bare soil, meadows and wildflowers, shrubs, trees tolerant of both sunlight and shadow
How important are lichens, and what are they?A symbiotic combination of mushrooms and bacteria or algae forms lichens. For the bacteria or algae, these fungi provide a wet, protected environment, and in return, they get food from the algae or cyanobacteria. Being early phase primary succession organisms, lichens are significant.
Are lichens plants or animals?Lichens are neither just fungus nor just plants; they are both. These fibers that help compensate a lichen's internal framework and exterior skin are known as fungus hyphae. There are individual algal cells scattered throughout the lichen's filaments. This sort of coexistence of two diverse species is known as symbiosis or mutualism.
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During replication, the strands of a double-stranded dna molecule separate from each other when bonds are broken between their.
When bonds are broken between their phosphate groups, the strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule separate from each other.
What is DNA replication?
DNA, as we know, is a self replicating structure.
During replication of DNA, the DNA produces multiple copies of itself. DNA replication is a biological polymerization.
The reactions are enzyme catalyzed. The main enzyme is DNA Polymerase in the replication process.
It involves the steps initiation, elongation, and termination.
Initiation: initiation is the point at which replication begins. A region called the origin of replication is where it initiates. After spotting the origin, unwinding of the two DNA strands occurs. Elongation: after separation of the strands, the polymerase enzymes start synthesizing the complementary sequence in each strand. The parental strands are a template for the newly synthesising daughter strands. Elongation is always unidirectional i.e. DNA always polymerizes only in the 5′ to 3′ direction. Termination: termination is different in different organisms.Therefore, when bonds are broken between their phosphate groups, the strands of a double-stranded dna molecule separate from each other.
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the acacia ant gains shelter and nutrients from the acacia plant. in turn, it protected the plant from predators. this is an example of .
The acacia ant gains shelter and nutrients from the acacia plant. In turn, it protected the plant from predators. This is an example of defensive mutualism.
In shielding mutualism, one companion gets meals and refuge and in return, it facilitates the companion via way of means of protecting in opposition to the herbivores or predators or parasites. For instance The aphids and the ants.
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biofilms multiple choice are a haphazard mixture of bacteria. are a polysaccharide-encased community of microorganisms. may enhance bioremediation efforts. may protect organisms against harmful chemicals. are a polysaccharide-encased community of microorganisms, may enhance bioremediation efforts and may protect organisms against harmful
Biofilms are a polysaccharide-encased community of microorganisms, may enhance bioremediation efforts and may protect organisms against harmful.
Biofilms are group of microorganisms occupied in the matrix of extracellular polymeric substance. Biofilm are shaped when planktonic cells attach to a substrate and become fixed.
Biofilms forms a thick layer of prokaryotic organisms that have accumulated to form a colony. These colonies are attached to a surface forming a slime layer which works in protecting the microorganisms.
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Str analysis is a dna profiling technique that makes use of the fact that different people have __________.
Various numbers of short DNA sequences repeated at specific locations throughout the genome.
What are STRs?Regions of non-coding DNA called short tandem repeats (STRs) have repeats of the same nucleotide sequence. A person's DNA contains STRs at several genetic loci or locations. A nucleotide sequence's frequency of repetition in each STR can be calculated using the size of the STRs.
What role do STRs play in DNA profiling quizlet?What purpose do STRs serve in DNA profiling? a. Because STRs differ amongst tissues within an individual, they can be utilized to identify the organ from where the DNA originated.
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The genome of a typical archaea is blank______ than the genome of a typical bacterial cell.
The genome of a typical archaea is smaller than the genome of a typical bacterial cell. Thus, the correct option is A.
What is Archaea?Archaea is a group of micro-organisms which are similar to, however are evolutionarily distinct from the bacteria. Many of the archaea have been found living in the extreme environments on Earth, such as at high pressures, salt concentrations or temperature ranges. These type of organisms are known as extremophiles.
All the known archaeal genomes are circular DNAs in shape and range in size from 0.5 to 5.8 Mbp. The archaeal genome is smaller than 1 Mbp, which is found in a symbiont relation that derives nutrients from the host, and small size of this genome reflects the loss of unnecessary genes. The genome is smaller than that of bacteria.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question is:
The genome of a typical archaea is Blank______ than the genome of a typical bacterial cell.
a. smaller
b. simpler
c. more complex
d. larger
What is the regulatory gene cascade triggered by bicoid that leads to the differentiation of segments along the anterior-posterior axis of the fly embryo?.
