probability of one of the offspring of these two chickens having pigmented feathers:
2/8 × 100 = 25% ( punnet is attached)
4. chicken with white feather in population of 100 chickens:
probability of being white × 100
probability of being white : 1 - 2/8
thus, (1-2/8) × 100 = 6/8 × 100
= 75%
Select the correct answer.
Which type of energy is thermal energy a form of?
A.
chemical energy
B.
kinetic energy
C.
magnetic energy
D.
potential energy
Answer:
right answer is
B
Kinetic energy
Consider this plant cell.
The organelles in a plant cell are labeled. Part E is a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm.
Which organelle is labeled E?
Golgi apparatus
chloroplast
ribosome
nucleus
Mark this and return
The correct answer is A. Golgi apparatus
Explanation:
In a plant cell, the cytoplasm contains organelles such as the chloroplast, the ribosome, the Golgi apparatus, among others. From these organelles, the Golgi apparatus is the one that is composed of vesicles and folded membranes, which makes it look like a system of flattened, long, and folded sacs or membranes connected. Additionally, this organelle is in charge of process proteins and lipids by packaging and modifying these before they go to other sections or organelles in the cell. According to this, the organelles labeled E is likely the Golgi apparatus because only this includes a set of vesicles and folded membranes.
Answer:
A. Golgi apparatus
Explanation:
Where do sperm mature?
O A. Epididymis
O B. Urethra
O c. Seminiferous tubules
O D. Vas deferens
Answer:
A.
Explanation:
Sperm migrate from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis.
2. The part of brain that is called ________ plays an important role in the consolidation of memories.
Answer:
Explanation:
The principal player in memory consolidation research, in terms of brain regions, is the hippocampus.
hope it helps
Each phospholipid is made up of:
A. Two phosphate groups and one fatty acid chain.
B. A phosphate group and two fatty acid chains.
O
C. A phosphate group and a fatty acid chain.
O
D. Two phosphate groups and two fatty acid chains.
Answer:
The correct answer is B. A phosphate group and 2 fatty acid chains.
Explanation:
A P3 X
Each phospholipid is made up of a phosphate group and two fatty acid chains. The correct option is B.
What are phospholipids?Phospholipids are lipids that have two types of edges. It has a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head. The plasma or cell membrane, according to the fluid mosaic model, comprises substances like proteins and phospholipids.
A phosphate head and a fatty acid (lipid) tail make up the phospholipid layer, also known as the phospholipid layer, which is formed by the phospholipid.
Small molecules like oxygen gas can diffuse through the phospholipid layer, which facilitates the passage of small molecules but not larger ones. Biological membranes are formed by two lipid layers, proteins, and glucans.
Therefore, the correct option is B. A phosphate group and two fatty acid chains.
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Why is carbon the element of life?
Answer:
the ability to form stable bonds
please send me labeled scorpion
A botanist has acquired a group of pea plants. All of the pea plants have yellow pea pods (the recessive form of this trait) except for one, which has green pea pods (the dominant form of this trait). The botanist decides to use a test cross to determine the genotype of the green pea pod plant for this trait. The botanist performed the test cross and found the following: 50% of the offspring had yellow pea pods and 50% of the offspring had green pea pods. Based on this information, what was the genotype of the initial green pea pod plant
Answer:
Hetezygous
Explanation:
The genotype of the initial green pod plant would be heterozygous.
Let pea pod color be represented by C (c) alleles.
First, let us assume that the genotype of the green pea pod plant is homozygous dominant, CC. This was crossed with homozygous recessive, cc.
CC x cc
Cc Cc Cc Cc
All the progeny will have Cc genotype with phenotypically green color. This is in contrast to the result obtained from the test cross in the illustration, hence the genotype of the initial green pea pod plant cannot be homozygous dominant.
Now, let us assume that the genotype is Heterozygous, Cc.
Cc x cc
Cc Cc cc cc
50% of the progeny has Cc genotype with phenotypically green color while the remaining 50% has cc genotype with phenotypically yellow color. This is consistent with the result from the illustration.
Hence, the genotype of the initial green pea pod plant is heterozygous.
I need to figure out the structure of an unknown organism and what the main type of cell it is by only knowing: Organism’s cell are able to move Internal structures appears to be made of protein fibers Internal structures protein fibers measured 7.0 nanometers diameter Internal structures protein fiber appears to be two strands intertwined with each others
Answer:
the structure: microfilaments or actin filamentsthe main type of cell: eukaryoticExplanation:
In eukaryotic cells, the cytoskeleton is composed of three well defined filamentous structures: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Each of these filamentous structures is a polymer of proteinic subunits united by weak, not covalent connections.
The microfilaments are the thinnest of the three structures. They have a diameter of 7 nanometers and are composed of many proteinic monomers united. This monomeric protein is called actin. Many monomers get combined to form a structure that assembles a double helix.
Due to the fact that these microfilaments are made of actin monomers, they are also known as actin filaments.
Actin filaments have directionality which means that their extremes have different structures.
Microfilaments interact with myosin filaments. These are associated with transmembrane proteins that have one domain in the cytosol and another in the cell exterior, therefore they participate in the processes of cell mobility.
