which solution has a lower vapor pressure? a 0.4m ch4 solution all four solutions given have the same vapor pressure a 0.4m sucrose solution a 0.2m kno3 solution a 0.2m nacl solution

The mass of carbon that has the same number of atoms as 195.4 grams of calcium is 68.6 grams. The final answer should be reported as 68.6, with three significant figures.

The mass of carbon that has the same number of atoms as 195.4 grams of calcium is 68.6 grams. This is because the atomic mass of calcium is 40.08 and the atomic mass of carbon is 12.011. The number of atoms in 195.4 grams of calcium is 4.87 x 10^24, and the number of atoms in 68.6 grams of carbon is also 4.87 x 10^24. The final answer should be reported as 68.6, with three significant figures. This is because the atomic mass of calcium and carbon are given to three significant figures, so the final answer should also be reported to three significant figures.

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Yes, a polymer is created when two or more monomers come together through the chemical process known as polymerization.

Polymers, which are big molecules made up of repeated subunits, are constructed from monomers. These smaller molecules, known as monomers, can join together to produce larger molecules by covalent bonding. Polymerization is the process of joining monomers to create polymers, and it can be triggered by a number of different chemical processes. Numerous natural and manufactured compounds, such as plastics, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates, depend on monomers for their synthesis. Monomer selection is crucial in the design and synthesis of materials because the characteristics of the monomers that go into a polymer can have a significant impact on the qualities of the finished product.

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What is the process by which a polymer is formed, and what are the starting materials for this process?

False. As you go from left to right across the periodic table, the number of protons and electrons in the atoms increases, but the atomic radius decreases.

This is due to the increasing nuclear charge (number of protons in the nucleus) that attracts the electrons more strongly, pulling them closer to the nucleus and reducing the size of the atom. This effect is only partially offset by the addition of more electrons in higher energy levels, as these are further away from the nucleus and have less influence on the overall size of the atom. Protons and electrons are subatomic particles that make up atoms. Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom, while electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in shells or energy levels.

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Following are the the effect of each solution on the red blood cells as per the given information :

a) crenation

b) neither

c) hemolysis

d) crenation

e) neither

The behavior of red blood cells (RBCs) in different solutions can be determined by comparing the tonicity of the solution to the tonicity of the RBC.

A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell and will cause water to move out of the cell, leading to crenation (shrinking) of the RBC.

A hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell and will cause water to move into the cell, leading to hemolysis (bursting) of the RBC.

An isotonic solution has the same solute concentration as the cell and will not cause any net movement of water.

Using this given information, we can determine the effect of each solution on the RBCs:

a) 4.19% (m/v) NaCl solution is hypertonic to the RBC, so water will move out of the cell and cause crenation.

b) 1.78% (m/v) glucose solution is isotonic to the RBC, so it will not cause any crenation or hemolysis.

c) Distilled H2O is hypotonic to the RBC, so water will move into the cell and cause hemolysis.

d) 7.6% (m/v) glucose solution is hypertonic to the RBC, so water will move out of the cell and cause crenation.

e) 5.0% (m/v) glucose and 0.9% (m/v) NaCl solution is isotonic to the RBC, so it will not cause any crenation or hemolysis.

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By taking a sum of the oxidation numbers and equating it to zero, the oxidation number of the unknown element can be determined.

We know that the oxidation state of an unknown element can be found in a compound can be determined when we know that the sum of all the oxidation numbers of the elements in the compound is zero.

If we know the oxidation number of the other elements in the compound then we can call the unknown oxidation number x. By taking a sum of the oxidation numbers and equating it to zero, the oxidation number of the unknown element can be determined.

