Why is the structure of mitochondria important for cellular respiration?; What is the structure of a mitochondrion?; What is the structure and function of the mitochondrion?; What is the structure of cellular respiration?

By the time an infant is 4 months old, it usually doubles in weight and by one year has tripled its birth weight. By age 2, the weight has quadrupled and lengths increases by 50 percent thus the statement is correct.

The typical American newborn weighs around 7.5 pounds and is around 20 inches in length. Infants normally lose about 5% of their body weight during the first few days of life as they get acclimated to feeding and removing waste. Most parents seem to miss this, but those who have tiny infants may find it worrying. However, this loss of weight is just momentary, as a quick period of growth follows. An infant typically doubles in weight by the time it is 4 months old, and by the time it is 1 year old, it has tripled. The weight has quadrupled by the age of two. At one year, the length doubles (range between 26 and 32 inches).

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Answer: They show contact inhibition.

A intricate system of blood vessels in your body allows your heart to pump blood.

For instance, your blood picks up nutrients your body received from your most recent meal as it travels through your digestive system. Oxygen inhaled by the lungs is also carried by your blood.

The circulatory system then transports those nutrients to their intended locations after the digestive system transfers any beneficial nutrients from meals to the blood.

Since the majority of nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine, it is known as the "workhorse" of digestion. Peristalsis is also active in this organ, pushing food through and combining it with bile and other gastrointestinal secretions from the liver and pancreas.

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Blood is pumped by the heart through an intricate web of blood vessels. For instance, your blood picks up nutrients your body received from your most recent meal as it travels through your digestive system. Oxygen inhaled by the lungs is also carried by your blood.

The heart relies on the digestive system

The digestive system is in charge of the ingestion, breakdown, absorption, and excretion of nutrients and minerals, whereas the circulatory system ensures that blood flows throughout the body and, in doing so, guarantees that each portion of the body receives the essentials for function. Both systems work together to provide nourishment to the many body sections.

When food is consumed, the transaction starts in the digestive system. In order to be absorbed into the bloodstream, this meal travels through the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, and small intestine, undergoing both chemical and physical digestion.

The mouth is where the ingested nutrients undergo chemical and physical digestion. The teeth and saliva break down the meal and produce a bolus, which is subsequently moved through peristalsis down the oesophagus and into the stomach. By churning the food and hydrolyzing components with the aid of stomach acids and enzymes, physical and chemical digestion take place once more in the stomach. Once the gastric juices and partially digested food are created in the pulpy acidic fluid that travels from the stomach to the small intestine, the nutrients move to the organ where the villi that line its inner wall absorb the nutrients and send them into the circulation.

Villi have capillary networks that correspond to the capillaries that surround the digestive organs. These capillaries take nutrients from the blood and transfer them to the liver through the hepatic portal system. The liver then processes the blood that is mineral-rich and releases various nutrients to serve other tissues of the body that require nourishing. This blood is transported by the circulatory system, so it may be transferred to the heart and circulated throughout the body, but it may also be distributed to other tissues and cells prior to the heart.

Specifically designed for carrying nutrients throughout the body, platelets are a type of blood cell that are in charge of carrying nutrients across the bloodstream and delivering them to the appropriate bodily tissues.

The digestive and circulatory systems are essential components of the body's systems and must cooperate to keep the body in a state of homeostasis and enable appropriate operation.

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The eukaryotic organisms involved in causing or spreading disease are algae, arthropods, fungi, worms, and protozoa.

Eukaryotic organisms are cells that have a cell nucleus covered by a cell membrane. The structure of a eukaryotic cell is composed of a plasma membrane so that the contents of the cell do not leave the cell, the cytoplasm functions as a storage area for chemicals for cell metabolism, the cell wall is composed of cellulose which functions to give shape to the cell. Eukaryotic cells also have organelles such as a nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, Golgi bodies, vacuoles and mitochondria.

Eukaryotic organism include algae, arthropods, fungi, worms, and protozoa. In these eukaryotic organisms there are organisms that can cause diseases such as diseases caused by protozoa, namely malaria, sleeping sickness, and Chagas disease. Examples of diseases caused by fungi such as Candidiasis. Examples of diseases caused by arthropods are fleas, ticks, ticks. An example of a disease caused by worms is helminthiasis. An example of a disease caused by algae is red rust disease.

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The energy released in form of ATP are 6 NADHs, 2 ATPs and 2 FADH2 as the end products of TCA cycle.

Tricarboxylic acid cycle  is also known as Krebs or citric acid cycle. It can be described as the primary source of energy for cells and an essential component of aerobic respiration.