The bicoid starts a regulatory gene cascade that leads to segment differentiation along the fly embryo’s anterior-posterior axis.Hox, segmentation, and effector genes are among these genes.
There are numerous genes that encode transcription factors, and these transcription factors in turn cause the production of more transcription factors, causing cascades of gene expression that amplify the initial signal via various signalling pathways.In fruit flies, approximately 25 genes control the differentiation of the embryo into discrete segments, resulting in changes in the number and organisation of the segments. Mutations in these genes frequently result in the disruption of entire groups of segments.Hox genes, a family of homeotic transcription factors, play a crucial role in controlling the body design along the craniocaudal axis.The Bicoid and Nanos gene products can be used to identify the anterior-posterior axis in Drosophila. Nurse cells are responsible for transcription of the bicoid gene’s mRNA. The unfertilized egg contains the bicoid mRNA close to its anterior pole. As a result, the anterior morphogen is the bicoid gene product. After fertilisation, the bicoid mRNA begins to be translated.
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detached earlobes are inherited as dominant. henry with detached earlobes claims to be the father of a famous movie star with the recessive attached earlobes. what genotype must henry have for this to be true? show your work. assume mom is heterozygous.
Has at least one parent with detached earlobes is the genotype must henry have for this is to be true.
What is genotype?The total number of genes passed from parents to kids is known as a genotype. An alternative definition of a genotype is the entire collection of heritable genes that can be passed from one parent to the next. These genes aid in encoding particular traits and qualities that an organism can physically express (phenotype).
The three genotypes are homozygous dominant (PP), Heterozygous (Pp) and Homozygous (pp).
What is phenotype?The observable qualities or characteristics of an organism that are the outcome of the interplay between genes and environmental variables are referred to as phenotypes. These characteristics include outward appearances and any other characteristics we can see.
An organism's physiology, biochemistry, and behaviour are all part of its phenotype. The phenotype is influenced by lifestyle choices and environmental variables, in contrast to genotype, which is inherited from the parents. Temperature, dietary intake, relative humidity, and an organism's mental state are all environmental factors.
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an example of a monohybrid cross would be multiple choice a mating between two individuals that are heterozygous for one trait. a mating between two individuals that are heterozygous for two traits. an individual that is homozygous recessive for one trait undergoing self-fertilization. an individual that is homozygous recessive for two traits undergoing self-fertilization. an individual that is homozygous dominant for one trait undergoing self-fertilization.
A mating between two individuals that are heterozygous for two traits. Option A.
A cross between a long-stemmed pea and a short-stemmed pea is an example of a monohybrid cross. Crossing the two produces heterozygous offspring. A monohybrid mating is a mating between two organisms that have different variations at the locus of interest. The trait of interest in a monohybrid cross is determined by two or more variations to one of her positions in the gene.
A monohybrid cross mates a parent with a dominant genotype homozygous for a particular trait with a parent with a recessive genotype homozygous for a particular trait. A monohybrid mating is a mating between two individuals that have different alleles at the locus of interest. Characters examined in monohybrid crosses are determined by two or more of her alleles for a single locus.
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Which hormones help the body resist stress and make stored nutrients available to prepare the body for action?.
By drawing on protein reserves in the liver, cortisol supplies the body with glucose.
Which three hormones are released as a result of stress?The following list of stress hormones is not exhaustive: The primary human stress hormone is cortisol. Catecholamines like norepinephrine and adrenaline. Vasopressin.
Which two hormones start the process of our body responding to stress?The body responds to stressful situations by signaling the production of hormones that give you a boost of energy. The adrenal medulla releases the hormones norepinephrine and epinephrine, also known as noradrenaline and adrenaline, respectively.
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These nervous system cells are highly specialized to transmit messages throughout the body.
By transmitting nerve impulses, neurons, also known as nerve cells, perform the duties of the nervous system.
Which portion of the nervous system carries signals to and from the brain?The spinal cord exits the brain through the back and descends. There are thread-like nerves in it that branch out to every organ and area of the body. From the brain to various parts of the body, this network of nerves carries messages back and forth.
What do the specialized cells that carry information throughout the body call themselves?A neuron is a type of nerve cell and is the fundamental component of the neurological system. In many ways, neurons and other cells in the human body are similar to one another, but there is a significant distinction between neurons and other cells.
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Why do neural cells have different characteristics than skin cells?.
