Forests reach their greatest ecological complexity when they are mature and exhibit a multi-level canopy due to the many levels of competition for light and resources.
What is ecological complexity?Ecological complexity is a term used to describe the relationships between organisms and their environment. It emphasizes the intricate web of interactions between living organisms and nonliving components of the environment.
As trees grow, they compete for light and resources in several ways. Trees on the upper canopy layers are able to outcompete trees on lower layers for resources because they are able to access more sunlight. In addition, as trees grow taller, they cast larger shadows, further limiting resources for trees in the lower layers. This competition creates a layered forest structure in which different species of plants and animals are adapted to different layers. This structure allows for an increased diversity of species and interactions between them, leading to a more complex and intricate ecological system.
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imagine that you are given some photoheterotrophs to grow for a lab experiment. what should you use as a source of energy for this type of bacteria?
To grow photoheterotrophs in a lab experiment, you would need to provide a light source as the energy source.
Photoheterotrophs are bacteria that use organic compounds as a carbon source, but they require light as a source of energy.
There are different types of light sources that can be used depending on the specific needs of the photoheterotrophic bacteria. For example, some photoheterotrophs may require specific wavelengths of light, such as blue or red light, to carry out photosynthesis. Other photoheterotrophs may be more flexible and able to use a wider range of wavelengths.
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Name five bacteria that can cause urinary tract infections
There are several microorganisms that can bacteria cause urinary tract infections (UTIs), but Escherichia coli, K. pneumoniae, Proteus s. typhi, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus are the most prevalent ones.
Common infections called UTIs occur when germs, frequently from the epidermis or rectum, pass through the urethra & infect the urinary system. The infections may affect several areas of the urinary tract, however the bladder infection is the most prevalent one (cystitis). Most UTIs are brought on by E. coli bacteria, that are gut bacteria. Another name for bladder infections is cystitis. Urinary tract infections (UTI), which has a broader definition, is occasionally used to refer to bladder infections.
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describe factors that effect the rate of evaporation of water from the ocean
Answer:
The rate of evaporation of water from the ocean is affected by several factors, including:
Air temperature: As the temperature of the air increases, the rate of evaporation also increases, as the water molecules have more energy to escape into the air.
Air pressure: Lower air pressure can lead to a higher rate of evaporation, as the air pressure at the surface of the water is lower than the pressure above.
Wind speed: The wind helps to carry water vapor away from the surface of the ocean, so higher wind speeds can lead to a faster rate of evaporation.
Humidity: When the air is already saturated with water vapor, it has a lower capacity to absorb additional moisture, so the rate of evaporation will be slower.
Solar radiation: Sunlight provides energy that heats the water and contributes to evaporation. So, more sunlight can increase the rate of evaporation.
Water temperature: Warmer water will evaporate more quickly than colder water.
Salinity: The concentration of salt in the ocean can affect the rate of evaporation, as saltier water has a higher density and takes longer to evaporate.
Explanation:
These factors interact with each other, and the overall rate of evaporation can be influenced by local weather patterns and seasonal changes.
Answer:
Explanation:
The factors affecting evaporation are humidity, wind speed, temperature, and surface area. It is defined as the causes of a change in the rate of evaporation, for example, with an increase in temperature, the rate of evaporation also increases
How can glucosinolates provide a defense for plants against being eaten?
To protect plants from caterpillars, butterflies, and other pests, glucosinolate-producing substances in plants produce these pungent odors and biting sharp taste.
Defence Most commonly present in cruciferous plants, glucosinolates are a sizable group of secondary plant metabolites with beneficial effects on health. The gastrointestinal mucosa may allow some of the intact form of glucosinolates to be partially absorbed after consumption. The gut lumen, however, is where the majority is digested.In order to eliminate their adversaries, these plants employ a highly effective defense system known as the mustard oil bomb: When myrosinase and glucosinolates interact in damaged plant tissues, poisonous compounds are created that are effective at keeping off most insects.It's known that plants naturally contain about 132 distinct glucosinolates. From specific amino acids, they are created:For more information on glucosinolates kindly visit to
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A DNA molecule that is produced by combining DNA from different sources or organisms is called
A) marker DNA.
B) polymerase DNA.
Eliminate
C) recombinant DNA.
D) trabscrition DNA
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) that bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.
what event occurs as the ribosome shifts down the mrna by a distance of three nucleotides? multiple choice the trna that was in the p site moves into the e site. the trna that was in the e site moves into the p site. the trna that was in the p site moves into the a site. the trna that was in the e site moves into the a site. the trna that was in the a site moves into the e site.
