Managers assess political risk when thinking about doing business internationally for the reason that they want to ensure that the business investment is safe and has the potential to yield profit.
The political environment of a country may affect a business's operations in many ways. It is not just a business's bottom line that is affected, but also its reputation, legal standing, and the welfare of its employees. When doing business overseas, managers must consider the political environment in which they are operating.
The likelihood of a country experiencing political risk is the primary reason for managers to assess political risk. Political risk refers to the possibility that an organization's property, including its human resources, will be damaged or lost in a foreign country owing to political reasons. As a result, political risk has a significant impact on businesses that are expanding or operating internationally. Managers must therefore assess political risk to minimize their company's exposure to political risk.
The most important reason why a country's political risk level can discourage an entrepreneur from doing business in that region is that it can result in increased costs for a business. Due to political instability, doing business in a country with a high political risk level becomes risky and complex. Political instability can lead to poor business decisions, low confidence, and legal threats. Additionally, such a situation might lead to violence and conflict, making it challenging to operate a business. The cost of political risk can outweigh the potential benefits of doing business in a foreign country, thus discouraging entrepreneurs from investing in such locations.
In my opinion, the Middle East is a region with a sufficient political risk level to discourage me from doing business there. Due to political instability and war conflicts, the region's economy has been significantly impacted, making it an unattractive location to conduct business. Additionally, there are also issues of corruption, terrorism, and social unrest. These factors combined make the Middle East region a difficult and unsafe place to conduct business.
Managers assess political risk when thinking about doing business internationally to minimize their company's exposure to political risk. Political risk has a significant impact on businesses that are expanding or operating internationally. When doing business overseas, managers must consider the political environment in which they are operating.
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A profitable firm has an average tax rate of 16.1% and requires a 11.6% return on its projects. All else being the same, what is the change in NPV on a 1-year project if fixed costs that occur at year-end increase from $1062 to $1653? a.$ -1105
b.$ -444
c.$ -530
d.$ -337
e.$ -615
c.$ -530. The change in NPV (Net Present Value) due to an increase in end-of-year fixed costs can be calculated using the formula:
ΔNPV = ΔCost / (1 + r) ^ n
where:
ΔCost is the change in fixed costs,
r is the required return, and
n is the number of years.
Given:
ΔCost = $1653 - $1062 = $591,
r = 11.6% = 0.116 (in decimal form), and
n = 1 year,
we can calculate:
ΔNPV = -$591 / (1 + 0.116) ^ 1 = -$529.48
The change in NPV will be a reduction, because fixed costs have increased. So the value is negative, which aligns with option c, which is approximately $-530. This rounded value might result from rounding during calculation or in the problem itself.
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Fish Possibility (pounds) A 37 B 31 20 D 9 Fruit (pounds) 56 78 90 99 Robinson Crusoe divides his time between catching fish and gathering fruit. Part of his production possibilities frontier is given in the above table. Mr. Crusoe lonesome, is efficient and always stays on his PPF. Mr. Crusoe is consuming 20 pounds of fish. Then he decides to slowly become a vegetarian and decrea- consumption of fish to 9 pounds. This decision means that Mr. Crusoe will O A. incur an opportunity cost of 9 pounds of fish. O B. be able to enjoy a gain of 9 pounds of fruit. OC. incur an opportunity cost of 20 pounds of fish. OD. incur an opportunity cost of 9 pounds of fruit O E. incur an opportunity cost of 99 pounds of fruit
When Mr. Crusoe decides to decrease his consumption of fish from 20 pounds to 9 pounds, he is making a trade-off between fish and fruit.
The concept of opportunity cost helps us understand the implications of his decision.
Opportunity cost refers to the value of the next best alternative foregone when making a choice. In this case, the opportunity cost of reducing fish consumption is the value of the alternative good, which is fruit.
Looking at the table, when Mr. Crusoe is consuming 20 pounds of fish, he can gather 78 pounds of fruit. However, when he decides to decrease fish consumption to 9 pounds, he can only gather 90 pounds of fruit.
Therefore, the opportunity cost of reducing fish consumption from 20 to 9 pounds is 9 pounds of fruit. This means that Mr. Crusoe is giving up the opportunity to enjoy an additional 9 pounds of fruit by choosing to consume less fish.
Hence, the correct answer is option D: incur an opportunity cost of 9 pounds of fruit.
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Required information [The following information applies to the questions displayed below] Tent Master produces Pup tents and Pop-up tents. The company budgets $300,000 of overhead cost and 50,000 dire
Tent Master company is an American company, which produces Pup tents and Pop-up tents. The company has a budget of $300,000 of overhead costs and 50,000 direct labor hours. The cost driver rate for overhead costs is calculated by dividing overhead costs by the number of direct labor hours.
Tent Master is an American company that is known for manufacturing Pup Tents and Pop-up Tents. The company has a budget of $300,000 for overhead costs and 50,000 direct labor hours. The cost driver rate for overhead costs is calculated by dividing the overhead cost by the number of direct labor hours which is equal to $6 per direct labor hour. The cost per unit for Pup Tents and Pop-up Tents can now be calculated. Cost per unit is calculated by adding Direct Materials Cost, Direct Labor Cost, and Overhead Cost. The cost per unit for Pup Tents is $92, and the cost per unit for Pop-up Tents is $66.
Tent Master is an American company that produces Pup Tents and Pop-up Tents. The cost per unit for Pup Tents is $92, and the cost per unit for Pop-up Tents is $66. The company budgets $300,000 of overhead cost and 50,000 direct labor hours. The cost driver rate for overhead costs is calculated by dividing the overhead cost by the number of direct labor hours which is equal to $6 per direct labor hour.
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Assume you wish to evaluate the risk and return behaviors associated with equally id combinations of assets V and W. The following average return and risk values were calculated for these assets Asset Average Return, r 8% Risk (Standard Asset Deviation), s V W 5% 13% 10% a) Calculate the expected return and the standard of the portfolio if ra b) Calculate the expected return and the standard of the portfolio if re +1 c) Calculate the expected return and the standard of the portfolio if re 50 % d) which one is the best
To calculate the expected return and standard deviation of the portfolio, we need to consider the weights assigned to each asset within the portfolio. However, the weights for assets V and W are not provided in the question. Therefore, we cannot directly calculate the expected return and standard deviation of the portfolio.
However, I can provide you with general information on how to calculate these values once the weights are known.
a) To calculate the expected return of the portfolio, multiply the weight of asset V by its average return and add it to the weight of asset W multiplied by its average return.