The TCA cycle converts acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)'s available chemical energy into the reducing power of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The end products of this cycle are 6 NADHs, 2 ATPs and 2 FADH2 from each molecule of glucose yielding two molecules of acetyl-CoA.

The complete question is:

At the end of tca cycle, glucose is converted to the final product, co2, and all the energy are released in the form of atp/gtp. What are the end products of this cycle?

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Length, centromere position, staining pattern, and traits coded for by their genes are the traits for chromosomes 14

Each human cell typically has 23 pairs of the 46 chromosomes that make up the human genome. One of the pairings is made up of two copies of chromosome 14, one from each parent. More than 107 million DNA base pairs make up Chromosome 14, which makes up around 3.5 percent of all the DNA in cells. There are between 800 and 900 genes on chromosome 14 that give instructions for creating proteins.

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Answer: True     Plants take in nitrites for growth resulting in cleaner water for the fish.                                

According to the elements' electron configurations, sulphur would behave chemically in the most similar way to oxygen.

Two electrons make up the first shell of oxygen (O), while six electrons make up the valence shell. Eight electrons make up the second shell of sulphur (S), which has two electrons, while six electrons make up the valence shell. Chemical behavior is similar among atoms with the same number of electrons in their valence shells. For instance, both oxygen and sulphur can finish out their valence shells by forming two single covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms. Oxygen and sulphur should have the same chemical properties since the electrons in an atom's outermost shell are available for chemical reactions and determine the atom's chemical makeup.

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Vascular tissues are the xylem, phloem, and associated tissues in a vascular plant including ferns, conifers, and flowering plants.

Ethylene gas is produced by flower, aging leaves, and fruit itself to promote ripening. The ethylene in a plant growth regulator that acts as a trace level of entire plant life by regulating and stimulating the opening of flowers, fruit ripening and shedding of leaves.

Water and minerals move from the cortex of the root hairs into the vascular cylinder of the root in one-way. This is because a band of suberin in the walls of the endodermis called casparian strip is waterproof.

Photosynthesis is the process whereby green plants synthesize their own food (carbohydrates) using sunlight's energy. In the photosynthetic process, carbondioxide and water are reactants used to produce sugar and oxygen gas.

The stomata of a plant is located on the leaf and is one of the tiny pores in the epidermis of a leaf or stem through which gases (oxygen and carbondioxide) and water vapor pass.

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Glucose-6-phosphate is a common intermediate used to convert glycerol and lactate to glucose.

Glycerol and lactate are converted into glucose by the metabolic process called gluconeogenesis(formation of new sugar). In this process, there is the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as lactate, amino acids, glycerol, etc.

When the dietary intake is insufficient to supply the requirements of the brain, nervous system, erythrocytes, renal medulla, and testes embryonic tissues, all of which use glucose as a source of fuel, gluconeogenesis provides glucose.

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The teeth, tongue, and glandular organs such the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and salivary glands are examples of digestive accessory organs. The digestive system processes food mechanically and aids in digestion.

The processes of ingestion, digestion, and absorption are assisted by the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder. These digestive accessory organs are crucial to the digestion process. Each of these organs secretes or stores chemicals that enter the alimentary canal through ducts. digestive accessory organs or structures provide physical assistance during digestion and secrete substances that help break down food in the GI tract.

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Multiplexed and Microparticle-based Analyses: Quantitative Tools for the Large-Scale Analysis of Biological Systems.

Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology

While the term flow cytometry refers to the measurement of cells, the approach of making sensitive multiparameter optical measurements

in a flowing sample stream is a very general analytical approach.

The past few years have seen an explosion in the application of flow cytometry technology for molecular analysis and measurements

using microparticles as solid supports. While microsphere-based molecular analyses using flow cytometry date back three decades,

the need for highly parallel quantitative molecular measurements that has arisen from various genomic and proteomic advances has

driven the development in particle encoding technology to enable highly multiplexed assays.

Multiplexed particle-based immunoassays are now common place, and new assays to study genes, protein function, and molecular assembly.

Numerous efforts are underway to extend the multiplexing capabilities of microparticle-based assays through new approaches to

particle encoding and analyte reporting. The impact of these developments will be seen in the basic research and clinical laboratories, as well as in drug development.

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Your muscle strength and endurance can both increase with regular exercise. Exercise helps your cardiovascular system function more effectively and distributes oxygen and nutrients to your tissues.