A, P, and E sites on the ribosome are the three locations where tRNAs can fit. As amino acids are delivered during translation, tRNAs pass via these sites (from A to P to E).
Within a protein and RNA-containing structure known as the ribosome, tRNAs bind to mRNAs. The amino acids of tRNAs are joined to the elongating polypeptide chain in a chemical process as they enter slots in the ribosome and bind to codons. In the end, a polypeptide is produced with an amino acid sequence that matches the mRNA's codon structure.
The ribosome's second tRNA binding site is called the P-site (for peptidyl). The second and third binding sites in the ribosome are the E-site (exit) and the A-site (aminoacyl), which are the other two sites.
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Can I have help please
The definition of blood clot and why it is a significant health issue is described below.
What is a blood clot?Blood clot is a clot formed from platelets and other elements; that forms in a blood vessel in a living organism, and causes thrombosis or obstruction of the vessel at its point of formation or travel to other areas of the body.
Chemicals in tobacco smoke make certain proteins in your blood 'stickier'. This increases the risk of dangerous blood clots and can lead to a catastrophic heart attack.
Nicotine, which is present in smokes, is known to increase levels of hormones such as adrenaline in the body, which in turn can increase the formation of blood clots.
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I need help with the last two boxes.
Answer:
Explanation:
alcholic fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration and yeasts use the process to produce ethanol (alcohol). Lactic acidosis fermentation is another form of anaerobic respiration and it produces lactid acid.
In a ______________ reaction two or more substances combine to form a new single substance.
In a Combination reaction two or more substances combine to form a new single substance.
combination reaction is also known as synthesis reaction, where two or more substance react with each other to form a single and a new substance.
example, A+B = AB, where A and B both are reactants and AB is the new compound which is formed.
real life examples could be solid sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas to produce solid sodium chloride.
metals can also react with oxygen to form metal oxide, this example of combination reaction.
This is synthesis reaction as the substance formed in this kind is newly synthesized.
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the total cross sectional area of all of the capillaries in the body is greater than the total cross sectional area of all of the veins in the body. true false
The statement is true. Observe that the capillaries, which have the biggest overall cross-sectional area, have the slowest flow velocity.
Although the cross-sectional area of each capillary is quite small compared to that of the massive aorta, the sum of the cross-sectional areas of all the capillaries is approximately 1,300 times greater than the cross-sectional area of the aorta because there are so many capillaries. Although the cross-sectional area of each capillary is quite small compared to that of the massive aorta, the sum of the cross-sectional areas of all the capillaries is approximately 1,300 times greater than the cross-sectional area of the aorta because there are so many capillaries.
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Does the skin also contain a deeper layer known as the dermis the epidermis and dermis?
Yes, the dermis, which is the deepest layer, and the epidermis, which is the outermost layer, make up the two main layers of the skin.
What is epidermis?The skin's outermost layer, known as the epidermis, serves as a barrier between the body and the outside world. It is made up of numerous layers of cells, such as keratinocytes, melanocytes, and immune cells, and performs a variety of crucial tasks include controlling body temperature, halting water loss, and guarding against viruses and environmental contaminants. Additionally, the epidermis has tiny blood vessels that nourish and oxygenate skin cells as well as nerve endings that permit the feeling of touch. Depending on elements like sun exposure and mechanical stress, the epidermis' thickness and makeup might change in various body regions.
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the flowering locus c gene, or flc gene, is found in certain plants responsible for flowering. the flc gene is expressed in seedlings, which prevents the plant from flowering. once the temperature drops, the expression of the flc gene drops, and the plants produce flowers. the flc gene is regulated at the epigenetic level. what type of epigenetic modifications are present in seedlings after the temperature drops?
In new seedlings, FLC gene expression is maintained through repressive epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone modification.
After cold exposure, these repressive modifications are removed from the FLC gene, allowing the gene to be expressed and the plant to flower. This reduction in repressive modifications is an example of epigenetic regulation, where the regulation of gene expression is controlled by changes in the chromatin structure, rather than changes to the DNA methylation itself. The exact type of modifications present in new seedlings and after cold exposure are dependent on the specific plant species being studied and may vary among species. However, DNA methylation and histone modification are common types of epigenetic modifications that have been implicated in the regulation of the FLC gene in various plant species.
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The complete Question is:
Flowering Locus C (FLC) is a gene that is responsible for flowering in certain plants.
FLC is expressed in new seedlings, which prevents flowering.
Upon exposure to cold temperatures, FLC expression decreases and the plant flowers.
FLC is regulated through epigenetic modifications.