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The predicated cation anion distance for LiF, NaCL, KBr, RbI is 2.09Å, 2.83 Å, 3.34 Å, 3.72 Å respectively. The difference between the experimentally measured ion–ion distances and the ones predicted are 0.08 Å, 0.01 Å, 0.04 Å, 0.05 Å

The cation anion distance using the values of iconic radii are as follows:

i) LiF

the ionic radii of cation, Li⁺ = 0.90 Å

the ionic radii of anion, F⁻ = 1.19 Å

the predicated cation anion distance = 0.90Å + 1.19Å = 2.09Å,

ii) NaCl

the ionic radii of cation, Na⁺ = 1.16 Å

the ionic radii of anion, Cl⁻ = 1.67Å

the predicated cation anion distance = 1.16 Å + 1.67 Å = 2.83 Å,

iii) KBr

the ionic radii of cation, K⁺ = 1.52 Å

the ionic radii of anion, Br⁻ = 1.82 Å

the predicated cation anion distance = 1.52 Å + 1.82 Å = 3.34 Å,

iv) RbI

the ionic radii of cation, Rb⁺ = 1.66 Å

the ionic radii of anion, I⁻ = 2.06 Å

the predicated cation anion distance = 1.66 Å + 2.06 Å = 3.72 Å,

i)LiF:

Experimentally measured cation-anion distance = 2.01 Å,

predicted cation anion (LiF) distance = 2.09 Å

the difference = 2.09 Å - 2.01 Å = 0.08 Å

ii)NaCl

Experimentally measured cation-anion distance = 2.82 Å,

predicted cation anion (NaCL) distance = 2.83 Å

the difference = 2.83 Å - 2.82 Å = 0.01 Å

iii)KBr

Experimentally measured cation-anion distance = 3.30 Å,

predicted cation anion (KBr) distance = 3.34 Å

the difference = 3.34 Å - 3.30 Å = 0.04 Å

iv) RbI

Experimentally measured cation-anion distance = 3.67 Å,

predicted cation anion (RbI) distance = 3.72 Å

the difference = 3.72 Å - 3.67 Å = 0.05 Å

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The pH values after the given volumes of acid have been added are: a) 12.18, b) 12.39, c) 11.78, d) 11.25, and e) 10.79.

To solve the problem, we need to use the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between KOH and HClO4:

KOH + HClO4 -> KClO4 + H2O

At the start of the titration, before any HClO4 has been added, we have a solution of KOH with a concentration of 0.150 M. We can use this concentration to calculate the initial concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution:

[OH-] = 0.150 M

a) Before any HClO4 has been added, the volume of the solution is 20.0 mL. At this point, no HClO4 has reacted with the KOH, so the concentration of OH- ions is still 0.150 M. To calculate the pH, we can use the formula for the dissociation constant of water:

Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10^-14

pH = -log[H+]

[H+] = Kw/[OH-] = 6.67 x 10^-13 M

pH = -log(6.67 x 10^-13) = 12.18

b) After 1.5 mL of HClO4 has been added, the volume of the solution is 21.5 mL. The moles of HClO4 added is:

0.125 mol/L x 0.0015 L = 1.875 x 10^-5 mol

The moles of KOH initially in the solution is:

0.150 mol/L x 0.020 L = 0.003 mol

Thus, the moles of KOH remaining after reaction with HClO4 is:

0.003 mol - 1.875 x 10^-5 mol = 0.00298125 mol

The total volume of the solution is 21.5 mL, so the new concentration of KOH is:

0.00298125 mol / 0.0215 L = 0.1387 M

Using this concentration, we can calculate the concentration of OH- ions:[OH-] = 0.1387 M

Using the same formula for Kw and pH as before, we find that:

[H+] = 4.06 x 10^-13 M

pH = -log(4.06 x 10^-13) = 12.39

c) Repeating the above process for a volume of 24.0 mL gives:

[H+] = 1.64 x 10^-12 M

pH = -log(1.64 x 10^-12) = 11.78

d) For a volume of 26.5 mL:

[H+] = 5.67 x 10^-12 M

pH = -log(5.67 x 10^-12) = 11.25

e) For a volume of 29.0 mL:

[H+] = 1.63 x 10^-11 M

pH = -log(1.63 x 10^-11) = 10.79

Therefore, the pH values after the given volumes of acid have been added are: a) 12.18, b) 12.39, c) 11.78, d) 11.25, and e) 10.79.

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the answer for the scientific notation is[tex]D. 2.4 x 10¹².[/tex]

Scientific notation is a way of writing numbers that is commonly used in science and mathematics to represent very large or very small numbers in a compact and convenient format. The notation expresses a number as a coefficient multiplied by a power of 10. The coefficient is a number between 1 and 10, and the power of 10 represents the number of zeros to the right (for positive powers) or left (for negative powers) of the decimal point.