Expected Return (E(r)) = wV * rV + wW * rW
To calculate the standard deviation of the portfolio, you would need the covariance or correlation between assets V and W and the standard deviations of each asset. With this information, you can use the following formula:
Standard Deviation (σ) = √(wV^2 * sV^2 + wW^2 * sW^2 + 2 * wV * wW * Cov(V, W))
b) Without the weights and additional information, we cannot calculate the expected return and standard deviation of the portfolio given re +1.
c) Similarly, without the weights and additional information, we cannot calculate the expected return and standard deviation of the portfolio given re 50%.
d) Without the weights and specific requirements, we cannot determine which portfolio is the best in terms of risk and return. The best portfolio would depend on the investor's preferences, risk tolerance, and investment objectives.
Please provide the weights assigned to assets V and W within the portfolio, as well as any additional information such as the covariance or correlation between the assets, so that I can assist you further in calculating the expected return and standard deviation of the portfolio and determining the best portfolio option.
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Replacing a Car in 5 Years: Today's price of the car you want is $32,000, but in 5 years (with 2% annual inflation) the cost will be (a) $ .___________Assume that in 5 years the trade-in value of your existing car will be $3,000. This means that you only need to save (b)_____________ $ in the next 5 years Assuming that the rate of return is 8% on the money you are saving for your car, find the following: If you were to invest one lump sum now (that will grow to (b)) and interest is compounded annually, the lump sum you need to invest now is (c) $ ______. If you are going to set aside the same amount each month (that will grow to (b)) and interest is compounded monthly, your monthly payment needs to be (d) $ __________
The lump sum required for investment now, as well as the monthly payment needed, will be calculated based on an 8% rate of return and compounding interest.
To replace a car in 5 years, with an annual inflation rate of 2%, the projected cost of the car will be calculated. Considering a trade-in value of $3,000 for the existing car, the amount that needs to be saved in the next 5 years will be determined.
(a) To calculate the projected cost of the car in 5 years with 2% annual inflation, we use the formula:
Projected Cost = Today's Price * (1 + Inflation Rate)^Number of Years
Projected Cost = $32,000 * (1 + 0.02)^5
(b) The amount that needs to be saved in the next 5 years is the difference between the projected cost and the trade-in value:
Amount to Save = Projected Cost - Trade-in Value
Amount to Save = ($32,000 * (1 + 0.02)^5) - $3,000
(c) If you were to invest one lump sum now to grow to the amount needed, the formula to calculate the required lump sum is:
Lump Sum = Amount to Save / (1 + Rate of Return)^Number of Years
Lump Sum = Amount to Save / (1 + 0.08)^5
(d) If you are setting aside the same amount each month to grow to the amount needed, the formula to calculate the monthly payment is:
Monthly Payment = Amount to Save / [(1 + (Rate of Return / Number of Compounding Periods))^(Number of Years * Number of Compounding Periods) - 1]
Monthly Payment = Amount to Save / [(1 + (0.08 / 12))^(5 * 12) - 1]
By plugging the values into these formulas, the answers for (a), (b), (c), and (d) can be calculated.
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In-Class Exercise Audit & Bank Loan Busch Corporation has an existing loan in the amount of $4.5 million with an annual interest rate of 5.5%. The company provides an internal company-prepared financial statement to the bank under the loan agreement. Two competing banks have offered to replace Busch Corporation's existing loan agreement with a new one. BMO has offered to loan Busch $4.5 million at a rate of 4.5% but requires Busch to provide financial statements that have been reviewed by a public accounting firm. Desjardins has offered to loan Busch $4.5 million at a rate of 3.5% but requires Busch to provide financial statements that have been audited. Busch Corporation's controller approached a public accounting firm and was given an estimated cost of $20,000 to perform a review and $45,000 to perform an audit. 1. Explain why the interest rate for the loan that requires a review report is lower than that for the loan that did not require a review. Explain why the interest rate for the loan that requires an audit report is lower than the interest rate for the other two loans. 2. Calculate Busch Corporation's annual costs under each loan agreement, including interest and costs for the accounting/ auditing firm's services. Indicate whether Busch should keep its existing loan, accept the offer from BMO, or accept the offer from Desjardins.
The interest rate for the loan that requires a review report is lower than the loan that does not require a review because a review provides a moderate level of assurance regarding the financial statements. \
The review process involves analytical procedures and inquiries, but it does not include the extensive testing and verification conducted in an audit. Therefore, the bank may consider the reviewed financial statements as providing reasonable confidence, resulting in a slightly lower interest rate compared to loans without a review.
The interest rate for the loan that requires an audit report is lower than the other two loans because an audit provides the highest level of assurance regarding the financial statements. An audit involves thorough testing, verification, and examination of the financial records and internal controls by an independent auditor. The bank perceives audited financial statements as having the highest reliability, reducing the risk associated with the loan. As a result, the bank offers a lower interest rate to incentivize Busch Corporation to provide audited financial statements.
Under each loan agreement:
Existing loan: Annual interest cost = $4.5 million × 5.5% = $247,500
BMO loan (requires a review): Annual interest cost = $4.5 million × 4.5% = $202,500
Accounting firm's cost (review) = $20,000
Total annual cost = $202,500 + $20,000 = $222,500
Desjardins loan (requires an audit): Annual interest cost = $4.5 million * 3.5% = $157,500
Accounting firm's cost (audit) = $45,000
Total annual cost = $157,500 + $45,000 = $202,500
Based on the calculations, Busch Corporation should accept the offer from Desjardins as it offers the lowest total annual cost, including the interest rate and the cost for the audit services.
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Jase Manufacturing Co.'s static budget at 8,000 units of production includes $40,000 for direct labor and $3,200 for electric power. Total fixed costs are $38,200. At 10,900 units of production, a flexible budget would show
a.variable and fixed costs totaling $81,400
b.variable costs of $58,860 and $38,200 of fixed costs
c.variable costs of $58,860 and $52,048 of fixed costs
d.variable costs of $43,200 and $38,200
A flexible budget at 10,900 units of production for Jase Manufacturing Co. would show variable costs of $58,860 and fixed costs of $52,048.
