The genomic library are created from a species' or an organism's entire nuclear DNA. Restrictions endonuclease is used to randomly cut DNA into fragments of closable size.
Genomic libraries contain complete genomic fragments such as exons and introns of genes, gene promoters, intragenic DNA, replication origins, etc.
Has the cDNA library a promoter?In a lab setting, messenger RNA is used to create complementary DNA (cDNA). Because the genomic RNA transcript has been altered, cDNA is not the same as genomic DNA.
Do introns exist in genome-wide DNA?The introns found in various gene structures in all eukaryotic genomes are to be removed by the spliceosome, a complex molecular machine made up of five snRNAs and more than 150 proteins [1,2].
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Three organisms have part of a gene for a digestive enzyme sequenced, and homologous parts of those sequences are shown below. One organism is a fungus and the other two are green algae.
Organism | Sequence
1 | AGATTCGATTCGCTTTAAA
2 | ACAGTCGAT_CGGCATAAA
3 | AGAT_CGATTCGGTTTAAA
Based on this data, identify which organisms are which and explain why.
Organism 1 and 3 have homologous genome sequence while 2 is different and belongs to fungus.
What is homologous sequence?The biological homology that exists between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences is referred to as sequence homology. This homology is characterized in terms of common ancestry throughout the course of the evolution of life. Although sequences of homologous genes can be quite similar to one another, this does not necessarily indicate that the genes are homologous.
An key instrument for evaluating the structure, function, and evolution of proteins is a method known as inference of homology from protein sequences.
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The graph here shows the carrying capacity for two populations of salmon
living in different ecosystems.
或RAR2028
25
10
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415
Time
Area A
Area B
Which of these is area A more likely to have than area B?
Compared to area B, area A has higher food resources.
According to its available resources, such as food and space, a habitat's carrying capacity is the largest population it can accommodate. The carrying capacity of area "A" is greater than that of area "B" in the given graph because area "A" supports a bigger population size of salmon than area B.
How is the salmon population faring?The shock of passing through the turbines and the fact that predators eat the bewildered fish when they emerge from the dam are two reasons why dams kill fish. Overfishing is a potential additional factor in the reduction of salmon. The weather affects how much food salmon have access to in the ocean.
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Which of the following statements regarding the differences between mitosis and meiosis is false
In mitosis cytokinesis occurs once, whereas in meiosis cytokinesis occurs twice.
Mitosis, but not meiosis, occurs in somatic cells.
In meiosis four daughter cells are produced, whereas in mitosis two daughter cells are produced.
Crossing over is a phenomenon that creates genetic diversity during mitosis.
Cells produced by mitosis are diploid, whereas cells produced by meiosis are haploid.
Crossing over is a phenomenon that creates genetic diversity during mitosis is the incorrect statement.
What is Meiosis and Mitosis?
Two distinct cell division processes, meiosis and mitosis, are frequently observed in organisms.
While meiosis is a specific type of cell division that occurs in germ cells during the production of gametes and results in the formation of haploid gametes, mitosis is responsible for the growth of organisms.
DNA replication comes after both kinds of cell division.
DNA replication is followed by cell division in mitosis. Cell division occurs after each DNA replication.
Following one round of DNA replication, meiosis involves two divisions known as meiosis I and II. Chromosomes divide during meiosis and mitosis, respectively. As the chromosomes of daughter cells, the two sister chromatids travel to opposing poles as the centromere divides during mitosis.
During meiosis I, one chromosome from each homologous pair moves to the opposite pole and the centromeres do not split.
The number of chromosomes is thus cut in half. Meiosis II, which takes place in both of the daughter cells formed after meiosis I, involves centromere splitting similar to mitosis; as a result, the number of chromosomes is the same as it was at the beginning of meiosis II, i.e., half of the original parent cell.
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An animal with sharp teeth likely ate
A
nuts.
B
meat.
C
grass.
D
leaves.
ANSWER:
Animal with sharp teeth can easily eat meat.
For example:Lion has sharp teeth that are very strong and sharp,that if they kill their prey the lion would be able to easily open the prey body and eat the meat.Other eaxmple:leopard.THATS MY ANSWER(B)
What body system do vascular lesions involve?
The circulatory body system involves vascular lesions.