The heart, blood arteries, and blood make up the cardiovascular system. Its main job is to carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs and to carry nutrients and oxygen-rich blood to all regions of the body. Serious health issues may arise from abnormalities or damage to any one or all of the cardiovascular system's components. Coronary artery disease, heart attacks, high blood pressure, and stroke are common disorders that can have an impact on the cardiovascular system. The cardiovascular system is examined in this article, along with each of its parts and their roles. We also go through some typical conditions affecting the cardiovascular system and the treatments that go along with them.

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Pathogen - An organism that causes illness is referred to as a pathogen.

Your body is already teeming with bacteria. However, these organisms only become an issue if your immune system is compromised or if they are able to get into an area of your body that is typically sterile.

             Once they enter the body, various pathogens have the power to cause harm.

A host is all that a pathogen requires to live and grow. Once the virus has established a base in the host's body, it avoids the host's immune reactions and makes use of the body's resources to reproduce before leaving and moving on to a new victim.

Depending on the type, there are various ways to transfer pathogens. They can be spread by touching a surface, feces, body fluids, airborne particles, and skin contact.

Pathogen Types -

           Pathogens come in a variety of forms, but we'll concentrate on the   four most prevalent: viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.

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True , As a result of the close connection between DNA replication preparation and cell-cycle development, replication only happens once every cycle. The moment is right to examine the transcription between the two processes at the molecular level.

Transcription and DNA replication both take place at the same time on the same DNA template. (B) According to the transcriptional R-loops paradigm, RNA-DNA hybrids that develop during transcription obstruct replication fork progress and cause TAR. Abstract. DNA must be accurately copied once before cell division in eukaryotes in order to maintain genomic integrity. Only one replication of a chromosome occurs throughout each cell cycle thanks to a procedure known as replication licensing.

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Label a growing bacterial or cell culture for a brief interval with a mixture of 14C-labeled nucleosides, which would be converted to nucleotides and incorporated into  DNA Isolate total Protein and subject it to hydrolysis with mild temperature. Every  Nerve-terminal nucleotide will be released as a nucleoside. Separate nucleosides from nucleotides, by  Esterification of inorganic phosphate to C5 on aldose.Total picomoles of nucleotide in the hydrolysate divided by total picomoles of nucleoside gives the number of nucleotides incorporated per  nucleic acid polymer chain-which, when divided by the labeling interval (minutes) gives the growth rate of individual chains (nucleotides incorporated per growth rate chain per minute). An interesting variant of the experiment would be to carry it out with individual radiolabeled nucleosides and ask whether the chain  growth rate is the same for each nucleotide.

Nucleosides have nitrogen base surrounded by 5 carbon carbohydrates which is called as ribose molecule. Nucleotides is simply a nucleoside with one or more phosphate group. There are 4 different types of nucleosides which are, adenosine,  guanosine cytidine, and uridine. Nucleotides are formed from nucleosides by esterification of inorganic phosphate on aldose.

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Outline an experimental approach to determining the average chain growth rate for transcription in vivo. Chain growth rate is the number of nucleotides polymerized per minute per RNA chain. Fill in the blanks.

Label a growing bacterial or cell culture for a brief interval with a mixture of 14C-labeled nucleosides, which would be converted to nucleotides and incorporated into _____. Isolate total ______and subject it to hydrolysis with mild _____. Every _____-terminal nucleotide will be released as a nucleoside. Separate nucleosides from nucleotides, by ______. Total picomoles of nucleotide in the hydrolysate divided by total picomoles of nucleoside gives the number of nucleotides incorporated per _______chain-which, when divided by the labeling interval (minutes) gives the growth rate of individual chains (nucleotides incorporated per ______ chain per minute). An interesting variant of the experiment would be to carry it out with individual radiolabeled nucleosides and ask whether the chain ______is the same for each nucleotide.

Through transcription, a new molecule of mRNA is synthetizes using the DNA template strand. Normal mRNA: 5' AUG GUG CAC CUG ACU CCU GAG GAG AAG UCU GCC GUU ACU 3'. Sickle-cell mRNA: 5' AUG GUG CAC CUG ACU CCU GUG GAG AAG UCU GCC GUU ACU 3'

Transcription is the process through which mRNA is synthesized from a segment of the DNA template strand. This event occurs in the nucleus, and polymerase is in charge of adding the correct nucleotides to complement the bases.

Now, what we need to do is toe write the correct mRNA for each DNA of the strands.

Let us remember that

To build mRNA we need to use the template strand (the complementary).