What type of epigenetic modifications are present in new seedlings and after cold exposure?
the question refers to the table, which compares the percent sequence homology of four different parts of a gene (two introns and two exons) that is found in five different eukaryotic species. the data show the percentage of sequence homology of each intron and exon in comparison to the sequences in species a. % sequence homology species intron i exon i intron vi exon v a 100% 100% 100% 100% b 98% 99% 82% 96% c 98% 99% 89% 96% d 99% 99% 92% 97% e 98% 99% 80% 94% based on the data in the table, which phylogenetic tree is the most likely depiction of the evolutionary relationships among these five species?
Compares the percent sequence homology of four different parts of a gene for this the correct option is d which represent the correct sequence of homology.
compares the percent sequence homology of four different parts of a gene (two introns and two exons) that is found in five different eukaryotic species.
Homology is similarity due to shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa.
The homologies definition refers to a similarity in genetics or structure between two species that implies a common ancestor. There are three main categories of homologies: structural, developmental, and molecular.
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. There is a wide range of eukaryotic organisms, including all animals, plants, fungi, and protists, as well as most algae.Eukaryotic organisms include protozoans, algae, fungi, plants, and animals. Some eukaryotic cells are independent, single-celled microorganisms, whereas others are part of multicellular organisms.
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the carrying capacity for a population of frogs in a rainforest ecosystem is 840 frogs, and the maximum rate of increase for this population is 1.0 per individual per year. using the logistic population growth model, what is the approximate population growth rate for 212 frogs?
Counting deaths at the same pace, a population of 275 squirrels would grow by around 239 squirrels every year.
The rate of per capita growth slows as a population approaches the carrying capacity, a limit imposed by the environment's limited resources, according to the formula: dN/dT=rN1-N/K. N = 212, k = 840, and r = 1 are taken as givens. Finding: After adding value, r=? rN1-N/K=dN/dT, where dN/dT = 1 x 212 1-212/840 As a result, dN/dT=158.57 (approx). Final response: This is the correct option (c). It follows that the population will grow by 158 frogs annually. The growth rate (r), where "n" is the number of years in the period, is calculated by multiplying the difference between the population at the end of the period under consideration (P0) and the current population (Pt) by 100. Using this knowledge.
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some frequencies of ultraviolet light have enough energy to kill bacteria and viruses, but do not have enough energy to penetrate or damage human tissue. for which one of the following medical applications would this type of electromagnetic radiation be most useful? a to target and kill cancer cells b to disinfect surgical rooms c to correct errors in vision d to restructure a tooth
To disinfect surgical rooms (B) is the correct option.
What is the application of UV-rays?For medical applications, ultraviolet light that has enough energy to kill bacteria and viruses but does not have enough energy to penetrate or damage human tissue would be most useful for disinfecting surgical rooms. This is because disinfecting surgical rooms require the elimination of bacteria and viruses that may cause infection in patients without harming the healthcare personnel or patients.
Ultraviolet light disinfection is a fast, easy, and effective way to kill bacteria and viruses in a room, including those in hard-to-reach areas that may be missed during manual cleaning.
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What are the 4 main functions of the lymphatic vessels?
They include defending your body from pathogens, preserving body fluid balance, absorbing lipids from the digestive tract, and eliminating cellular waste.
What is the role of lymphatic vessels?Lymph system continue to gather and filter lymph as it flows toward large ships called as collecting ducts (at the nodes). These vessels act very much like your veins do, working under very low pressure and with a variety of valves to keep the flow of fluid in one direction.
What are the four lymphatic vessels?Both right lymph duct as well as the thoracic duct are the two lymph arteries in the body. Jugular lymph trunks, clavicle lymph trunks, fuller lymph trunks, & lumbar lymph trunks are the four pair of lymph trunks.
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identify the scientists who are credited with the cell theory.
Matthias Schleiden
Theodor Schwann Rudolf Virchow
Albert Einstein
Three scientists—Theodor Schwann, Matthias Jakob Schleiden, and Rudolph Virchow—are credited with creating the cell hypothesis. Schwann and Schleiden proposed cells as the fundamental building block of life in 1839.
What are called cells?There are countless billions of cells in the human body. They not only take in nutrients from food and turn them into energy, but they also provide the body structure and carry out certain functions. A cell is made up of cytoplasm and is surrounded on all sides by a cell membrane. All living things are made up of cells, which are the smallest structural units of living matter and are typically microscopic in size. The majority of cells have one or more nuclei as well as other organelles that perform a range of functions.
What is the importance of cell?All living things—from bacteria to people—rely on cells for their structure and activity. They are regarded by scientists as the tiniest form of life. Cells contain the biological machinery which produces the proteins, chemicals, or signals necessary for all body functions. The presence or cells is one of the characteristics we use to assess whether an item is alive or not. Therefore, all the things we consider to be "living things," from the smallest to the largest animals and plants, are made of cells.