The vascular system in the body of humans is made up of a network of vessels that carry blood throughout the bodies of humans. When this system becomes compromised, an individual can develop vascular lesions in the form of tumors, sores, ulcers, skin marks, or wounds. These forms of vascular lesions might be appeared on the surface of one's skin, just below, or deep in vein tissue. In simple terms, vascular lesions refer to the common abnormalities of the skin and underlying tissues because of the issues in the circulatory body system.
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if gene 1 has exons 1a-1b-1c-1d and gene 2 has exons 2a-2b-2c-2d, what process could give rise to a gene with exons 1a-2a-1b-1c-1d?
If gene 1 contains exons 1A-1B-1C-1D and gene 2 has exons 2A-2B-2C-2-D, a gene sequence resulting from exon shuffling might exist.
What is chromosome?
Additionally, it specifies the size of the gene and its specific location on a chromosome. The precise distance between a gene and other genes on the same chromosome can be calculated for each gene using its molecular location. With biological time, gene length has been strongly correlated. Smaller proteins, which are frequently involved in the regulation of longer proteins, are produced faster by the smaller genes. Before cells differentiate into their final cell type, their irreversible determination is established. A few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases make up the majority of human genes.
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stimulants such as cocaine produce euphoria because they ______.
Stimulants such as cocaine produce euphoria because they 'block the reuptake of dopamine in the brain'.
Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant drug that can speed up the messages traveling between the brain and the rest of the body. When cocaine is taken, it binds to the dopamine transporter and blocks the removal of dopamine from the synapse. The intake of cocaine then produces euphoria by accumulating the synapse to generate an amplified signal to the receiving neurons. Cocaine is a highly addictive stimulant drug that has serious effects on the health and well-being of people.
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the diagram shows the steps in the homeostasis pathway that occur when blood glucose levels fall.
Homeostatic pathways that occur when blood glucose levels fall: low blood glucose → cells in the pancreas → glucagon → liver cell → breakdown glycogen; glucose released into the blood
Insulin and glucagon help maintain homeostasis, in which conditions within the body remain stable. When a person's blood sugar is too high, the pancreas secretes more insulin. When blood sugar levels drop, the pancreas releases glucagon to increase it.
When blood glucose levels fall (hyperglycemia), the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas secrete more glucagon. Glucagon is the main hormone responsible for maintaining appropriate blood glucose levels. Glucagon acts on liver cells and activates a catabolic process called glycogenolysis. which is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Glucose is released into the bloodstream.
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Which statement BEST describes the relationship between adenosine diphosphate (ADP and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
©
A. With an input of energy, ADP rearranges to become ATP.
B. Without any energy change, ADP rearranges to become ATP.
• C. With an input of energy, ADP combines with a phosphate group to become ATP.
O D. With a release of energy, ADP combines with a phosphate group to become ATP.
The best statement that describes the relationship between ADP and ATP is that ADP is adenosine diphosphate and ATP is adenosine triphosphate where With an input of energy, ADP combines with a phosphate group to become ATP. The correct answer is option C.
What is the ATP ?
It is the energy currency of a cell which gives away the energy that is used in the expenditure in terms of the performance of activities of cell.
With an input of energy, ADP combines with a phosphate group to become ATP. It is the reaction in which there is a requirement of energy where the addition of energy will make the energy molecule that is containing three phosphates.
On the other hand when the ATP is broken down into ADP it will release energy that is the reaction which the made up product is broken down into its substituents with the release of energy.
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a student is biking to class and crashes. a broken rib makes a hole in the plural membrane. which do you expect
You must not ride a bicycle with a broken rib due to increased intrapleural pressure and more air in the pleural cavity. In fact, if you've sustained a wound that makes it difficult for you to breathe membrane
Although a small amount of air inside the bottle is compressed, the balloon cannot expand. The air molecules within a bottle have a way out when a hole is punched in it. They are forced outside as a balloon fills the interior space, making space for the balloon to expand. The lower ribs of the rib cage, the spine, and the base of the sternum all support the diaphragm. The chest cavity's length and diameter increase as the diaphragm constricts membrane
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what are some other significant uses you can think of for utilizing a large database of dna sequences?