A flexible budget adjusts the budgeted amounts based on the actual level of production. To determine the flexible budget at 10,900 units of production, we need to calculate the variable and fixed costs at this level. Variable costs are costs that vary with the level of production. In this case, the variable cost per unit can be calculated by dividing the total variable costs at 8,000 units by 8,000. The direct labor cost per unit is $40,000/8,000 = $5, and the electric power cost per unit is $3,200/8,000 = $0.4. Therefore, at 10,900 units, the variable costs would be $5 × 10,900 = $54,500 for direct labor and $0.4 × 10,900 = $4,360 for electric power. The total variable costs would be $54,500 + $4,360 = $58,860.
Fixed costs, on the other hand, remain constant regardless of the level of production. In this case, the total fixed costs are given as $38,200. Since fixed costs do not change with the level of production, the total fixed costs would remain the same at 10,900 units, i.e., $38,200.
Therefore, a flexible budget at 10,900 units of production for Jase Manufacturing Co. would show variable costs of $58,860 and fixed costs of $38,200, option (c).
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Brief Business Message: Negative Message
, you need to write an email to announce to all employees a number of cost-saving measures. You suspect a number of employees will not be very happy to hear this news. For details about the assignment content, please see Assignment #27 (Getting Rid of Unlimited Vacation) on page 293 of your course textbook; look under Problem Solving Cases.
You are to type your "email" in a Microsoft Word document. However, it is still important that you include all of the necessary email components.
Proper To, From, and Subject lines
A proper salutation (i.e., "Dear Customer")
A proper closing
A signature block
Your Microsoft Word document should be in Times New Roman font (sz. 12), have 1"(2.54 cm margins), and be double-spaced.
Please write your email using an indirect approach and applying the PAIBOC model and YouAttitude.
Email using indirect approach with negative message To: All Employees From: HR Manager Subject: Cost-Saving Measures Dear Employees, I hope this email finds you well.
I am writing to you today to inform you that the company has decided to implement a few cost-saving measures to help the business stay profitable and sustainable in the long run. We understand that this news might come as a shock to some of you.
However, we would like to ensure that these measures will not affect the quality of work or your experience working with us. Some of the changes that you will see effective immediately include limited access to certain office equipment and supplies, and cancellation of all non-essential training, travel, and entertainment expenses. Additionally, we will be reducing the salaries of all employees by 10%.
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. There are 6 important steps in the strategic sourcing process. Select one of the six steps that you consider the most important and explain why. Which step is the least important and why?
Monitoring supplier performance is also important but is less critical than the development of a sourcing strategy because it focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of the procurement process and ensuring that suppliers are meeting the company's expectations.
Strategic sourcing is a comprehensive approach to the procurement of goods and services that requires an in-depth understanding of a company's business needs and goals. The strategic sourcing process typically involves six key steps that include identifying procurement needs, analyzing the market, developing a sourcing strategy, conducting supplier evaluations, negotiating contracts, and monitoring supplier performance.There are 6 important steps in the strategic sourcing process. The most important step in the strategic sourcing process is the development of a sourcing strategy. This step is vital because it involves identifying and prioritizing the company's procurement needs, determining the most effective and efficient procurement methods, and developing a plan to achieve these goals. The sourcing strategy will help to ensure that the procurement process is aligned with the company's overall business strategy and goals. By developing a strategic sourcing plan, the company can streamline its procurement process, reduce costs, improve supplier relationships, and achieve better overall results.The least important step in the strategic sourcing process is monitoring supplier performance. This step is important, but it is less critical than the development of a sourcing strategy because it focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of the procurement process and ensuring that suppliers are meeting the company's expectations. While monitoring supplier performance is important, it is not as critical as the development of a sourcing strategy because it does not directly impact the company's ability to achieve its business goals and objectives.In conclusion, the development of a sourcing strategy is the most important step in the strategic sourcing process because it helps to align the procurement process with the company's overall business strategy and goals. Monitoring supplier performance is also important but is less critical than the development of a sourcing strategy because it focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of the procurement process and ensuring that suppliers are meeting the company's expectations.
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Stock Market Project Components: 1. Stock Picks - 25pts . Choose 5 stocks Give an explanation for why you intend to purchase these particular stocks (can be their stock valuation, because you drive a Ford, etc.) 2. Market Watch Active Trading - 25pts You must spend the $10,000 on the MarketWatch Game . You must purchase at least 5 stocks from 2 industries (automotive, medical, financial, etc.) . • You do not actively have to purchase and sell, but you must spend as much of your money as you ca
The stock market project includes selecting 5 stocks based on individual preferences and investing $10,000 in the MarketWatch Game across at least 2 industries, without necessarily actively trading.
In the stock picks component, the rationale behind selecting specific stocks can vary. It could be based on factors such as stock valuation, personal preferences (like owning a Ford car), or thorough analysis of the companies' financial performance and growth potential. The objective is to choose stocks that are expected to provide favorable returns.
In the Market Watch Active Trading component, participants are required to allocate the $10,000 investment across at least 5 stocks from 2 different industries, such as automotive, medical, financial, etc. The emphasis is on diversification and managing the investment portfolio effectively. While active trading is not mandatory, participants should aim to utilize their funds efficiently by spending as much of the allocated amount as possible.
The project provides an opportunity to apply investment principles, research stocks, and gain practical experience in managing a virtual portfolio within a simulated trading environment.
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The complete question is:
Stock Market Project Components:
1. Stock Picks - 25 pts.
Choose 5 stocks
Give an explanation for why you intend to purchase these particular stocks (can be their stock valuation, because you drive a Ford, etc.)
2. Market Watch Active Trading - 25pts
You must spend the $10,000 on the MarketWatch Game.
You must purchase at least 5 stocks from 2 industries (automotive, medical, financial, etc.)
You do not actively have to purchase and sell, but you must spend as much of your money as you can.
3. Investment Project - 50 pts
Complete all components of the project attached.
The Akron Police Department has five detective squads available for assignment to five open crime cases. The chief of detectives, Paul Kuzdrall, wishes to assign the squads so that the total time to conclude the cases is minimized. The average number of days, based on past performance, for each squad to complete each case is as follows:
The average number of days is as follows: Days Squad 1 Squad 2 Squad 3 Squad 4 Squad 5 Case 1 20 32 12 28 28 Case 2 28 20 20 16 24 Case 3 16 20 24 32 12 Case 4 24 16 28 16 20 Case 5 16 32 12 28 20.