DNA Sequence (normal):

5' ATG GTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GAG GAG AAG TCT GCC GTT ACT 3'

3' TAC CAC GTG GAC TGA GGA CTC CTC TTC AGA CGG CAA TGA 5'  

mRNA sequence (normal)

5' AUG GUG CAC CUG ACU CCU GAG GAG AAG UCU GCC GUU ACU 3'

DNA Sequence (sickle-cell):

5' ATG GTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GTG GAG AAG TCT GCC GTT ACT 3'  

3 TAC CAC GTG GAC TGA GGA CAC CTC TTC AGA CGG CAA TGA 5'

mRNA sequence (sickle-cell)

5' AUG GUG CAC CUG ACU CCU GUG GAG AAG UCU GCC GUU ACU 3'  

So, the mRNAs molecules are as follows

5' AUG GUG CAC CUG ACU CCU GAG GAG AAG UCU GCC GUU ACU 3'

5' AUG GUG CAC CUG ACU CCU GUG GAG AAG UCU GCC GUU ACU 3'

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Color blindness is an X-linked trait, so there is much higher probability for male color blindness than female colorblindness (males only need one allele, females need two). So, the males are color blind and the females are not.

Color blindness can be simply defined as trouble in seeing or identifying colors like blue, green. and red. There are some cases where a person cannot see and identify any colors at all. This syndrome is also called a color vision problem or color vision deficiency.

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The members that have color blindness are Sam, Tim, Bella, and Joshua.

What is color blindness?

Reduced perception of color or color distinctions is referred to as color blindness or color vision deficit (CVD). It can make it difficult to do things like choose ripe food, dress appropriately, and read traffic lights.  Some academic tasks could be harder if you're color blind. However, problems are typically small, and colorblind people naturally adjust and develop coping techniques.

Given that color blindness is an X-linked trait, men are considerably more likely than women to be affected than vice versa (males only need one allele, females need two). As a result, whereas more women are not color blind, men are.

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The final experiment, also known as the Waring Blender experiment, in which Hershey and Chase demonstrated that phages only injected their DNA into host bacteria and that the DNA acted as the replicating genetic element of phages, is the Hershey-Chase experiment that is most well-known.

It was demonstrated by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase that a virus may infect a bacterium with just its DNA. Their research offered compelling evidence that genes are composed of DNA. The conclusion that Avery et al. had more tentatively offered in 1944 was strongly repeated by them.

In a series of three experiments, Hershey and Chase tagged the DNA and protein of bacteriophages using radioactive isotopes. The bacteriophage protein stayed linked to the bacterium it was permitted to infect. the cell membrane of the phage, while phage DNA entered the bacteria. This showed that DNA represented the genetic material found in living organisms.

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Answer:

C. chemical energy

Explanation:

In photosynthesis, solar energy is harvested and converted to chemical energy in the form of glucose using water and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is released as a byproduct.

Answer:

Viruses are a type of infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of an organism. They are classified as non-living because they do not have many of the characteristics that are typically associated with living organisms, such as the ability to independently carry out metabolic processes such as metabolism and respiration. Unlike cells, viruses do not have a cell membrane or any cellular organelles, and they do not have a true nucleus or any genetic material of their own. Instead, they rely on the cellular machinery of their host to replicate and produce new viruses.However, viruses do exhibit some characteristics that are similar to those of living organisms. They can evolve and adapt to their environment through the process of natural selection, and they can reproduce and pass their genetic material on to their offspring. For these reasons, some scientists consider viruses to be a type of quasi-living entity that exists on the border between the living and non-living worlds.

Explanation:

True, the gastrocnemius muscle's lateral head tendon, which is located behind the lateral condyle of the femur, contains a tiny sesamoid bone called the fabella.

Lines of tensile stress converge at the fabella, which is found in the back of the knee. It is implanted in the muscular fibers of the gastrocnemius muscle and articulates with the back of the articular surface of the lateral femoral condyle.

The gastrocnemius muscle's lateral head tendon, which is located behind the lateral condyle of the femur, contains a tiny sesamoid bone called the fabella. It is an accessory bone, a difference in the human anatomy that 39% of people have. There are occasionally two or three of these bones (fabella bi- or tripartite).

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Hybrid sterility is the right response. A postzygotic isolation mechanism is the hybrid sterility.

Prezygotic barriers stop members of many species from mating to produce zygotes, which are single-celled embryos. Below are a few instances of scenarios: It's possible for two species to favor various habitats, making cross-species encounters unusual. Habitat isolation is the term for this.