Scientists can identify which DNA segments include regulatory instructions that switch genes on or off, as well as which DNA sequences contain genes, by using sequence information.
What further uses do you have in mind for DNA sequences?For a wide range of practical applications, including medical diagnostics, biotechnology, forensic biology, virology, and biological systematics, understanding DNA sequences has become crucial.
How is the use of DNA sequencing in the actual world?For an evolutionary comparison between species or populations, homologous DNA sequences from various organisms can be compared. Notably, DNA sequencing can identify alterations in a gene that might be the root of an illness. In medicine, DNA sequencing has been utilized for epidemiology research, disease diagnosis, and treatment.
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which statement correctly describes where cytoplasmic and secreted proteins are synthesized? a cytoplasmic proteins are synthesized on ribosomes bound to the rough er, whereas secreted proteins are synthesized on free ribosomes. b both cytoplasmic and secreted proteins are synthesized on ribosomes bound to the rough er. c both cytoplasmic and secreted proteins are synthesized on free ribosomes. d cytoplasmic proteins are synthesized on free ribosomes, whereas secreted proteins are synthesized on ribosomes bound to the rough er.
Option (c) is Correct. Both cytoplasmic with secreted proteins are always synthesized on free type of ribosomes.
Protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells is generally recognized to be compartmentalized; soluble proteins are produced on free ribosomes, whilst secretory and membrane proteins are produced on ribosomes that are associated to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Generally speaking, "free" polyribosomes create intracellular proteins like hemoglobin in red blood cells or contractile proteins in muscle cells.
The secreted protein first enters the endoplasmic reticulum, where it is subsequently produced by the ribosome. A more mature protein may result from the initial folding, assembly, and addition of certain sugar groups that take place in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. The cytosol is where the majority of free ribosomal proteins are produced. Bound ribosomes produce proteins that are either used by the endomembrane system.
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Gregor Mendel proposed laws to determine how alleles from sex cells created during meiosis could be combined. Which of these laws is BEST shown in the diagram, and why?
The law that is BEST shown in the diagram are the principles of segregation and independent assortment that are explained by the physical behavior of chromosomes during meiosis. Random and independent distribution during metaphase I can be demonstrated by considering a cell with a set of two chromosomes (n = 2).
What was Gregor Mendel's main work?Among the main legacies of this monk and researcher are the famous Laws of Mendel. His work with sweet peas, carried out at the monastery, evaluated how the hybridization of different species of peas occurred.
Why is Mendel considered the father of genetics?Mendel is considered the father of genetics, as he discovered many things related to heredity. Because of his studies and experiments with peas, genetics advanced and today we have a multitude of articles and research in this area that are useful for understanding life.
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Draw a concept map of eutrophication in aquatic systems.
The process of eutrophication involves increasing the amount of nutrients available in an aquatic system, which may lead to a rise in algae growth.
What is the eutrophication process?The natural process of eutrophication is brought on by the buildup of nutrients in lakes and other bodies of water. Nutrient-feeding algae develop on the water's surface, reducing its value for enjoyment and blocking water intake pipes.
What are the primary reasons eutrophication occurs?When the water body is abundantly enriched with nutrients, eutrophication takes place. Eutrophication may be caused by a number of things, including overuse of fertilizers, untreated sewage, the use of phosphorous-containing detergents.
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The characteristics of a pathogen that determine its virulence include which of the following?
A. pathogenicity
B. invasiveness
C. infectivity
D. all of the choices
All of the choices are the characteristics of a pathogen that determine its virulence. the correct option is D
What is pathogen?pathogen can be defined as an organism causing disease to its host with the severity of the disease symptoms referred to as virulence and also pathogens are taxonomically widely divers and comprise viruses and bacteria as well as unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes.
Pathogenic organisms are of five main types such as :
Viruses BacteriaFungi Protozoa WormsTherefore all of the choices are the characteristics of a pathogen that determine its virulence. the correct option is D
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the scientists of the bureau of animal industry helped discover that biting parasites called ticks were transmitting a disease to cows and causing texas cattle fever. this discovery later led to tracking down the cause of yellow fever and malaria. since the scientists made this connection, what conclusion is most likely about these diseases? a. yellow fever and malaria are also diseases that are transmitted by biting parasites. b. cows are the source for many diseases, including texas cattle fever, yellow fever, and malaria. c. these diseases pose a risk because they can be found in contaminated meat. d. texas cattle fever could later develop into yellow fever if it was passed to a human.
