The Venter’s contribution to science is invented a synthetic cell. Option D.
They destroyed the DNA in those cells and replaced it with computer-designed, lab-synthesized DNA. It was the first organism with a fully synthetic genome in the history of life on Earth. Scientists at the University of Cambridge have created the first organism with fully synthetic DNA. This is E. coli, a radically redesigned soil and stomach bacterium.
Two of Ebright's contributions to the scientific community were building a device that showed that the spots on the wings of monarch butterflies produced the hormones necessary for butterfly growth. His other important contribution was the study of how cells read DNA. First discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, this cell has a rich and interesting history that ultimately gave way to many of today's scientific advances.
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all life forms currently have a basic cell membrane so we hypothesize that the earliest cells also had membranes. it is likely that the primordial environment was acidic. in order for a cell to function in this type of environment, the cell membrane would have to include
In order for a cell to function in acidic type of environment, the cell membrane would have to include a proton (H⁺) pump.
A cell membrane is present surrounding the cell in all the cell types. It is composed of a lipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol and carbohydrates. The cell membrane separated the cell from outer environment as well as also regulates the traffic of molecules that cross the cell membrane. Thus, the membrane is semi-permeable.
Proton pumps function to build a proton gradient across the cell membrane by transporting the H⁺ ions. For cells to be in acidic environment, the proton pump needs to build the gradient inside the cell because higher the concentration of H⁺ ions, lesser is the pH.
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when a neuron fires, the axon membrane becomes permeable and sodium ions flow into the cell.
When a neuron fires, the axonal membrane becomes permeable, allowing sodium ions to flow into the cell. This depolarizes that portion of the axon and renders the next section of the membrane permeable.
Neuron fires This occurs over and over again along the axonal line and is responsible for pushing nerve impulses down into the neuron. The process of normal neuronal firing occurs as communication between neurons via electrical impulses and neurotransmitters. To better understand this process, it is important to understand the parts of neurons such as cell bodies, dendrites and axons. When nerve impulses (which nerve cells use to communicate with each other) are sent out from the cell body, sodium channels in the cell membrane open and positive sodium cells rush inside the cell. When reached, an action potential is triggered and an electrical signal is sent to the axon.
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A researcher determined that a strain of e. Coli is producing a shortened version of a protein required for glucose metabolism. What type of mutation could be responsible for this shorter than normal protein?.
Nonsense mutation could be responsible for this shorter than normal protein synthesis. This mutation forms a protein which is generally smaller in size.
What is Nonsense mutation?A nonsense mutation or stop mutation, is a change in the DNA sequence that causes a protein to terminate or end its translation much earlier than that expected in a normal protein. This is a common form of mutation in humans and in animals which causes a shortened or nonfunctional protein to be expressed.
Some of the common genetic disorders that are associated with nonsense mutation are thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Cancers, etc.
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How has scientific understanding about the composition of the universe changed over time.
NASA asserts that the expansion of the cosmos continued after inflation, albeit more slowly (opens in new tab). The universe cooled as it expanded, and matter began to form.
The universe was full of neutrons, protons, electrons, anti-electron, photons, and neutrinos one second after the Big Bang. According to the widely accepted universe model, dark energy makes up 70% of the universe, followed by dark matter at 25% and normal matter at 5%. Two entirely different distributions of the universe's structure result from the expansion of primordial perturbations in hot and cold dark matter. In hot dark matter models, the most massive structures emerge first and then break up into smaller and smaller structures.
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If pyruvate processing is blocked, what will happen to the levels of oxaloacetate and citrate in the citric acid cycle?.
There will be an increase in oxaloacetate and a decrease in citrate.
What happens if a cell doesn't have enough oxaloacetate?Since pyruvate cannot produce oxaloacetate, it is diverted to alternative pathways instead, which result in the production of lactic acid and alanine. Oxaloacetate is necessary for the urea cycle and gluconeogenesis to occur.
The citric acid cycle's importance of oxaloacetate is explained.Response and Justification: One of the crucial intermediates of the Krebs cycle is oxaloacetate. It reacts with acetyl-CoA to produce citrate as a byproduct.
When the citric acid cycle is complete, what happens to the malate or oxaloacetate?Malate is dehydrogenated to create the new oxaloacetate required for the cycle's final reaction, which allows acetyl coA to enter.