Explanation: Different genes are expressed in neural than in skin cells.
during your fetal pig dissection you discover an extremely long tubular organ that is associated with a dense network of vascular tissue. the organ most likely is the . group of answer choices large intestine stomach small intestine esophagus
The extremely long tubular organ you discover during your fetal pig dissection that is associated with a dense network of vascular tissue is most likely the small intestine.
The small intestine is the longest segment of the gastrointestinal tract, which is the long, continuous pathway through which food travels in your digestive system. Food is broken down into liquid in the small intestine, where the majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste is then transferred to the large intestine.
A fetal pig dissection is useful for anatomy studies because the organs are easy to find and identify due to their size.
The small intestine is by far the longest section of the gastrointestinal tract, measuring approximately 22 feet in length. The lining of the small intestine has a large surface area that has been scrunched into folds and peaks. Many layers of tissues and muscles line the tube. Nerves, blood vessels, immune cells, and lymphatic glands are all found in the tissues.
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spitting up blood from the lungs: a.hydrothorax b.hemoptysis c.pleurodynia d.hemothorax e.hematemesis
Spitting up blood from the lungs: Hemoptysis [B]
How is the blood in the lungs affected?
Your blood replenishes its oxygen supply and exhales carbon dioxide in your lungs. The function of your pulmonary veins is the polar opposite of that of your pulmonary arteries. From your lungs to your heart, they gather blood that is rich in oxygen. This blood discharges into the upper left chamber of your heart (left atrium)
A pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage results in hemoptysis, which is the spitting up of blood from the lungs or bronchial tubes.
Therefore, Pneumoembolism poses a life-threatening risk because the clots prevent blood from reaching the lungs.
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Why does it make sense that DNA is held together by weak bonds?
It makes sense that DNA is held together by weak bonds as explained below.
Hydrogen bonds are easier to interrupt granting desoxyribonucleic acid repetition. Hydrogen bonds shaped between complementary base pairs on opposite desoxyribonucleic acid strands kind the "rungs on a ladder" portion of DNA's double-helical structure. Weaker hydrogen bonds hold along the 2 strands of the desoxyribonucleic acid helix. These weak bonds keep the desoxyribonucleic acid stable, however conjointly enable it to be detached for repetition and use by the cell.
DNA is that the info molecule. It stores directions for creating alternative giant molecules, referred to as proteins. These directions are hold on within every of your cells, distributed among forty six long structures referred to as chromosomes. These chromosomes are created from thousands of shorter segments of DNA, referred to as genes.
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If a wave has a wavelength of 50 m and is traveling through water that is 30 m deep, what kind of wave is this?.
f a wave has a wavelength of 50 m and is traveling through water that is 30 m deep. the wave is deep water wave.
What is wavelength?The distance between the two crests or troughs of the light wave is known as the wavelength of light. Using the Greek letter lambda (), it is identified. As a result, wavelength refers to the separation between one wave's crest or dip and the following wave.
Light can be described by two equations since it possesses both wave- and particle-like characteristics:
Where,
The light's velocity is v.
The wavelength of light is.
The frequency of light is f.
E is the light wave's energy.
Planck's constant, h, is 6.64 10-34 joule/second.
Here, the first equation indicates that the light is a wave, while the second equation indicates that the light is a particle.
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what is the primary morphological feature that separates the human lineage from other primates?
The primary morphological feature that separates the human lineage from other primates is erect posture.
Hominins are distinguished from other primates, both living and extinct, by their erect posture, bipedal locomotion, larger brains, and behavioral characteristics such as specialized tool use and, in some cases, language communication. Humans have better motor control, less body hair, and a much more advanced brain.
Humans are distinguished from other primates by significant differences in cognitive abilities as well as a significantly larger brain. These differences are related to metabolic changes in the human brain, as evidenced by the relative upregulation of energy-related genes and metabolites.
Primates have a large brain and agile limbs. Non-primate brains are small, and their limbs are rigid. The main distinction between primates and non-primates is the size of the brain and the limb flexibility.
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A characteristic found in all the organisms in a clade that also appeared in the extinct common ancestor is an example of.
A derived character is one that is shared by all the species in a clade and also existed in their extinct common ancestor.
What is a good illustration of a characteristic?
The distinctive qualities or traits of anything are its characteristics. Consider traits as the attributes that set one object or a person apart from another. The chameleon, for instance, is known for its capacity for camouflage.
What term best describes a Characteristic ?
The words distinct, unique, and strange are some popular synonyms for characteristic. While all of these terms refer to "identifying a special quality or identity," the term "characteristic" refers to something that sets an individual, item, or class apart from others.