The most likely thing about these disorders in my opinion is, Other illnesses spread by biting parasites include yellow fever and malaria.
What development improved the study of animals and increased our understanding of animal diseases?Because researchers need to understand how biological agents might be introduced into both human and animal food, biosecurity study spans the entire food chain.
Who was the first to document using animal dissection for research purposes?Aristotle and Erasistratus were among the first individuals to be recorded conducting experiments on nonhuman animals in the writings of the Ancient Greeks in the fourth and third centuries BCE.
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To use RFLP analysis to detect a single nucleotide polymorphism (i.e., a SNP), the SNP must _______.
To use RFLP analysis to detect a single nucleotide polymorphism (i.e., a SNP), the SNP must _______.
cause disease
occur in homozygous form
occur within a restriction enzyme recognition sequence
be present in at least 1% of the population
To use RFLP analysis to detect a single nucleotide polymorphism
(i.e., an SNP), the SNP must be present within the restriction enzyme recognition sequence.
To use RFLP analysis to detect a single nucleotide polymorphism (i.e., an SNP), the SNP must occur within a restriction enzyme recognition sequence.
When a single nucleotide in the genome is changed, SNPs, which are changes in the DNA sequence, take place. An alteration must be present in at least 1% of the population to be regarded as an SNP. One of the earliest methods for examining population genetic diversity was the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), which relies on restriction enzymes that snip DNA at particular locations. The sequences generated by these cuts are subsequently examined.
They are important because they are used to identify variations in a population's DNA and research genetic variation. RFLP will fail if SNP does not occur within restriction enzyme recognition.
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Which of the following defines a genome?
a. the complete set of an organism's polypeptides
b. the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences
c. the complete set of a species' polypeptides
d. a karyotype
A genome is the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences.
The genome of a cell is its entire complement of DNA. Prokaryotes have a single double-stranded DNA molecule that is shaped like a loop or circle that makes up their whole genome. The area of the cell that houses this genetic material is known as a nucleoid. Plasmids are tiny DNA loops seen in some prokaryotes that are not required for their regular growth.
The eukaryotic genome is made up of several double-stranded, linear DNA molecules that are coupled to proteins to form chromosomal complexes. The number of chromosomes in the cell nuclei varies depending on the kind of eukaryote. Somatic cells in humans have 46 chromosomes.
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you find a stray dog and take it to the vet for a check-up. the vet tells you that the dog has heartworms. these heartworms have a pseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. which group does this type of worm belong to?
The group to which the heartworms of dogs belong to is known as Nematoda, which suggests that option A is the right answer.
Heartworms belongs to phylum Nematoda, which are filarial parasites. Heartworm disease is caused by a parasite called Dirofilarial immitis, better known as heartworm. Melarsomine dihydrochloride is an arsenic containing drug which is predominantly FDA approved to kill adult heartworms in dogs. Heartworms in dogs can be very fatal as pets may develop heart failure or the appearance of a swollen belly due to excess fluid in the abdomen. Heartworm is caused due to mosquitoes which transfers the larvae of the worms into the blood stream of the dogs, where it grows in cells near the heart.
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The heartworms that can accumulate within the hearts of dogs and other mammals have a pseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. to which phylum does the heartworm belong? the heartworms that can accumulate within the hearts of dogs and other mammals have a pseudo coelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. to which phylum does the heartworm belong?
nematoda platyhelminthes annelida arthropodaHow are inducible and repressible systems similar?
a. in both systems the regulatory molecule functions by binding to the operator
b. they are both on by default
c.they are both off by default
d. repressor gene is constitutively expressed
What effect does the presence of ample glucose (increased GLU) have on the amount of lac operon transcription?
a. It increases the cAMP concentration which in turn causes a decreased rate of transcription
b. it decreases the cAMP concentration which in turn causes a decrease rate of transcription
c.it has no effect on the rate of transcription
d. none of the choices are correct
tRNA processing?
a. 3’ ends with an A residue (adenosine)
b. Poly A tail added at 3’ end
c. Methylated GTP added at 5’ end
d. 5’ leader sequence is removed
**Some questions may have multiple answers.
1. a) In both systems, the regulatory proteins are repressors that bind to the operator.
inducible, they turn on the transcription.
inducible are operated by the substrate
repressor operon is usually which repress in the presence of repressor molecule, block RNA polymerase movement.
repressor is operated by the end metabolic product
2. d) none
it decreases the rate of transcription.