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how does the electron transport chain use energy that was originally in glucose to generate atp chemiosomos
A chemiosmotic gradient causes hy drogen ions to flow back across the mitochondrial membrane into the matrix, through ATP synthase, producing ATP
What is electron transport chain ?The oxidative phosphorylation process, which produces ATP, is made up of a series of four protein complexes called the electron transport chain that couple redox processes to produce an electrochemical gradient. Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis take place in mitochondria.
The ETC is a group of proteins that are affixed to the inner mitochondrial membrane along with organic molecules. During a series of redox reactions, the electrons move through the ETC and release energy. The protein ATP-synthase uses the energy liberated to create a proton gradient, which is then utilised in chemiosmosis to produce a significant amount of ATP.Learn more about Electron transport chain here:
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which of these processes require a membrane? choose one or more: generation of atp by oxidative phosphorylation generation of energy by mitochondria generation of atp by photosynthesis in bacteria generation of atp by glycolysis generation of atp by photosynthesis in plants
The processes that require a membrane are the generation of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, the generation of energy by mitochondria, and the generation of ATP by photosynthesis in plants (Options a, b and e).
What is oxidative phosphorylation?Oxidative phosphorylation is the third step of cellular respiration which generates ATP in the mitochondria by creating a differential potential gradient in the inner membrane, in a similar way to the potential used by plants in photosynthesis (in this case in the chloroplast).
Therefore, with this data, we can see that oxidative phosphorylation generates ATP by a gradient using the mitochondrial membrane.
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according to csli standards, what is the limit of time lapse between specimen collection and centrifugation of specimens that need separation?
According to CSLI standards, the limit of time lapse between specimen collection and centrifugation of specimens that need separation 120 minutes.
Institute for Clinical and Laboratory Standards. The most well-known tools for consistently enhancing test quality, safety, and effectiveness are CLSI's consensus-based medical laboratory standards, which were created by our members for use by the world's laboratories.
Although 21, 22, and 23 gauge needles are three of the most popular needle sizes, it is helpful to have a thorough understanding of all needle types to suit the various sizes of veins and tissues the phlebotomist may encounter.
According to CLSI Procedures and Devices for the Collection of Capillary Blood Specimens; Approved Standard - Sixth Edition, September 2008, the order of draw is based on that document. To produce a high-quality specimen, this standard suggests drawing EDTA tubes first, then other additive tubes, and finally serum specimen tubes.
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Acetylcholinesterase is the enzyme that degrades acetylcholine. What effect on nerve transmission would occur following the administration of a chemical that inhibited acetylcholinesterase?.
The administration of a chemical that inhibits acetylcholinesterase would result in an increase in the levels of acetylcholine. This would lead to an increase in nerve transmission.
The chemical that inhibits acetylcholinesterase is called a cholinesterase inhibitor. This substance prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter.The increase in nerve transmission would cause the muscles to contract more frequently. This would lead to an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. The increase in heart rate and blood pressure would cause an increase in the oxygen demand of the body. The increase in oxygen demand would cause an increase in respiration.
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How does digestive system work together with respiratory and circulatory systems?.
The respiratory system takes in oxygen from the air and gets rid of carbon dioxide. The digestive system absorbs water and nutrients from food and the circulatory system carries oxygen, water, and nutrients to cells throughout the body.
The metabolic byproducts of the respiratory and digestive systems are essential for the maintenance of body cells. Cells consume nutrition molecule fuel in oxygen to make energy. Through the process of digesting, the digestive tract delivers the molecules of nutrients, whilst the respiratory tract provides oxygen. To preserve balance and health, the human digestive system is continually at work in the background. In addition to the digestive system's tube-like conduit from the mouth to the anus, additional components include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, which perform vital tasks that keep the body in balance. The respiratory system removes carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere. Water and nutrients from meals are absorbed by the digestive system, while oxygen, water, and nutrients are delivered to all of the body's cells via the circulatory system.
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After the oil spill, marine microbes consumed the oil under the surface but also removed ________ from the water, killing both plants and animals and creating dead zones.
Marine bacteria ate the subsurface oil removing oxygen from the water, creating dead zones and the death of both plants and animals.
What kind of microorganisms live in the ocean?Marine microorganisms are tiny, water-dwelling organisms that can only be seen under a microscope. They consist of viruses that live with cellular creatures such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and plankton.