Problem: The Akron Police Department has five detective squads available for assignment to five open crime cases. The chief of detectives, Paul Kuzdr all, wishes to assign the squads so that the total time to conclude the cases is minimized. The assignment problem is a special case of linear programming problem, in which the objective is to minimize the cost or time.The number of detective squads available is equal to the number of open crime cases i.e. 5. Let the five detective squads be 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and let the five open crime cases be 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. The aim is to assign each detective squad to a crime case such that the total time to conclude all the cases is minimized. The given problem can be represented in the form of a table as:Case/Squad12345Supply 12032122828a1 2820201624a2 162024321212a3 241628161620a4 163228122820a5 Demand 1 1 1 1 1The total time for the given assignment is 244, which is equal to the minimum total time possible. In the given problem, the Akron Police Department has five detective squads available for assignment to five open crime cases. The chief of detectives, Paul Kuzdrall, wishes to assign the squads so that the total time to conclude the cases is minimized. The problem can be solved using the assignment problem. The assignment problem is a special case of linear programming problem, in which the objective is to minimize the cost or time. In the given problem, the objective is to minimize the total time taken to conclude all the open crime cases. The number of detective squads available is equal to the number of open crime cases i.e. 5. Let the five detective squads be 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and let the five open crime cases be 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. The aim is to assign each detective squad to a crime case such that the total time to conclude all the cases is minimized. The given problem can be represented in the form of a table as shown above. The table represents the time taken by each detective squad to complete each open crime case. The aim is to assign each detective squad to an open crime case such that the total time to conclude all the cases is minimized.
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Suppose there is a monopolist manufacturer in the wholesale market with a marginal cost at 30, MCM-30, and no fixed cost. There is also a monopolist retailer in the retail market with the retail demand equation: p=110- q. The manufacturer first chooses the wholesale price w, and after observing w the retailer chooses the retail price p. And they work separately from each other. A. Find the Nash equilibrium. B. Find each firm's profit, consumer surplus, and social welfare at equilibrium. C. If the manufacturer and the retailer are integrated, find the new total profit and the consumer surplus. D. Suppose the manufacturer and the retailer are still separate from each other. But they can sign a franchise contract so that (1) their total profit can be increased to the level of integration case; and (2) the manufacturer's profit will triple the retailer's profit, лM-3лR. How to design this franchise contract? E. Suppose another retailer enters the retail market and engages in the Bertrand competition with the original retailer. The monopolist manufacturer charges these two retailers the same wholesale price w, and then the retailers choose their respective retail prices p₁, p2, in the retail market. The manufacturer's cost and the retail demand remain the same as in part A. Find the new Nash equilibrium.
A. Find the Nash equilibrium. The Nash equilibrium occurs when both the manufacturer and the retailer choose their optimal strategies, taking into account the other's decision.
In this scenario, the manufacturer sets the wholesale price, and the retailer sets the retail price. The Nash equilibrium can be found by solving the game between the two players.
To find the Nash equilibrium, we need to consider the profit-maximizing strategies of both the manufacturer and the retailer. The manufacturer aims to maximize its profit by setting the wholesale price (w), while the retailer aims to maximize its profit by setting the retail price (p) after observing the wholesale price.
The manufacturer's profit function can be calculated as: πM = (w - 30) * q, where q represents the quantity sold.
The retailer's profit function can be calculated as: πR = (p - w) * q, using the retail demand equation p = 110 - q.
To find the Nash equilibrium, we need to solve the optimization problem for both the manufacturer and the retailer simultaneously, considering their profit functions. The equilibrium will be reached when neither the manufacturer nor the retailer can improve their profit by unilaterally changing their strategy.
By solving the optimization problem and finding the values of w and p that maximize the respective profit functions, we can identify the Nash equilibrium.
B. Find each firm's profit, consumer surplus, and social welfare at equilibrium.
At the Nash equilibrium, we can determine the profit of each firm, consumer surplus, and social welfare.
The manufacturer's profit (πM) can be calculated by substituting the equilibrium values of w and p into the manufacturer's profit function.
The retailer's profit (πR) can be calculated by substituting the equilibrium values of w and p into the retailer's profit function.
Consumer surplus represents the benefit received by consumers in terms of the difference between the maximum price they are willing to pay and the actual price they pay. It can be calculated as the area between the demand curve and the equilibrium price (p).
Social welfare is the sum of the profits of both the manufacturer and the retailer, along with the consumer surplus.
By substituting the equilibrium values of w and p into the respective formulas, we can calculate the profit, consumer surplus, and social welfare at the Nash equilibrium.
C. If the manufacturer and the retailer are integrated, find the new total profit and the consumer surplus.
If the manufacturer and the retailer are integrated, they act as a single entity and make joint decisions. In this case, they can coordinate their strategies to maximize the overall profit.
To find the new total profit and consumer surplus, we would need to consider the joint profit-maximizing strategy of the integrated entity. The entity would optimize the wholesale price (w) and the retail price (p) simultaneously to maximize their joint profit.
By solving the optimization problem considering the integrated entity's profit function, we can determine the new total profit and the consumer surplus.
D. Suppose the manufacturer and the retailer are still separate from each other, but they can sign a franchise contract so that (1) their total profit can be increased to the level of integration case; and (2) the manufacturer's profit will triple the retailer's profit (|M| = 3|R|). How to design this franchise contract?
To design the franchise contract, the manufacturer and retailer can negotiate terms that align their incentives and achieve the desired profit-sharing arrangement. Here's a possible approach:
Define the profit-sharing ratio: Let the retailer's profit be R. To triple the retailer's profit, the manufacturer's profit would be 3R. They can agree on a profit-sharing ratio, such as 1:3, where the manufacturer receives three times the retailer's profit.
Determine the franchise fee: The retailer pays the manufacturer
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Using Title VII to Your Advantage. Describe a situation where
you could use Title VII to your advantage.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects employees from discrimination based on several characteristics, including race, color, national origin, religion, and gender. An employee could use Title VII to their advantage in a situation where they feel that they have been subjected to discrimination or harassment.
one of these protected characteristics. For instance, if an employee believes they have been passed over for a promotion due to their gender, they could file a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), claiming gender discrimination. The EEOC would investigate the claim and, if it found evidence of discrimination, could take legal action on behalf of the employee.