3. a) 3’ ends with an A residue (adenosine)
Trna (small mRNA) processing is essential in the formation of genes and proteins.
Also, tRNA helps in protein synthesis.
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how many pgal molecules continue on to the regeneration phase of the calvin cycle
The regeneration stage of the calvin cycle is reached by five PGAL molecules.
Describe the Calvin cycle.The Calvin cycle, also referred to as the dark reactions, light-independent reactions, or photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle of photosynthesis, is a series of chemical reactions that converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen carrier molecules into glucose.
Every three Calvin cycles, three RuBP molecules are reassembled using five PGAL molecules. One PGAL molecule is net gained every three Calvin cycle rotations; every five PGAL, three RuBP molecules are generated.
It takes energy to carry out the Calvin cycle, which creates carbohydrates from smaller molecules. The sugar is created by adding high-energy electrons to a reaction that uses ATP as an energy source and NADPH as a reducing agent.
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when a second message is necessary for extracellular communication to be activated, it is provided by:
Adenosine monophosphate is a second message that is sent when extracellular communication is required (AMP).
A nucleotide is adenosine monophosphate (AMP), commonly referred to as 5'-adenylic acid. AMP is an ester of phosphoric acid and the nucleotide adenosine and consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. It takes the form of the prefix adenylyl- when acting as a substituent.
Adenosine monophosphate has been shown to hasten healing, shorten the shingles pain's length, and stop the progression of postherpetic neuralgia. More. An organic substance produced in the body called adenosine monophosphate (AMP) has been shown to be useful in treating shingles outbreaks.
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parathyroid hormone (pth) has which effects on the kidney? increased absorption of vitamin d and excretion of vitamin e stimulation of calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion increased absorption of vitamin e and excretion of vitamin d stimulation of phosphate reabsorption and calcium excretion
The proximal convoluted tubule's phosphate reabsorption is decreased by parathyroid hormone. Plasma calcium decreases because phosphate ions in the serum combine with calcium to produce insoluble salts.
What effect does parathyroid hormone have on the kidneys?PTH increases the reabsorption of calcium through the kidneys (decreased excretion). increased synthesis of vitamin D3's active metabolite (required for calcium absorption from the small intestine).
The primary impact of parathyroid hormone is what?The parathyroid hormone, which is made by the thyroid glands, aids in preserving the proper level of calcium in the blood and in tissues that require calcium for healthy function. For bone health as well as nerve and muscle function, this is extremely crucial.
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Animals should have the same rights as humans
This is a statement of opinion that expresses the belief that animals deserve the same level of moral consideration and legal protection as humans. Some people believe that animals should have the same rights as humans because they are sentient beings that experience pleasure, pain, and other emotions, and therefore should be treated with respect and compassion. Others argue that animals are inferior to humans and do not have the same cognitive abilities or moral capacities, and therefore do not deserve the same rights.
The issue of animal rights is complex and multifaceted, and there are valid arguments on both sides of the debate. Ultimately, whether or not animals should have the same rights as humans is a matter of personal belief and values, and people may hold different opinions on the subject.
Answer
Animals deserve the same level of moral consideration and legal protection as humans. Some people believe that animals should have the same rights as humans because they are sentient beings that experience pleasure, pain, and other emotions, and therefore should be treated with respect and compassion. Others argue that animals are inferior to humans and do not have the same cognitive abilities or moral capacities, and however do not deserve the same rights.
The problem of animal rights is complex and difficult, and there are valid arguments on both sides of the debate. Moreover, whether or not animals should have the same rights as humans is a matter of personal belief and values, and people may hold different opinions on the subject.
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which two forms of transport require proteins found in the cell membrane to move material in and out of a cell?
The two main kinds of membrane transport proteins are carrier proteins and channel proteins.