What type of bacteria inhabit the ocean most frequently?The most common organism in the oceans—and possibly on the entire planet—belongs to the SAR11 family of single-celled marine bacteria. These tiny, drifting organisms, which resemble jelly beans, have evolved to outcompete other bacteria for the scarce nutrients in the ocean.
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Which hormones help the body resist stress and make stored nutrients available to prepare the body for action?.
Answer:
cortisol
Explanation:
provides the body with glucose by tapping into protein stores via gluconeogenesis in the liver. This energy can help an individual fight or flee a stressor.
Cortisol hormones help the body resist stress and make stored nutrients available to prepare the body for action.
What are hormones?Hormones are defined as chemical messengers that are immediately secreted into the blood, where they are transported to the body's organs and tissues to carry out their duties. Specialized glands that are a part of your endocrine system manufacture and release the bulk of the hormones in your body. A gland is an organ that secretes hormones, digestive juices, sweat, or tears. Endocrine glands immediately release hormones into the bloodstream.
Because it aids in the body's response to stress, cortisol is commonly referred to as a stress hormone. As your body responds to stress, your adrenal glands generate and release cortisol into your bloodstream. Cortisol, the "stress hormone," is known to raise blood pressure and heart rate.
Thus, cortisol hormones help the body resist stress and make stored nutrients available to prepare the body for action.
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the distinct characteristics of different cell types in a multicellular organism result mainly from the differential regulation of the group of answer choices transcription of housekeeping genes. transcription of genes transcribed by rna polymerase ii. replication of specific genes. proteins that directly bind the tata box of eukaryotic genes.
Distinct characteristics of different cell types in a multicellular organism result mainly in transcription of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II.
RNA polymerase II is a 12-subunit DNA dependent RNA polymerase that is transcribes nuclear genes that encode mRNAs and many other small nuclear RNAs.
RNA polymerase II functions for uncoupling the genetic mechanisms in the process of protein-coding mRNAs and some small non-coding RNAs. RNA polymerase II is an essential, multi-subunit that is DNA-dependent nucleotide transferase.
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In horses, buckskin is color is dominant to chestnut and trotting gait is dominant over pacing gait. A horse that is homozygous for buckskin fur and heterozygous for trotting gait is bred with a horse that is heterozygous buckskin fur and is a pacer. What is probability of the foal being a buckskin trotter?.
Answer: %50
Explanation:
rising sea levels would affect more than coastlines. what factor might increase enough in freshwater wetlands to affect plant and animal life?
Rising sea levels would affect more than coastlines as they can cause erosion of beaches flooding and loss of many marshes.
Rising sea levels are more destructive than coastlines
The factor which might affect plant and animal life is salinity
salinity affects plant life and animal life as it interferes with the uptake of nitrogen reducing growth and hence reducing crop production and death of native vegetation leading to declining in biodiversity through the dominance of salt-resistant vegetation.
salinity refers to the concentrations of salts in water it is also important as it helps determine many aspects of the science of natural waters and the biological steps in them
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use the genetic code chart to answer this question. if a trna has the anti-codon loop 5'-ggu-3', what amino acid will it carry?
The amino acid threonine (Thr) will be carried by the tRNA if the anti-codon loop is 5'-ggu-3'.
The codon is a three-base sequence on mRNA that specifies the kind of amino acids that will be present. The tRNA sequence known as the anticodon is complementary to the one codon. The anticodon loop on tRNA, according to the query, is 5'-GGU-3'.
This tRNA will bind to mRNA to start the process of creating amino acids. The tRNA anticodon loop will connect to the mRNA codon that is complementary to it. The tRNA anticodon loop 5'-GGU-3' will complement the mRNA codon 5'-ACC-3'.
The other probable codons that could code for threonine, according to the mRNA codon chart, are ACU, ACA, and ACG in the 5'-3' direction. UGU, AGU, and CGU in the direction of 5'-3' would be potential tRNA anticodons.
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A student is asked to create models of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They will use materials to represent the cell membrane, cytoplasm, dna, and other internal cell structures. Which structures will be modeled in both cell types? select all that apply.
The cells of all prokaryotes and eukaryotes own two basic features: a plasma membrane, additionally referred to as a cellular membrane, and cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells each use deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as the basis for his or her genetic information. This genetic cloth is needed to regulate and tell cellular function via the advent of RNA via transcription, accompanied by the generation of proteins thru translation.