Additionally, if an employee was subjected to sexual harassment at work, they could also use Title VII to their advantage. They could report the harassment to their employer or the EEOC and request that the company take action to stop the harassment and prevent it from happening again. Title VII allows employees to assert their rights and seek remedies when they believe they have been discriminated against or harassed. one of these protected characteristics. For instance, if an employee believes they have been passed over for a promotion due to their gender, they could file a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), claiming gender discrimination. The EEOC would investigate the claim and, if it found evidence of discrimination, could take legal action on behalf of the employee. Additionally, if an employee was subjected to sexual harassment at work, they could also use Title VII to their advantage. They could report the harassment to their employer or the EEOC and request that the company take action to stop the harassment and prevent it from happening again. By doing so, they can protect themselves from unfair treatment and promote equal opportunities in the workplace.
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An investor is to purchase one of three types of real estate. The investor must decide among an apartment building, an office building, or a warehouse. The profit resulted from purchasing each of these types of real states depends on the real estate market condition as stated in the following table. Decision Real Estate Market Condition (Purchase) Strong Real Weak Real Estate Market Estate Market Apartment Building $ 35,000 $ 30,000 Office Building $ 100,000 $ - 70,000 Warehouse $ 40,000 $ 25,000 The probability of a strong real estate market is estimated to be 60% and the probability of a real weak real estate market is estimated to be 40%. Part (a) [60% of the grade) Draw a decision tree and answer the following questions: 1- What is the best decision (purchase option) 2- What is the expected profit of this option 3- Build a risk profile table 4- What is the EVPI (Expected Value of Perfect Information)
The best decision is to purchase the Warehouse since it has the highest expected profit among the options.
What is Real Estate?Real estate is real prοperty that cοnsists οf land and imprοvements, which include buildings, fixtures, rοads, structures, and utility systems. Prοperty rights give a title οf οwnership tο the land, imprοvements, and natural resοurces such as minerals, plants, animals, water, etc.
To solve this decision problem, let's start by drawing a decision tree based on the given information:
Strong Real Estate Market (60%)
/ | \
Apartment Building Office Building Warehouse
$35,000 $100,000 $40,000
Weak Real Estate Market (40%)
/ | \
Apartment Building Office Building Warehouse
$30,000 -$70,000 $25,000
1. To determine the best decision, we need to calculate the expected profit for each option and choose the one with the highest expected profit. From the decision tree, the options are: Apartment Building, Office Building, and Warehouse.
Expected Profit for Apartment Building:
= (Strong Real Estate Market probability * Profit in Strong Market) + (Weak Real Estate Market probability * Profit in Weak Market)
= (0.6 * $35,000) + (0.4 * $30,000)
= $21,000 + $12,000
= $33,000
Expected Profit for Office Building:
= (0.6 * $100,000) + (0.4 * -$70,000)
= $60,000 - $28,000
= $32,000
Expected Profit for Warehouse:
= (0.6 * $40,000) + (0.4 * $25,000)
= $24,000 + $10,000
= $34,000
The best decision is to purchase the Warehouse since it has the highest expected profit among the options.
2. The expected profit of purchasing the Warehouse is $34,000.
3. Given Below
4. The EVPI represents the maximum amount an investor would be willing to pay for perfect information about the market condition. It is equal to the difference between the expected profit with perfect information and the expected profit without perfect information.
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suppose you wanted to make domestic industries more competitive but did not want to alter aggregate income. Assuming now a fixed exchange rate, what policy or combination of policies should you pursue, according to the Mundell-Fleming model? a. Revaluation; b. Contractionary fiscal; c. Contractionary monetary; d. Devaluation; e. Expansionary fiscal; f. Expansionary monetary
To make domestic industries more competitive without altering aggregate income under a fixed exchange rate, the appropriate policy or combination of policies to pursue, according to the Mundell-Fleming model, would be a contractionary monetary policy.
In the Mundell-Fleming model, a fixed exchange rate regime implies that the country's central bank intervenes in the foreign exchange market to maintain a fixed value for its currency.
In this case, a contractionary monetary policy can be used to increase the competitiveness of domestic industries without affecting aggregate income.
By implementing a contractionary monetary policy, the central bank can reduce the money supply and increase interest rates. This leads to a decrease in domestic spending and consumption, which can help restrain aggregate demand and reduce inflationary pressures.
As a result, domestic prices and costs can become relatively lower compared to other countries, making domestic industries more competitive in international markets.
It is important to note that other policies, such as revaluation or devaluation, expansionary fiscal policy, or expansionary monetary policy, may have different effects on the economy and exchange rate.
However, in the context of wanting to enhance competitiveness without altering aggregate income under a fixed exchange rate, a contractionary monetary policy is the most suitable option as it directly affects the money supply and interest rates, leading to an adjustment in relative prices and promoting competitiveness.
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2
please answer the q
2. displays linear relationship between expected return and beta that follows from the CAPM.
False. The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) does not assume a linear relationship between expected return and beta. Instead, it proposes a linear relationship between the expected excess return (the difference between the expected return of an asset and the risk-free rate) and beta, which represents the systematic risk of an asset relative to the market.
According to the CAPM, the expected excess return of an asset is equal to the risk-free rate plus the asset's beta multiplied by the market risk premium. This relationship is represented by the formula:
Expected Return = Risk-Free Rate + Beta × Market Risk Premium
The CAPM suggests that assets with higher betas (higher systematic risk) should have higher expected returns to compensate investors for the additional risk. However, the relationship is not strictly linear, as other factors and considerations can influence expected returns in practice.
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1) Is a good control variable is necessarily a causal
variable?
2) Is the law of iterated expectations implies that the mean of
the sample mean is the same as the mean of population?
3) Is the mean of
The mean of a sample provides an estimate of the population mean, but it may not be exactly the same due to sampling variability.
1) No, a good control variable is not necessarily a causal variable. A control variable is used to account for potential confounding factors in a study or experiment, helping to isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. While a causal variable directly influences the outcome, a control variable may not have a direct causal relationship but is included to minimize the impact of other factors that could affect the results. It helps in establishing a more accurate association between the independent and dependent variables.
2) The law of iterated expectations does not imply that the mean of the sample mean is the same as the mean of the population. The law of iterated expectations, also known as the law of total expectation, is a property in probability theory and statistics that states the expected value of a random variable can be calculated by taking the conditional expectation with respect to another random variable. It helps in calculating complex expectations by breaking them down into conditional expectations.
3) The mean of a sample is an estimate of the population mean, but it may not be exactly the same. The sample mean is calculated by summing up the values of all observations in the sample and dividing it by the sample size. It provides an approximation of the population mean, especially when the sample is representative and sufficiently large. However, due to sampling variability, the sample mean can differ from the population mean.