To perform the multiplication [tex](6.0 × 10^5) × (4.0 × 10^6)[/tex], we can simply multiply the coefficients and add the exponents of 10:

[tex](6.0 × 10^5) × (4.0 × 10^6) = 24.0 × 10^(5+6) = 24.0 × 10^11[/tex]

To express the answer in correct scientific notation, we need to make sure the coefficient is a number between 1 and 10. We can do this by dividing the coefficient by 10 and adding 1 to the exponent of 10:

[tex]24.0 × 10^11 = 2.4 × 10^(11+1) = 2.4 × 10^12[/tex]

Therefore, the answer is[tex]D. 2.4 x 10¹²[/tex]

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Answer:

The balanced equation for the reaction is:

Zn + 2HCl -> ZnCl2 + H2

Since the student starts with 9.68 grams of each reactant, we have 9.68 grams of Zn and 9.68 grams of HCl.

From the balanced equation, we know that 2 moles of HCl are needed to produce 1 mole of H2. Thus, if we have 9.68 grams of HCl, we have:

9.68 g / (36.5 g/mol) = 0.265 moles of HCl

Therefore, we can calculate the number of moles of H2 that would be produced:

0.265 moles H2 = 0.265 moles HCl x (1 mole H2 / 2 moles HCl) = 0.132 moles of H2

Next, we can convert the number of moles of H2 to mass:

0.132 moles H2 x (2.02 g/mol) = 0.267 g of H2

Therefore, 9.68 grams of each reactant would produce approximately 0.267 g of H2.

So the answer is 0.267 g of H2.

A chemical equation is a statement using chemical formulas that express both the identities and the relative amounts of the reactants and products involved in a chemical or physical change.

The relative amounts of reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation are described by a reaction's stoichiometry.

Chemical equations are statements that use symbols and formulae to explain a chemical reaction. For instance, when hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution combine, salt and water are produced along with a significant amount of heat.

Raw materials called reactants interact with one another to create products. Under the proper circumstances, such as temperature, time, or pressure, the chemical bonds of the reactants are broken, and the atoms create new bonds that lead to various combinations.

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When additional free energy from the surrounding environment is needed for a reaction to continue, it is said to be endergonic.

A chemical reaction or process is referred to as endergonic if free energy must be added for it to proceed. In an endergonic reaction, the reactants and products have different energy levels, and the reaction needs an external energy source to break through the activation energy barrier. This energy intake may originate from heat, light, or chemical energy sources. Endergonic reactions can't happen on their own; they need an ongoing supply of energy to function. A few endergonic processes are protein synthesis, photosynthesis, and the dissociation of ATP into ADP and phosphate. In living things, energonic processes play a significant role in metabolism and energy transfer.

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Answer:

C. Burning a log in a fireplace

Explanation:

Chemical energy is stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules and can be converted into another form of energy. This can occur through chemical reactions, such as combustion or decay.

An example of chemical energy being converted into another form is option C: Burning a log in a fireplace. In this example, the chemical energy stored in the wood is released through combustion, producing heat and light. The heat energy is then transferred to the surrounding air and environment, warming it up.

This is different from options A and B, which involve physical changes but not the conversion of chemical energy. Option D, a roller coaster going downhill, is an example of potential energy being converted into kinetic energy, but not of chemical energy being converted.


ALLEN

Ozone is a secondary pollutant, a secondary pollutant is a type of air pollutant that is produced as a result of chemical reactions between primary pollutants in the atmosphere.

Unlike primary pollutants, which are directly emitted into the atmosphere, secondary pollutants are formed through a series of chemical reactions between primary pollutants and other atmospheric compounds. Ozone is a secondary pollutant that is formed when primary pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react with each other in the presence of sunlight. Ozone is considered to be a secondary pollutant because it is not directly emitted into the atmosphere but instead is formed through chemical reactions involving primary pollutants. It's important to note that although secondary pollutants are not directly emitted into the atmosphere, they can still have significant impacts on the environment and human health. Ozone, for example, is a major component of smog and can cause respiratory problems, as well as damage crops and other vegetation.

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To create photochemical smog, in addition to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the presence of nitrogen oxides (NOx) is required. The combination of these two groups of pollutants can lead to the formation of ground-level ozone and other harmful secondary pollutants.