Hybrid incompatibility, also known as hybrid inviability and sterility, can limit the interchange of genetic variations across species. As a result, hybrid incompatibility can play a crucial role in the process of speciation by serving as a barrier to reproductive isolation.

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The microtubules of the spindle originate during mitosis in both plant and animal cells from centrosome.

Chromosome separation occurs during mitosis on microtubule-based structures called mitotic spindles. Spindle microtubules originate from centrosomes or spindle pole bodies in the majority of animal and fungal cells.

The pericentriolar material, which is made up of two centrioles and an electron-dense matrix, is the centrosome, the main microtubule-organizing centre (MTOC) in eukaryotic cells (PCM). The centrosome's ability to nucleate, anchor, and release microtubules (MTs) is what allows it to organize MT arrays, like the mitotic spindle.

The duplication of centrioles makes sure that each daughter cell receives two centrioles. It happens in four stages that follow one another: the centrioles are disengaged at the conclusion of mitosis, the daughter centrioles are nucleated in G1-S before they reach their full centriolar length, the daughter centrioles are lengthened in S and G2, and the centrosomes are separated (G2–M).

Hence, centrosome is structure that provides centriole during cell cycle.

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Mendel reached at conclusion about inherited trait is when a pair of alleles is heterozygous, the dominant allele expresses itself while the recessive allele does not.

The essential concepts of inheritance were discovered by Gregor Mendel through his study of pea plants. He came to the idea that genes are passed down from each parent as unique, paired units. Mendel looked into how parental genes changed and whether they were expressed as dominant or recessive features in the children. He was aware of the transmission of mathematical patterns from one generation to the next. Typically, Mendel's Laws of Heredity are phrased as follows:

1) The Law of Segregation: A gene pair controls each inherited trait. Only one of each pair of parental genes is present in each gamete as a result of the random distribution of parental genes to the gamete.

2) The Law of Independent Assortment: Different traits are inherited independently of one another because genes for those traits are grouped into distinct groups.

3) The Law of Dominance states that if a gene has two potential variants, the dominant version will be expressed by the organism.

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The statement that is not true about the hunter-gatherer societies is that they eat only meat. Option A

In the earliest times, people just moved from one point to the other in search of food. We had a lot of persons that travelled across mountains and seas and just settled at any point that seemed to be okay for them and there they created a society.

In that time, they did not have a sophisticated technology that could be able to have an impact on the environment as we have neither did they build permanent communities in which they lived.

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The non-Mendelian inheritance that states that neither trait is dominant and the traits appear to blend together is called incomplete dominance.

The non-Mendelian inheritance pattern that states that neither trait is dominant nor the recessive is codominance. Incomplete dominance is the phenomena when a dominant allele is unable completely mask the features of a recessive allele due to which the organism results in a physical appearance which shows a blend of both alleles equally. For example, the case of pink  flowers in Snapdragon. Mendelian inheritance is neither incomplete dominance nor codominance as Mendel gave the law of passing of dominant and recessive alleles to the off springs such that only dominant alleles if present determined the phenotype of the progeny and recessive alleles must be present from both parents to become the phenotype in the progeny.

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Among the given option, kidneys are not considered as major endocrine gland, which suggests option C  is the right answer.

Endocrine glands are those gland which secrete their products directly into the bloodstream. There are eight major endocrine glands scattered throughout the body. The examples of endocrine glands are pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, hypothalamus and adrenal glands etc. Kidneys are not considered as glands because they are part of organ system and produces hormones. The body's  metabolism, energy level, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury are some functions of the endocrine system in the body. It is mainly responsible for all the swift actions that occur internally in the body.

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The DNA, RNA, these are the common components that both nucleus and mitochondrial have in common.

Nucleus, chloroplast, & mitochondria have the nucleic acids(DNAand RNA)Although maximum of a eukaryotic mobileular's DNA is contained withinside the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its very own genome ("mitogenome") this is considerably just like bacterial genomes.

Mitochondria are systems inside cells that convert the strength from meals right into a shape that cells can use. Each mobileular includes masses to hundreds of mitochondria, that are placed withinside the fluid that surrounds the nucleus (the cytoplasm).

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The solution that would best be the justification for the claim that the researcher has made is: E. coli bacteria reproduce in liquid media containing either glucose or galactose. Option B.

A metabolic route is a connected chain of chemical events taking place inside a cell in biochemistry. Metabolites are the reactants, products, and intermediates of an enzymatic reaction that are altered by a series of chemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes.

Through a sequence of intermediates, the route transforms one or more starting molecules into products. Based on their outcomes, metabolic pathways can be roughly classified into two groups.

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