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biology chapter 33 ground coffee is made from the seeds of several plants belonging to the genus coffea. what does the chemical caffeine do in the plant?
In the plant, caffeine acts as a natural pesticide by paralyzing and killing insects that attempt to feed on the plant.
Caffeine is a normally happening alkaloid and an optional metabolite in the plants having a place with the sort Coffea. The caffeine content in the plant goes about as a characteristic pesticide that assists with safeguarding the plant against herbivores and bugs. At the point when bugs feed on the plant, the caffeine goes about as an impediment by obstructing the sensory system of the bug, causing loss of motion and at last demise.
Strangely, various types of Coffea plants produce various degrees of caffeine, and it is accepted that the caffeine content in the plant has developed as a reaction to the determination strain of explicit herbivores and bugs in the plant's current circumstance.
Notwithstanding its pesticidal capability, caffeine additionally can upgrade the plant's own metabolic cycles, like photosynthesis, by going about as an allosteric modulator of specific compounds. This might assist the plant with creating more energy and develop all the more proficiently.
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what property of biological membranes describes the ability of individual molecules to move within the membrane?A) FluidityB) BilayerC) Phospholipids
Option A, The property of biological membranes that describes the ability of individual molecules to move within the membrane is fluidity.
Membrane fluidity refers to the viscosity of the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane and how easily molecules can move within it. The fluidity of the membrane depends on various factors, such as the length and saturation of the fatty acid chains in the phospholipids, temperature, and the presence of cholesterol. A more fluid membrane allows for greater movement of molecules, while a more rigid membrane restricts movement. This property of fluidity is important for many biological processes, such as the movement of proteins and other molecules within the membrane, signal transduction, and membrane fusion during cell division.
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what are types if services that environment provides to humans?
The environment provides various types of services to humans, including provisioning services such as food, water, and raw materials, cultural services such as recreation, tourism; and supporting services such as nutrient cycling and soil formation.
What is Nutrient cycling?
Nutrient cycling is the process by which nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and others are circulated through an ecosystem, being taken up by organisms, released back into the environment, and reused by other organisms. This cycle involves a range of biological, physical, and chemical processes, including photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and nutrient uptake and release by plants and animals.
Nutrient cycling is essential for maintaining the productivity and sustainability of ecosystems, as well as for supporting human activities such as agriculture and forestry.
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What is the most important factor for plant growth?
The initial component in plant development is water. It starts the germination process for seeds and exerts pressure on roots to migrate through the soil.
What's the most significant element influencing growth?Temperature: Growth accelerates as the temperature rises. Light: Depending on its length and intensity, light can affect several physiological systems. Plants need a sufficient amount of nourishment in the soil to grow effectively.
What influences a plant's growth?The four main components that affect plant development are sunlight, water, temperature, and micronutrients. These four elements affect how the plant produces its growth hormones, which affects how quickly or slowly it develops.
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what artery branches off the subclavian arteries?
arteries that branch off the subclavian arteries, such as the thyrocervical trunk, which supplies blood to the thyroid gland and certain muscles in the neck and shoulders, and the costocervical trunk, which supplies blood to the upper back and neck.
The subclavian arteries are a pair of major arteries in the human body that supply blood to the arms, neck, and head. Several arteries branch off the subclavian arteries as they travel through the body.
One important artery that branches off the subclavian arteries is the vertebral artery. The vertebral artery is a pair of arteries that run up the back of the neck and supply blood to the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebellum. Another important artery that branches off the subclavian arteries is the internal thoracic artery (also known as the internal mammary artery). The internal thoracic artery runs down the front of the chest and supplies blood to the chest wall, including the ribcage and breastbone.
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which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation? A. Fusion. B. food acquisition. C. resulting.
The most likely outcome of the situation would be allopatric speciation - A. Fusion.
What scenario has the highest probability of causing allopatric speciation?A small population, or splinter population, being split off from the parent population increases the likelihood of allopatric speciation. Due to the breakaway group's small size, it is possible that its gene pool may not accurately reflect that of the original population. A founder effect is what is happening here.
What causes allopatric speciation to occur?The accumulation of genetic variations between populations when they are geographically isolated results in allopatric speciation, a process for the evolution of reproductive isolation.
Geographical isolation results in allopatric speciation: Geographically distinct regions with differing climates and ecosystems are home to the northern spotted owl and the Mexican spotted owl. Allopatric speciation is demonstrated by the owl.
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Into which two subcategories can bulk transport be divided?