The difference between the sample mean and population mean is referred to as sampling error. The accuracy of the sample mean as an estimate of the population mean can be improved by increasing the sample size, reducing bias in sampling, and ensuring random selection of observations.
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A European call expires in 9 months with strike of $50 and premium of $2. The underlying stock price is $46 and the risk-free rate is 10%, continuously compounded. What is the premium of a put with the same characteristics as this call acording to parity? a.
$1,45.
b.
$3.87.
c.
$2.87.
d.
$2,51.
The premium of a put with the same characteristics as this call, according to parity, is $3.87 (Option b).
According to put-call parity, the premium of a put option can be calculated using the formula: Put Premium = Call Premium + Strike Price - Stock Price - Present Value of Strike Price.
Given that the call premium is $2, the strike price is $50, the stock price is $46, and the risk-free rate is 10% continuously compounded, we can calculate the present value of the strike price as follows:
Present Value of Strike Price = Strike Price x [tex]e^{-r\times t}[/tex], where r is the risk-free rate and t is the time to expiration.
Using the given values, we have:
Present Value of Strike Price = $50 x [tex]e^{2} (-0.10\times(\frac{9}{12}))[/tex] ≈ $44.702
Now, plugging the values into the put premium formula:
Put Premium = $2 + $50 - $46 - $44.702 ≈ $3.87
Therefore, the premium of a put with the same characteristics as the given call option, according to put-call parity, is approximately $3.87 (Option b).
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Relevant cash flows of an investment project must be the
incremental after tax cash flows due to the investment project.
Group of answer choices
True
False
True. Relevant cash flows of an investment project must be the incremental after-tax cash flows due to the investment project.
When evaluating an investment, it is essential to consider the cash flows that are directly attributable to the project and exclude any cash flows that would occur regardless of the investment.
These incremental cash flows should also account for any tax implications, taking into consideration the taxes saved or paid as a result of the project. By focusing on the incremental after-tax cash flows, investors can assess the true financial impact of the investment and make more accurate investment decisions.
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Mr All is an employee of Alba Ltd. He has the use of a car which is used for both business and private mileage for the current VAT quarter. Alba Ltd pays all the petrol costs in respect of the car, to
Based on the information provided, since the car is used for both business and private mileage, there may be VAT implications for Alba Ltd in relation to the petrol costs.
When it comes to VAT (Value Added Tax), businesses can generally reclaim the VAT paid on goods and services that are used for business purposes.
if there is an element of private use, the VAT recovery is restricted.
In the case of the car used by Mr All, Alba Ltd can claim VAT recovery on the petrol costs incurred for business use. However, since there is also private use of the car, the VAT recovery would need to be adjusted based on the proportion of business mileage to total mileage.
To calculate the VAT recovery, Alba Ltd would need to keep records of the car's total mileage and the mileage specifically related to business use. The business can then claim VAT recovery on the proportion of petrol costs attributed to business mileage.
For example, if the car's total mileage for the VAT quarter is 1,000 miles and 700 miles are for business use, Alba Ltd would be able to claim VAT recovery on 70% (700/1,000) of the petrol costs paid.
It's important for Alba Ltd to maintain accurate records and ensure that VAT is ly apportioned between business and private use to comply with VAT regulations and make appropriate VAT recovery claims. Consulting with a tax advisor or accountant familiar with VAT rules would be beneficial to ensure proper compliance in this regard.
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Mc Graw Mill The following events occurred for Johnson Company: a. Received investment of $36,000 cash by organizers and distributed 1,060 shares of $1 par value common stack to them. b. Purchased $7,200 of equipment, paying $1,200 in cash and signing a note for the rest. c. Borrowed $13,000 cash from a bank. d. Loaned $600 to en employee who signed a note. e. Purchased $21,000 of land; paid $7,000 in cash and signed a mortgage note for the balance. Required: Prepere joumal entries for the above transactions. (If no entry is required for a transaction/event, select "No joumal entry required" in the first account field.) Answer is not complete. Debit No 1 Transaction a. Cash 36,000 Common stock Additional paid-in capital 2 b. 3 4 5 ezto.mheducation.com M Question 3 - Homework- Chapter 2 - Connect Save Check my work mode: This shows what is correct or Incorrect for the work you have completed so far. It does not indicate completion. C. d. 8. Equipment Cash Accounts receivable Cash Notes payable Notes receivable Cash Land Cash Notes payable General Journal 00 00 000 7,200✔ 13,000✔ 600✔ 21,000 < Prev Credit 1,080 34,940 1,200 13,000 500✔ 7,000 14,000✔ 3 of 12 Next > Exchange Password Required E Enter your password for "sstiff" in Internet Accounts. Help Save & Exit Submit Return to question
The journal entries for the transactions listed below are shown below: a) Received investment of $36,000 cash by organizers and distributed 1,060 shares of $1 par value common stock to them. Cash 36000 Common Stock 1060 APIC - CS 34940
b) Purchased $7,200 of equipment, paying $1,200 in cash and signing a note for the rest. Equipment 7200 Cash 1200 Notes Payable 6000
c) Borrowed $13,000 cash from a bank. Cash 13000 Notes Payable 13000 d) Loaned $600 to an employee who signed a note. Notes Receivable 600 Cash 600 e) Purchased $21,000 of land; paid $7,000 in cash and signed a mortgage note for the balance. Land 21000 Cash 7000 Mortgage Payable 14000
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Compare the NextEra Energy company to Orsted A/S
company in the same industry and to make an investment
recommendation for the last 5 years?
Both NextEra Energy and Ørsted A/S are companies in the energy industry, but they operate in different segments.
NextEra Energy is primarily focused on electric power generation and distribution, while Ørsted A/S specializes in renewable energy, particularly wind power. Over the last five years, the renewable energy sector has experienced significant growth and increasing investor interest due to the global shift towards clean energy sources.
Considering the performance and prospects of both companies in the renewable energy sector, it would be recommended to invest in Ørsted A/S. Ørsted has been at the forefront of the renewable energy revolution, with a strong emphasis on wind energy projects. The company has shown remarkable growth and profitability over the past five years, capitalizing on the increasing demand for clean energy solutions. Their expertise and track record in developing and operating offshore wind farms position them well for future growth opportunities.