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, a membrane-sure chamber in which DNA is stored, at the same time as prokaryotic cells do not. this is the function that formally separates the two companies. Eukaryotes typically have other membrane-certain organelles in addition to the nucleus, while prokaryotes don't.
Eukaryotic cells incorporate membrane-certain organelles, which include the nucleus, whilst prokaryotic cells do now not. differences in cell shape of prokaryotes and eukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the mobile wall, and the shape of chromosomal DNA.
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mutations are a. usually detrimental. b. usually neutral. c. usually beneficial. d. necessary for evolution. e. usually weeded out of a population.
Answer:
The answer to your question is d. necessary for evolution
Explanation:
in dna editing by means of crispr, the function of the crispr-associated protein is to: select all that apply. translate guide rna. bind guide rna. cleave target dna. transcribe guide rna. bind target dna.
The function of the crispr-associated protein is to bind sgRNA, bind target DNA, cleave target DNA.
What is genome/ DNA editing?
Genome editing allows us to make changes to the DNA. This might lead to changes in physical characteristics like eye color, and disease risk. Different technologies are used for the purpose of genome editing.
The DNA is cut at specific spot by molecular scissors, after which at the site of cut, we can add, replace or remove DNA.
1900s was when the first genome editing technology was developed. The new genome editing tool CRISPR was invented in 2009. CRISPR is faster, simpler, cheaper and much more accurate than the older technologies.
Therefore, the function of the crispr-associated protein is to bind sgRNA, bind target DNA, cleave target DNA.
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in negative control of gene expression, the site where the repressor binds and blocks transcription is called the
In negative control of gene expression, the site where the repressor binds and blocks transcription is called operator region .
What is transcriptional negative regulation?transcription is put under negative control when a protein called a repressor binds to the DNA and prevents transcription. Attenuator control: When transcription is under attenuator control, mechanisms work to cut back on the amount of product produced but do not completely turn the gene off.
What does negative gene expression regulation entail?inverse control of gene expression
any procedure that reduces gene expression's frequency, pace, or volume. The transformation of a gene's coding sequence into a mature gene product is known as gene expression (protein or RNA).
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why one should not sleep under a tree at night.
A group of cells is assayed for dna content immediately following mitosis and is found to have an average of 12 picograms of dna per nucleus. How many picograms of dna would be found in a nucleus at the end of g1 and the end of g2?.
24 picograms of DNA will be present in each nucleus at the conclusion of G2.
How much DNA, measured in picograms, remains after mitosis?The DNA content of a set of cells is measured right after mitosis, and it is discovered that each nucleus contains an average of 12 picograms of DNA.
You must comprehend the cell cycle's stages, which occur in the following order, in order to respond to this question:
1=G1 (growth) (growth)
2=S (DNA synthesis) (DNA synthesis)
3=G2 (growth and preparation for mitosis) (growth and preparation for mitosis)
4=M (mitosis) (mitosis)
In preparation for dividing into two daughter cells, the cell synthesizes DNA and will essentially double the amount of DNA it already has during the S phase. In the G2 phase following S phase, the cell continues to expand and double its constituent parts in preparation for mitosis.
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Read the excerpt from “The Gift of the Magi” by O. Henry. Which sentence uses an auxiliary verb to express certainty?
Answer:
'This dark assertion will be illuminated later on'. We use 'will' when we believe that a future state is certain to occur.
For the second sentence with an auxiliary verb, it is 'But if you'll unwrap that package, you may see why you had me going a while at first'.
Explanation:
what's an auxiliary verb?
An auxiliary verb is a verb this is used as an assisting verb alongside the facet of the primary verb in a sentence to make it more widespread. its miles used to modify the worrying, mood, or voice of the sentence.
something in the manner of a haircut or a shave or a shampoo that could make me like my girl any much less. but if we unwrap that package, you may see why you had me going a while at the beginning.
The auxiliary has helps to explicit the ideal component alongside the participle, completed. some sentences comprise a series of two or more auxiliary verbs. Auxiliary verbs also are referred to as helping verbs, helper verbs,auxiliaries. research has been carried out into break up inflection in auxiliary verbs.
Answer:
.
Explanation:
What causes proliferation?.
Cell proliferation occurs by combining cell growth and the cell cycle to produce a large number of diploid cell progenies.