Endocytosis and osmosis
Endocytosis and exocytosis
Exocytosis and passive transport
Osmosis and facilitated diffusion
The correct answer is option B. Two subcategories of bulk transport can be divided into endocytosis and exocytosis.
Bulk transport involves moving big molecules like proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates across a cell membrane. Since chemicals must pass across a cellular membrane, it is often referred to as transcellular transport.
Endocytosis and exocytosis are the two subcategories of bulk transport. The process of bringing big molecules, such proteins and lipids, into the cytoplasm of a cell is known as endocytosis.
Exocytosis, in contrast, is the process by which a cell releases big molecules into the external environment from its cytoplasm.
Large molecules are moved via creating vesicles, which are subsequently detached from the cell membrane and moved across in both of these processes. Consequently, exocytosis and endocytosis are the two subcategories of bulk transport.
Complete Question:
Into which two subcategories can bulk transport be divided?
A. Endocytosis and osmosis
B. Endocytosis and exocytosis
C. Exocytosis and passive transport
D. Osmosis and facilitated diffusion
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why are natural killer cells considered to be part of the innate immune response?
Natural Killer cells, however, are typically regarded as being part of the innate immune defense since they lack antigen-specific cell surface receptors.
In a phylogenetically old defense mechanism known for its potent cytolytic action against physiologically challenged cells including tumor cells and virus-infected cells, natural killer (NK) cells stand out. Their use in the treatment of hematological cancers may be superior to the well-known T lymphocyte-based immunotherapy in a number of ways.
An antigen-specific
An antigen is considered to have antigenic specificity when the host cells recognize it as a unique molecular entity and can accurately distinguish it from other antigens. The side-chain conformations of the antigen have a significant impact on antigen specificity.
Are antigens particular or general?
Certain immune responses are brought on by antigens. On the surfaces of infections, pathogen-specific antigens are generally present. The immune system responds to an antigen by either producing antibodies, which are specialized proteins, or cells that target the disease specifically.
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biological membranes are said to be selectively permeable (or semi-permeable). what does this term mean, and how does this affect the way that molecules are able to move through cellular membranes?
Selective permeability is a property of biological membranes that only allows certain molecules to enter or exit the cell. This is required so that changes in the environment won't disrupt the cell's internal order.
A biological membrane, also known as a biomembrane or cell membrane, is a selectively permeable membrane that separates a cell's interior from its environment or creates intracellular compartments by serving as a wall between various cell regions. Eukaryotic cell membranes are composed of a phospholipid bilayer that contains embedding, integral, and peripheral proteins that are used for communication as well as chemical and ion transport.
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What is the term used to describe published, peer-reviewed scientific articles that are written by the people who did the scientific research?
a.) Second literature
b.) Primary literature
c.) Policy literature
d.) Tertiary literature
b) Primary sources. Reports or articles of original research investigations and experiments carried out by the author themselves that are published in a peer-reviewed publication are referred to as primary literature.
What is the meaning of scientific research?Scientific research is research that is carried out with the intention of advancing science by the methodical gathering, analysis, and evaluation of data—and that, too, in a planned manner. The term "theoretical research" is sometimes used. Basic research is the examination of a natural phenomenon or a topic related to pure science.
What is the characteristics of scientific research?Experimentation is the primary aspect of scientific study. An effective technique to obtain information and use curiosity is through scientific study. In order to explain nature and the qualities of the universe, this research offers scientific data and theories. It enables real-world applications.
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What is the smallest unit of life functions?
A new slimming tea claims to contain substances that inhibit the actions of amylase (starch-digesting enzyme) and lipase (lipid-digesting enzyme)
Explain how this product helps reduce body mass.
Answer:
They are digestive enzymes
Explanation:
digestive enzymes that are important for weight loss help break down the food we eat and keep our metabolism burning fat. The enzymes important for weight loss include lipase, protease and amylase.
Enzymes are important for weight loss and for proper digestion. If your digestive system can't break down food, you won't absorb nutrients (causing fatigue or anemia) or detoxify your body.
You'll develop a sluggish metabolism and gain weight. When your digestion is poor, the food you consume won't supply your body with sufficient energy or help build healthy muscles and tissues.
Hi, I just have a question for my science assignment. So basically I decided to construct a drawing/ model of “ movement and matter and energy from plants into other organisms” and I have to show how mass and energy are conserved before and after each interaction can anyone give me any ideas on what to draw/model?
Answer:
Not sure if this is similar or the right idea but if this is cellular respiration where energy of something eaten is given to the eater just draw an arrow to the eater and than just explain some more not sure if this answers your question