There are typically two types of transport carried out by transport proteins: "facilitated diffusion," in which a substance is simply allowed to diffuse down its concentration gradient, and "active transport," in which a cell uses energy to move a substance in the opposite direction of its concentration gradient.
The specific solute to be transported is bound by carrier proteins (also known as carriers, permeases, or transporters), which then go through a series of conformational changes to move the bound solute across the membrane. Facilitated diffusion is the method by which these molecules travel across the membrane with the aid of specific transport proteins. These distinct proteins are connected to what are known as channel proteins or carrier proteins (Figure below).
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Analogous structures may represent
Multiple Choice
convergent evolution.
divergent evolution.
genetic drift.
disruptive selection.
Analogous structure may represent convergent revolution.
What is analogous structure?Analogous organs consist of the similar structures in the different organisms that is perform similar functions are in the but do not have to common ancestry. They look similar through their are some external of appearance. Analogous structures are a result of the convergent evolution.
Fir example we can say- Wings of Bats, Birds and Butterflies. ...
Sweet Potato and Potato. ...
Octopus and Mammal Eye. ...
Penguin and Dolphin Flippers. ...
Firethorn and Barberry. ...
Thus, answer is convergent evolution.
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04.10. A large population of land turtles on an isolated island has two alleles determines shell thickness: The allele for thinner shells is dominant shells. The over the thinner-shell allele occurs at a frequency of 20%. t0 Assuming thick or thin shells, what should there the population? frequency of homozygous thicker-she (Hint: Use a large Punnett square to calculate 49 the answer:) a) 4% b)16% c)50% d)64%
The incidence of identical turtles with thicker shells is 64%.
The genotypes of a specific cross or breeding experiment are predicted using the Punnett square, a square diagram. It bears Reginald C. Punnett's name, who developed the method in 1905. Biologists use the graphic to estimate the likelihood that a child will have a specific genotype.
Two alleles for a gene that affects shell thickness exist in a large population of land turtles on an isolated island, and these alleles are dominant over the allele for sickle, which results in a thinner shell. If fixing a thin shell has no net advantage, Elia shows up 20% of the time. What should the population's homozygous sticker shell turtle frequency be?
The probability of identical turtles with thicker shells is 64%
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which stage of the cell cycle causes the pinching in of the cell membrane to create two individual cells?
Answer:
Third stage
Explanation:
The third stage of the cell cycle. In this stage the cell membrane pinches in around the middle of the cell. The cell splits into two.
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon contains:
A) osteoclasts and osteoblasts
B) yellow marrow and Sharpey's fibers
C) blood vessels and nerve fibers
D) red marrow
E) cartilage and lamellae
The correct answer is C. The canal that runs through the core of each osteon contains blood vessels and nerve fibers.
Compact bone tissue is dense bone tissue made up of several functioning osteons. Osteons are made up of lamellae, osteocytes, a central canal (Haversian canal), and canaliculi that link the osteocytes to the blood supply.
The osteocytes that are immobilized within the osteon are supplied with oxygen and nutrients by these arteries. Blood veins from the central canal are connected to the osteocytes by canaliculi.
The cyndrical structures known as osteons are placed parallel to the surface of the bone along the long axis and carry oxygenated blood to the bone. Less than half of cortical bone, or roughly 45%, is made up of osteons with intact Haversian canals. The Haversian system, which enables the transfer of nutrients from the blood to bone, includes Haversian canals and osteons.
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drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the structures and functions of the nephron.
Labels are discussed below to identify the structures and functions of the nephron.
What is structures and functions of the nephron?The structural and operational component of the kidney is the nephron. The primary purposes of this intricate microscopic structure are to create urine and remove extraneous chemicals and ions from the blood. Humans have long tubular organs called nephrons that make up their excretory system.
Nephron, a functional component of the kidney, is the organ responsible for producing urine as waste and extra chemicals are eliminated from the circulation. Each human kidney has roughly 1,000,000 nephrons.
Replace the labels as given below:
1. 300 mOSM and 30 percent volume should be replaced with label "300 mOSM 100 percent volume"
2. 100 mOSM should be replaced with lable "300 mOSM 30 percent volume"
3. 300 mOSM 100 percent volume should be replaced with lable "100 mOSM".
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