In addition to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the presence of nitrogen oxides (NOx) is required to create photochemical smog. NOx is a term used to describe the family of nitrogen oxides, which include nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), both of which are produced mainly from vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and combustion of fossil fuels.

When VOCs and NOx are emitted into the atmosphere and are exposed to sunlight, a series of complex photochemical reactions occur. This can result in the formation of ground-level ozone, a key component of photochemical smog, as well as other harmful secondary pollutants such as peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and aldehydes.

Therefore, to create photochemical smog, the presence of both VOCs and NOx is necessary.

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The mass of the fourth isotope is approximately 100.9866 amu.

Let x be the mass of the fourth isotope.

Since the average atomic mass is determined to be 69.3680

amu, we can set up an equation using the given information to solve for x, the mass of the fourth isotope:

(0.2436)(69.321 amu) + (0.3356)(69.3863 amu) + (0.1022)(69.8741 amu) + (x)(0.2186) = 69.3680 amu

Simplifying and solving for x, we get:

16.8670336 amu + 23.27195028 amu + 7.13326402 amu + 0.2186x = 69.3680 amu

47.2722479 amu + 0.2186x = 69.3680 amu

0.2186x = 22.0957521 amu

x = 100.9866 amu

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It will take 50 months to save enough money to buy the car. Always remember that the actual time may be longer if other factors such as taxes, fees, interest rates, and etc. are considered.

The time it takes to save enough money to buy a car can be determined by the cost of the car and the amount that saved each month for the car . If you the cost of car that you decided to buy , you can divide it by the amount saved each month to calculate the number of months required to save enough money.

For example, if a car costs $10,000 and you decide to save $200 per month, you would need to save for:

time = cost ÷ savings per month

time = $10,000 ÷ $200 per month

time = 50 months

As a result, it will take 50 months to save enough money to buy the car. However, always remember that the actual time may be longer if other factors such as taxes, fees, interest rates, and etc. are considered.

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The reaction between aqueous calcium chloride and aqueous lead(II) nitrate, which results in the formation of aqueous calcium nitrate and solid lead(II) chloride, has the following balanced net ionic equation: PbCl2(s) + Ca(NO3)2 Pb(NO3)2(aq) + CaCl2(aq) (aq).

A chemical equation known as a balanced net ionic equation only displays the species and ions that are actively participating in a reaction, leaving out any spectator ions. The spectator ions that appear on both the reactant and product sides of the chemical equation are cancelled out to produce the net ionic equation. To highlight the primary chemical process taking place and to make the equation simpler to understand and evaluate, a balanced net ionic equation is used. This can be very helpful when figuring out how a response works and forecasting how it will turn out.

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A typical Grignard reaction is the interaction between acetone and methyl magnesium chloride (MeMgCl). A Grignard reagent (in this example, MeMgCl) is added to the carbonyl group of acetone in this reaction, following which the product is extracted through an aqueous workup.

Here's how the overall response can be communicated: MeMgCl + CH3COCH3 CH3CHOHCH3MgCl In this reaction, the carbonyl carbon of the acetone reacts with the methyl group of the MeMgCl reagent to generate an intermediate alkoxide. In the presence of aqueous acid, this intermediate is eventually oxidized to generate the final product, 2-propanol (also known as isopropyl alcohol), and magnesium chloride:

CH3CHOHCH3OH + MgCl2 = CH3CHOHCH3MgCl + H2O Hence, 2-propanol and magnesium chloride are the final products of the reaction between acetone and MeMgCl, followed by an aqueous workup.

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Properties  of  Iron Rusting is Chemical;Gasoline Burning is Chemical;Solid Sulfur is Physical ;Shattering is Physical ;Lye Feeling Slippery is Physical.

Iron Rusting: Chemical - Iron rusting is a chemical reaction between iron, oxygen and water which results in the formation of hydrated iron oxide (Fe2O3).

Gasoline Burning: Chemical - Gasoline burning is a combustion reaction between gasoline and oxygen which results in the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

Solid Sulfur: Physical - Solid sulfur is a physical property because it is a solid at room temperature and pressure.

Shattering: Physical - Shattering is a physical properties because it is a change in the physical structure of an object.

Lye Feeling Slippery: Physical - Lye feeling slippery is a physical property because it is a tactile sensation caused by the physical properties of lye.