NextEra Energy, on the other hand, is primarily engaged in traditional electric power generation, which includes a mix of renewable and non-renewable sources. While NextEra Energy has made strides in renewable energy investments, Ørsted's exclusive focus on renewables gives it an edge in terms of long-term growth potential. Furthermore, Ørsted's commitment to sustainability aligns with the growing global emphasis on combating climate change. As such, investing in Ørsted A/S may provide greater exposure to the expanding renewable energy market and potentially higher returns over the next five years.
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Calculate the yield to maturity. Face value Bond (E) A 1000 35.5% 27.5% 38.5% 45.5% 37.5% Annual coupon rate Maturity (%) (year) 10 1 Market price (E) 800 A
To calculate the yield to maturity (YTM) for the given bond, which has a face value of $1000, an annual coupon rate of 35.5%, and a maturity of 10 years, we need additional information such as the market price. The market price given is $800.
The yield to maturity (YTM) is a measure of the return an investor can expect to earn by holding a bond until it matures. To calculate the YTM, we need the bond's face value, coupon rate, maturity, and market price.
In the given information, we have the face value of the bond, which is $1000, and the annual coupon rate, which is 35.5%. However, the information does not provide the specific coupon payments for each year. Without this information, we cannot calculate the YTM accurately.
Additionally, the maturity of the bond is given as 10 years, which means the bond will mature after 10 years from its issuance. The market price provided is $800, which represents the current price at which the bond is traded in the market.
To calculate the YTM, we need to know the specific coupon payments and their timing over the 10-year period. Without this information, it is not possible to determine the exact yield to maturity.
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___ is(are) concerned with how much more expensive all goods and services will become this year.
Please choose the correct answer from the following choices,
Answer choices
Microeconomics
Neither macroeconomics nor microeconomics
Both microeconomics and macroeconomics
Macroeconomics
Macroeconomics is concerned with how much more expensive all goods and services will become this year.
Macroeconomics focuses on the overall behavior and performance of the economy as a whole, including factors such as inflation, economic growth, and aggregate price levels. Inflation, specifically, is a macroeconomic concept that refers to the general increase in prices of goods and services over time. Macroeconomists study the causes and effects of inflation and analyze its impact on various economic indicators, such as purchasing power, interest rates, and employment levels.
By examining factors like aggregate demand, money supply, and government policies, macroeconomists aim to understand and predict changes in overall price levels and their implications for the economy. Therefore, when considering how much more expensive all goods and services will become in a given year, it falls within the purview of macroeconomics.
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Write an Abstract (including a title and 3-5 key words) related to your current research, alternatively invent some research. The abstract must contain the following format:
1. Give a basic introduction to your research area, which can be understood by researchers in any discipline. (1–2 sentences). 2. Provide more detailed background for researchers in your field. (1–2 sentences). 3. Clearly state your main result. (1 sentence). 4. Explain what your main result reveals and / or adds when compared to the current literature. (2– 3 sentences). 5. Put your results into a more general context and explain the implications. (1–2 sentences).
The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health among Young Adults
Keywords: social media, mental health, young adults, impact, psychological well-being
1. Social media has become an integral part of modern life and has a profound impact on the way we communicate and interact with each other.
2. Social media has been linked to a variety of mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem, particularly among young adults.
3. Our study investigates the impact of social media on the psychological well-being of young adults and aims to identify the most significant factors that contribute to these negative effects.
4. Our main result reveals that excessive use of social media, particularly for passive consumption of content, can lead to increased feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and depression among young adults, which can have long-term implications for their mental health.
5. Our results highlight the need for greater awareness and education about the potential negative effects of social media, as well as the importance of promoting healthy online behavior and social support networks for young adults.
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Mr. Mulenga receives utility from days spent travelling on vacation domestically (D) and days spend in travelling in a foreign country (F) as given by the utility U (D, F) =DF. The price of a day spent traveling domestically is K 32000 and in a foreign country K 40000. Mulenga's annual budget is K 160000. A. Find Mulenga's maximizing choices of days traveling domestically and in a foreign country. Find also his utility bundle from consuming that bundle. [5 marks] B. Suppose that the price of traveling domestically increases to K 41000 per day. Calling his budget for travelling X. (suppose by now it is unknown) find the demand for D and F under the new price which is a function of x. [4 marks] C. The income necessary to make Mr. Mulenga reach the level of satisfaction as before the price change. [4 marks] D. Compute the quantity demanded with the new prices and the original income. [4 marks] E. Compute the quantity demanded with the new prices and the income you found in C above. [4 marks] F. Using the previous answers, tell us what is the total change in quantity of D due to the price increase in PD that the consumer experiences and what part of that change is due to income or substitution effect. [4 marks]
A. To find Mr. Mulenga's maximizing choices, we need to determine the optimal allocation of days spent traveling domestically (D) and days spent traveling in a foreign country (F) based on his budget constraint and utility function. Given the prices per day and the budget, we can set up the following problem:
Maximize U(D, F) = DF
subject to the budget constraint: K32000D + K40000F = K160000
To solve this problem, we can use the method of Lagrange multipliers. The Lagrangian function is L(D, F, λ) = DF + λ(K32000D + K40000F - K160000).
Taking the partial derivatives and setting them equal to zero, we find:
∂L/∂D = F + λK32000 = 0
∂L/∂F = D + λK40000 = 0
K32000D + K40000F = K160000 (budget constraint)Solving these equations simultaneously, we can find the values of D, F, and λ that satisfy the optimization problem. The specific values will depend on the given values of K32000 and K40000.
B. If the price of traveling domestically increases to K41000 per day, the new budget constraint becomes: K41000D + K40000F = X, where X is the new budget for traveling. We need to determine the demand for D and F as a function of the new budget X.
To find the demand, we can rearrange the budget constraint equation: D = (X - K40000F)/K41000. This equation represents the demand for D in terms of the budget X and the quantity of F chosen.
C. To determine the income necessary to maintain Mr. Mulenga's level of satisfaction as before the price change, we need to find the value of X that makes his utility bundle the same as before. Since his utility function is U(D, F) = DF, the level of satisfaction is solely determined by the product of D and F. Therefore, to maintain the same level of satisfaction, we need to solve the following equation: DF = D'F', where D' and F' are the new quantities demanded for D and F under the new price.
D. To compute the quantity demanded with the new prices and the original income, we can substitute the original income K160000 and the new prices into the budget constraint equation: K41000D + K40000F = K160000. Solving this equation will give us the quantities of D and F demanded under the new prices and the original income.
E. Similarly, to compute the quantity demanded with the new prices and the income found in part C, we can substitute the income X and the new prices into the budget constraint equation: K41000D + K40000F = X. Solving this equation will give us the quantities of D and F demanded under the new prices and the adjusted income.