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an autosomal dominant disease in which patients lack the plasma factor that mediates platelet adhesion is called:
Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal dominant condition in which patients lack the plasma component necessary for platelet adhesion.
What autosomal illness is the most prevalent?
One of the most prevalent hereditary single gene diseases in Caucasians is cystic fibrosis. One in every 2500 Caucasian infants is born with CF, and one in every 25 Caucasians with a northern European ancestry possesses the CF gene.
What are autosomal dominant and recessive diseases?Autosomal Dominant Condition
A child who inherits a dominant allele from a parent who has an autosomal dominant condition has a 50% probability of developing that ailment as well. A mutated gene must exist in two copies (one from each parent) for an autosomal recessive disorder to manifest.
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at which point would you expect the largest number of voltage-gated sodium channels to be in an inactivated state?
Voltage-gated sodium channels are found in many different cell types throughout the body, whereas epithelial sodium channels are mostly found in the skin and kidney.
What voltage will cause sodium channels to begin to open?The activation gates open when the membrane potential rises to approximately 55 mV (in this case brought on by an action potential), allowing positively charged Na+ ions to enter the neuron through the channels and raising the voltage across the neuronal membrane in human neurons to +30 mV.
Why do sodium channels become inactive?Voltage-gated Na(+) channels (VGSCs) start action potentials, which leads to quick electrical signal transmission across cell membranes and between cells. In addition to opening VGSCs, depolarization of the cell membrane also results in a nonconducting condition known as inactivation.
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Which of the qualities is a major difference between all spore-dispersing and seed-dispersing plants?.
The gametophytes of seed plants are never exposed to the external environment.
In seed plants, dispersed spores contain a multicellular gametophyte
What are spore-dispersing and seed-dispersing plants ?A plant's reproductive unit known as a spore can be used for dispersal as well as survival in unfavourable environments. Ferns, mushrooms, liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are some examples of plants that produce spores. Rusts, smuts, earthstars, stinkhorns, and horsetails are some other plants that produce spores.
Seeds leave their parent plant using this method of seed dispersal. These are primarily found in plants that are aquatic or that are found close to aquatic environments, such as lakes, ponds, beaches, etc. Mangroves, water lilies, water mint, coconuts, and palm trees are a few examples of plants whose seeds are dispersed by water.Learn more about Spore-dispersing and Seed-dispersing plants here:
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Supposed the two thermometers on a sling psychrometer show almost identical readings. was the psychrometer more likely used at a beach or in a desert in california? explain you answer.
Answer :There is high humidity if there is no big difference between the temperature reading of the two thermometers.
Explanation: A psychrometer or sling psychrometer is a device used to measure relative humidity. It has two thermometers. One thermometer is called a wet-bulb thermometer.
a particular triplet of bases in the template strand of dna is 5'-aaa-3'. the anticodon on the trna that binds the mrna codon is?
A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of dna is 5'-aaa-3'. the anticodon on the trna that binds the mrna codon is UUU.
A codon is a three-nucleotide or triplet collection discovered on mRNA that codes for a sure amino acid all through translation. The anticodon is a 3-nucleotide collection discovered on tRNA that binds to the corresponding mRNA collection. The amino acid transported through the tRNA molecule is determined via the anticodon sequence.
It's far a trinucleotide series this is positioned at one quit of tRNA (transfer RNA), which is complementary to the codon gift in the mRNA sequence. Examples of anticodon: The codon CGA on mRNA collection codes for amino acid cysteine, tRNA similar to this codon is UCU anticodon.
To decide the general anti-codon collection so one can suit a strand of mRNA, clearly retranscribe the RNA collection; in different phrases, write out the complementary bases. the use of the previously referred to mRNA collection, the tRNA anti-codon collection is A-A-T-C-G-C -U-U-A-C-G-.
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what is an euglena draw and label it
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In eukaryotic cells the default position of most genes is 'off', (they're not expressed). Explain why?
As a result of histones covering the majority of the DNA and thus preventing RNA polymerase interaction, most genes in eukaryotic cells are typically in the "off" state by default.
What is the cause of abnormal histones?Because the histones largely cover the DNA and block the polymerase and RNA binding, the transcriptional state of eukaryotic genes is off by default. The most prevalent protein in a cell is histones. They are in charge of the complex of DNA and proteins known as chromatin's creation. In eukaryotes, the histone proteins serve a variety of purposes, including cell division and development.