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Complete question:Each of the following properties as being physical as being physical or chemical

iron rusting; gasoline burning ;solid sulfur ;shaltering and lye feeling slippery

Molar concentration of the FeCl2 solution is calculated as 3.947 M.

Molar concentration of the solution is defined as number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

Given, mass of FeCl2 = 225 g and molar mass of FeCl2 = 126.75 g/mol

So, moles of FeCl2 = mass of FeCl2 / molar mass of FeCl2

= 225 g / 126.75 g/mol

= 1.776 moles

Given, volume of the solution is 450 mL, or 0.45 L,

the molar concentration can be calculated by:

molar concentration = moles of FeCl2 / volume of solution

= 1.776 moles / 0.45 L

= 3.947 M

So the molar concentration of the FeCl2 solution is 3.947 M.

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Answer:

1.777

Explanation:

To determine the number of moles of FeCl2 in the solution, we need to first convert the given mass of FeCl2 to moles using its molar mass.

Number of moles = Mass / Molar mass

Mass of FeCl2 = 225 g

Molar mass of FeCl2 = 126.75 g/mol

Number of moles of FeCl2 = 225 g / 126.75 g/mol = 1.777 moles

Therefore, the solution contains 1.777 moles of FeCl2.

the empirical formula of the unknown organic acid is C9.5H3.55O2.5.

To find the empirical formula, we need to calculate the moles of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the sample:

Moles of CO2 produced: 21.2 g CO2 x (1 mol CO2/44.01 g CO2) = 0.482 mol CO2

This represents the moles of carbon in the sample.

Moles of H2O produced: 3.25 g H2O x (1 mol H2O/18.015 g H2O) = 0.18 mol H2O

Moles of oxygen: The remaining mass of the sample after subtracting the mass of carbon and hydrogen is due to oxygen.

Mass of oxygen = 10.0 g - (21.2 g/44.01 g/mol x 12.01 g/mol + 3.25 g/18.015 g/mol x 2.02 g/mol) = 2.03 g

Moles of oxygen = 2.03 g / 16.00 g/mol = 0.127 mol

Carbon: 0.482 mol CO2 / 0.127 mol = 3.8

Hydrogen: 0.18 mol H2O / 0.127 mol = 1.42

Oxygen: 0.127 mol O2 / 0.127 mol = 1

These ratios indicate that the empirical formula is C3.8H1.42O1, but we need to convert this to a whole-number ratio. The simplest whole-number ratio is obtained by multiplying each subscript by 2.5:

C3.8H1.42O1 x 2.5 = C9.5H3.55O2.5

Therefore, the empirical formula of the unknown organic acid is C9.5H3.55O2.5.

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The minimum personal protective equipment (ppe) are glasses, gloves and protective coat

Personal Protective Equipment that is appropriate when working with laboratory. Gloves and lab coats are the simplest and most reliable types of safety equipment when there is a good chance that a splash will occur.

Labs do not allow open-toe footwear or sandals. Lab coats, aprons, or protective suits should be worn even if there is just a slight possibility of coming into contact with a very dangerous substance.

Use of specialist protective clothing is necessary to avoid skin contamination during exposures to strong acids.

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The minimum personal protective equipment (PPE) needed in a chemistry laboratory includes safety goggles, lab coat, gloves, and closed-toed shoes.

PPE refers to all the equipment that someone can use to reduce workplace hazards to worker health and safety. In the chemistry laboratory it is very important to use personal protective equipment because people will be handling different substances and implements that may represent a danger to the safety of the people on site.

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The molecular weight of the sample of unknown gas that occupies 6.7L at 2 atm and has a temperature of 182.5K is 38.02g/mol.

The molecular weight or mass of a substance can be calculated from the number of moles in the substance. However, the number of moles of the substance can be calculated using Avogadro's equation as follows:

PV = nRT

Where;

2 × 6.7 = n × 0.0821 × 182.5

13.4 = 14.98n

n = 0.894 moles

molecular weight = 34g ÷ 0.894mol = 38.02g/mol

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The chemist should observe the formation of solid copper metal, a change in color of the solution, and the disappearance of the aluminium foil through this unbalanced equation.