The process by which a cell grows and divides to produce two daughter cells is known as cell proliferation. Cell proliferation causes an exponential increase in cell number and is thus a rapid tissue growth mechanism.
Cell proliferation occurs when cell growth is combined with regular "G1-S-M-G2" cell cycles to produce a large number of diploid cell progeny. Cell proliferation in single-celled organisms is largely determined by the availability of nutrients in the environment (or laboratory growth medium).
The rapid proliferation of skin fibroblasts to repair damage caused by a cut or wound is one example of controlled proliferation. Another striking example is liver cells, which normally divide only infrequently.
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How can proteins interact with dna and recognize dna sequences without unwinding the dna double helix?.
Answer: they bind to specific nucleotide sequences like enhancers, repressor
Explanation:
Explain the effect of ingesting an extremely large amount of water at the level of the brain cells, including the role of osmosis in the process
The effect of ingesting an extremely large amount of water at the level of the brain cells, including the role of osmosis in the process is explained below.
The effect of ingesting an extremely large amount of water at the level of the brain cells lead to severe symptom that causes entry of water into brain cells resulting in brain swelling, that manifests as seizures, coma, metabolic process arrest, brain stem hernia and death," explains M. Amin Arnaout, chief of medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard graduate school.
Role of osmosis - It doesn't need any additional energy, solely depends on the concentration gradient. once somebody ingests a particularly great amount of water at the cellular, water can diffuse into the cell and therefore the cell can begin to swell that is thought as a hypotonic atmosphere.
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muscles that move the eyeball have ________ fibers.
Muscles which are responsible for the movement of the eyeball have fast fibers. Thus, the correct option is A.
What are fast muscle fibers?Fast-twitch muscle fibers are the muscle fibers which provide bigger and more powerful forces, however for shorter durations and fatigue quickly. They are more anaerobic with less blood supply, and hence are sometimes also referred to as white fibers or type II fibers.
Fast-twitch muscle fibers are activated by the high intensity movements which are sustained in short bursts. Examples of movements include sprints, burpees, and quick lateral movements.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question is:
Muscles that move the eyeball have ________ fibers.
A) fast
B) slow
C) intermediate
D) circular
E) All of the answers are correct.
green and blue coral snakes are found in even numbers on an isolated island. a hurricane hits the island, killing the majority of blue coral snakes. the few remaining coral snakes repopulate the island, with green snakes now the predominant color morph. this scenario is best described by:
The scenario is best described by Bottleneck Effect.
What is bottleneck effect?
The bottleneck effect happens when the population number is dramatically decreased as a result of natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and other natural disasters. The new population is made up of the organisms that were able to survive the disasters.
Population bottlenecks play an important role in conservation biology and in the context of agriculture.
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53) Which of the following is not an extrinsic eye muscle?
A) inferior rectus
B) rectus abdominis
C) lateral rectus
D) medial rectus
E) superior oblique
The muscles of the abdomen are not external eye muscles. The Rectus Abdominis, sometimes known as your "six-pack," is the top layer of the abdominal muscles.
Rectus abdominis: What is it?rectus abdominis, which is located at the front of pelvic between the pubic bone and the ribs. When this muscle contracts, it produces the distinctive lumps or bulges known as "the six pack." The rectus abdominis' primary job is to shift the body between both the pelvis and the ribs.
How does it feel to have your rectus abdominis pulled?An damaged abdominal muscle can be painful and uncomfortable, especially when moving. People may experience the following signs around the stomach if they have torn a muscle: discomfort or soreness. pain.
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if the parathyroid glands were accidentally removed during thyroid surgery, a condition that could result is called .
Using the theories of glands, we got that if the parathyroid glands were accidentally removed during thyroid surgery, a condition that could result is called hypoparathyroidism.
Parathyroid glands are actually located in the neck just behind the thyroid gland. There are typically the four parathyroid glands that regulate blood calcium levels. Hypoparathyroidism is the rare but serious condition that can result after the removal of all the four parathyroid glands. It may happen during neck or the thyroid surgery when the pea-shaped gland is resected by mistake. In this condition, the blood calcium actually levels drop suddenly and may cause the dangerous heart rhythm irregularities and seizures. The condition happens due to extremely low blood calcium level and needs the immediate correction of the calcium levels.
Hence, if the parathyroid glands were accidentally removed during thyroid surgery, a condition that could result is called as hypoparathyroidism.
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