How do eukaryotic genes work?The proteins known as histones are in charge of keeping RNA polymerase from interacting with DNA. All eukaryotic cells are constructed from eukaryotic genes. They are in charge of a cell's whole life cycle and everything that takes place inside of it. They are in charge of transcription of lengthy nucleotide chains in DNA.
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Which common risk factor is associated with atherosclerosis, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and obesity?.
Physical inactivity is a common risk factor associated with atherosclerosis, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and obesity.
Why physical inactivity is a major risk factor for many different diseases?Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for many different diseases because it decreases the metabolism of the cells and therefore leads to problems associated with the physiology of an individual.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that physical inactivity is a major risk factor for many different diseases because it hampers the metabolism of the cells in the body.
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Need help with Biology question
The given forms of digestion represent hydrolysis.
What is hydrolysis?Hydrolysis: A chemical decomposition process in which bonds are broken by the addition of water. Hydrolysis reactions break bonds and release energy. Biopolymers are ingested and hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract to form small molecules that can be absorbed by cells and further broken down to release energy.
Sucrose is hydrolyzed into its monosaccharides fructose and glucose by the enzyme sucrase, an α-glucosidase in the human small intestine.Hydrolysis of lactose gives galactose and glucose. Galactose is converted to glucose by the action of an NAD-dependent enzyme called UDP-galactose-4-epimerase.Starch is a condensation polymer of glucose monomer units. Large starch molecules react with water and break down into smaller sugar molecules. The starch is said to be hydrolyzed.To know more about hydrolysis, visit:
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The two strands of a dna double helix are antiparallel. This means that __________.
Two strands of DNA double helix are said to be anti-parallel which means that while one of the strands runs in the 5'→3' direction, the other one runs in the opposite direction, i.e. 3'→5' direction.
The anti-parallel nature of the two strands in a DNA double helix simply means that if one strand has the polarity 5'→3' then the other exhibits opposite polarity, i.e. 3'→5'. The DNA double helix model was put forward by Watson and Crick in the year 1953 which was based on the X-ray diffraction data generated by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin. The DNA molecule is made up of two strands that are joined together with the help of Hydrogen bonds.
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ssuming kelly did have a bacterial infection when she went to the urgent care center, what would her likely antibody isotypes and general titer profiles possibly have looked like compared with those of an immunocompetent patient? please select all applicable answer choices. there may be more than one correct answer.
Kelly's IgE antibody titers would be slightly greater than they were at baseline, but they would be much lower than they would be in an infected person.
Which of the above situations represents a primary immunodeficiency?Agammaglobulinemia, a hereditary disorder that causes lowered antibody production, affects your patient from birth. the immune system attacking healthy self-tissues that should typically be left alone, leading to chronic diseases. Proteins are a less rich source of energy than fats since fats are highly reduced molecules.
What are three primary immune response instances?In vitro primary immune responses demand a highly immunogenic antigen. Hemocyanin, ovalbumin, and sheep erythrocytes are a few examples of substances that have proven effective for investigating various immune response-related topics in vitro as opposed to certain antigen-related subjects.
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ecological character displacement usually occurs when two species occur in allopatry. group of answer choices true false
False, should be because the ecological character displacement usually occurs when two species occur in sympatric.
What is the difference between allopatric speciation and speciation?
Allopatric speciation, namely the formation of new species due to geographic isolation hinders gene flow between populations. Geographical isolation is a natural obstacle caused by natural conditions, such as seas, mountains, and deserts.
Sympatric speciation, namely the formation of new species in one area without any major physical barriers, occurs through genetic isolation, behavior, and ecological isolation.
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Which normal meiotic event would be the most likely explanation for the mutation that causes williams syndrome?.
Cytokinesis is the meiotic event that would mostly cause Williams syndrome.
What is Williams syndrome?
Williams syndrome (Williams-beuren syndrome) is a rare genetic disorder. It is characterized by delays in growth before and after birth, varying degree of mental deficiency, short stature, and distinctive facial features that become pronounced with age.
The syndrome can be usually identified when the child is a baby or during early childhood.
Williams syndrome occurs due to loss/ deletion of genetic material of specific part of chromosome 7. There are 25 to 27 genes in the deleted region, and many believe that the loss of many of these genes is what contributes to the characteristic features of the syndrome.
A person with Williams syndrome is usually overfriendly, highly sociable, empathetic, with some anxiety relating to social events.
Therefore, Cytokinesis is the meiotic event that would mostly cause Williams syndrome.
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