The balanced equation for the reaction between copper (II) chloride and aluminum is:

3CuCl2 + 2Al → 2AlCl3 + 3Cu

In this reaction, aluminum replaces copper in the copper chloride solution to form aluminium chloride and copper metal.

The likely observations when the reaction stops are:

1. The solution may change color, indicating that a chemical reaction has occurred. Copper (II) chloride is blue, while aluminum chloride is colorless.

2. Solid copper metal may form and settle at the bottom of the container, indicating that a precipitation reaction has occurred.

3. The aluminum foil may appear to have dissolved or disintegrated, as it has been consumed in the reaction.

4. The reaction mixture may become warmer due to the exothermic nature of the reaction.

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NOx is the chemical compound that leads to the formation of photochemical smog in the troposphere when it reacts with other compounds in the presence of sunlight.

As nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) combine with sunlight, a mixture of pollutants called photochemical smog is produced, which explains why there is a brown cloud above cities. Due to the fact that we receive the most sunshine in the summer, it tends to happen more frequently. The three main components of photochemical smog are sunlight, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides. While nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons can also arise from natural processes and fossil fuel-burning generating plants, gasoline-powered automobiles are the primary source of these pollutants.

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Antimony is an element having atomic number 51 and mass number 121.76 u. It has 51 number of proton and electrons.

Phosphorus is an element having the atomic number 15. It has 15 protons, electrons, and 16 neutrons.

The symbol of magnesium is Mg whereas the symbol of cobalt in Co.

The two subatomic particles present in the nucleus are the proton and neutron. They are collectively called nucleons. The proton has a positive charge, the electron has a negative charge whereas the neutron has no charge.

Protons and neutrons are accordingly called nucleons since they are in the nucleus of the atom. electrons are a type of subatomic speck with a negative charge. Protons are a type of subatomic particle with a positive charge.

Neutrons, further with protons, are subatomic particles found inside the nucleus of every atom. Neutrons have an impartial electric charge (neither negative nor positive) and have rather more mass than positively charged protons.

So we can conclude that Unlike protons and neutrons, which are detected inside the nucleus at the center of the atom, electrons are initiated outside the nucleus.

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Answer:

The formula for nitrogen fluoride is NF3.

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation:

One nitrogen atom and three fluorine atoms make up this poisonous and extremely reactive chemical. It is used to make fertilisers, refrigerants, and semiconductors.

510.17 centimetres cube is the volume of iron has a density of 7.86 gram per centimetres cube ( 1 centimetre cube = 1ml) and has a mass of 4.01 kg.

Density is the amount of mass of a substance present per volume of the cubic centimetre and it is the ratio of mass of a substance to the volume of the substance with a unit centimetre cube.

The iron has a density of 7.86 gram per centimetres cube and mass of 4.01 kg so,

mass in grams= [tex]\frac{4.01}{1000} = 0.0041g.\\Density= \frac{mass}{volume}[/tex]

Substituting the values in the equation, we get:-

volume= [tex]\frac{0.0041}{7.86} = 510.17 cm^{3} .[/tex]

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The average rate of the reaction during the time interval of 0.530 m to 0.512 m is 0.00041 M/s.

The decomposition of HBr takes place according to the reaction below,

2HBr(g) = H2(g)+ Br2(g)

a) Rate of reaction is the measure of the change in concentration of the reactants or the change in concentration of the product per unit time(seconds).

Therefore;

Rate = -1/2(Δ(HBr)/Δt = Δ(H₂)/Δt =Δ(Br₂)/Δt,

where ΔHBr is the change in concentration of HBr (reactant), ΔH₂ is the change in hydrogen concentration , ΔBr₂ is the change in bromine concentration and Δt is the change in time.

b) Average rate of reaction after 22 sec will be,

rate = -1/2Δ(HBr)/Δt

       = -1/2 (0.530 M - 0.512 M)/(22 s-0 s)

       = -1/2 (- 0.018)/22

       = 0.00041 M/s

Therefore,  the average rate of the reaction during this time interval. is 0.00041 M/s.

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Complete question:

Consider the reaction 2 hbr (g) à h2 (g) + br2 (g)

a. express the rate of the reaction in terms of the change in concentration of each of the reactants and products.

b. in the first 22.0 s of this reaction, the concentration of hbr dropped from 0.530 m to 0.512 m . calculate the average rate of the reaction in this time interval.