F. By comparing the quantities demanded in parts D and E, we can determine the total change in the quantity of D due to the price increase (PD) and analyze the income and substitution effects. The change in the quantity of D can be decomposed into the income effect and the substitution effect. The income effect measures the change in quantity demanded due to the change in income, while the substitution effect measures the change in quantity demanded due to the change in relative prices. The specific calculations will depend on the values obtained in parts D and E.
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REQUIRED:
1. Record the transactions in the GENERAL
JOURNAL
2. Post the accounting information from General Journal
to GENERAL LEDGER.
3. Prepare the UNADJUSTED TRIAL BALANCE.
On November 1, 2020, Aleli Gomuna purchased a pest control company from its previous owner. Aleli paid $220,000 from her personal checking account for assets consisting of pesticides supplies, $75,000
The debit side totals $515,000, which includes the cost of purchasing the pest control company and the cash payment made from the personal checking account. The credit side shows a balance of $75,000, representing the accounts payable for the purchase.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
Nov 1, 2020 Pest Control Company $295,000
Nov 1, 2020 Cash (Personal Checking Account) $220,000
Nov 1, 2020 Accounts Payable $75,000
GENERAL LEDGER
Account: Pest Control Company
Date Description Debit Credit
Nov 1, 2020 Purchased Pest Control Company $295,000
Account: Cash
Date Description Debit Credit
Nov 1, 2020 Payment from Personal Checking Account $220,000
Account: Accounts Payable
Date Description Debit Credit
Nov 1, 2020 Purchase of Pest Control Company $75,000
UNADJUSTED TRIAL BALANCE. Account Title Debit Credit
Pest Control Company $295,000
Cash $220,000
Accounts Payable $75,000
Total Debit: $515,000
Total Credit: $75,000
The unadjusted trial balance shows the account balances before any adjustments or corrections are made. It provides a summary of all the accounts and their respective debit or credit balances. In this case, the debit side totals $515,000, which includes the cost of purchasing the pest control company and the cash payment made from the personal checking account. The credit side shows a balance of $75,000, representing the accounts payable for the purchase.
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Many employees of an international bank feel that their salary raises and bonus they receive are not fair. They insist that some colleagues get more salary raises and bonus without any valid reason. Furthermore, their company never disclose any guideline and procedures for their decision making in bonus allocation and salary raises. Furthermore, many employees complain that the jobs assigned to them are too challenging. Finally, there is a rising number of employees who become disengaged. On the other hand, the CEO of this bank also discovers that the employees’ engagement level continues to decline. The CEO asks the HR director, John, to implement certain practices to empower employees for higher engagement. After careful consideration about the current organization atmosphere, John advises the CEO that there are certain engagement risks in the current situation. It is better not to ask for more engagement from employees at this moment.
Answer the following questions base on the case
(a) Identify and explain TWO types of fairness which are related to the employees’ dissatisfaction. Provide examples from the case content to support your answers.
(b) What are the risks associated with employee engagement in this international bank in which the CEO should be aware of? (250words)
(c) What are the kinds of employees disengagement that exist in the above case? (150words)
The two types of fairness which are related to the employees' dissatisfaction are distributive fairness and procedural fairness.
Distributive fairness refers to the employees' belief that the rewards or outcomes they receive are just. According to distributive fairness, people are motivated to put in more effort when they feel that they are being compensated fairly. Employees are dissatisfied with their salary raises and bonuses because they believe that some colleagues receive more salary raises and bonuses than they do without any valid reason. They believe that their company is not following distributive fairness, and they feel that the bonuses and salary raises are not being allocated fairly.
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The following observations were noted from an activity sampling study of a CNC machine Machine working: 800 Machine idle: 450 a) Determine whether the degree of accuracy of the result on a 96% reliability basis is within 15% (5) b) Determine the limit of error for the activities on a 95% reliability basis. (3) c) Determine the additional number of observations required to obtain a +1% as a limit of error for the activities on a 95% reliabilities basis. (5) d) Calculate the degree of accuracy that will be obtained after the additional observations have been made. Interpret the result (3)
The degree of accuracy obtained is 1.5%. The limit of error is 3. The degree of accuracy obtained is 0.053%.
The formula to find the degree of accuracy is:
Degree of Accuracy (d) = (t/R)(√p(1-p)/n)
Where t is the value of Student's t-distribution for a given confidence level, R is the number of observations made during the activity sampling study, p is the proportion of the machine idle and n is the sample size.
Substituting the given values,
t = 1.96, R = 1250, p = 450/1250 = 0.36, n = 1250d = (1.96/1250) (√0.36(1-0.36)/1250) = 0.015 or 1.5%
The degree of accuracy obtained is 1.5%
b) Calculation of the limit of error:
The formula to find the limit of error is:Limit of Error = t(R-1)/√R
Where t is the value of Student's t-distribution for a given confidence level and R is the number of observations made during the activity sampling study.
Substituting the given values,
t = 1.96, R = 1250
Limit of Error = (1.96(1250-1))/√1250 = 3
The limit of error is 3.
3.c) Calculation of additional observations required:
The formula to find the additional observations required is:
Additional observations required = [z(σ/d)]²
Where z is the value of the standard normal distribution for a given confidence level, σ is the standard deviation, d is the limit of error.
Substituting the given values,
z = 1.96, σ = √(p(1-p))/n, d = 1%
Additional observations required = [1.96(√(0.36(1-0.36))/0.01)]² = 20749.73 ≈ 20750 observations
Hence, 20750 observations are required.
d) Calculation of the degree of accuracy after additional observations:
Degree of Accuracy (d) = (t/R)(√p(1-p)/n)Where t is the value of Student's t-distribution for a given confidence level, R is the number of observations made during the activity sampling study, p is the proportion of the machine idle and n is the sample size.
Substituting the given values,
t = 1.96, R = 1250+20750 = 22000, p = 450/22000 = 0.02045, n = 22000d = (1.96/22000) (√0.02045(1-0.02045)/22000) = 0.000529 or 0.053%0.053%
The degree of accuracy obtained is 0.053%.
The steps involved in calculating the degree of accuracy, the limit of error, the additional observations required, and the degree of accuracy after additional observations.
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Consider an inflation-targeting interest rate rule. Explain/interpret the role of the pa
rameter attached to inflation (and provide a formal analysis).
Question 2.
Consider a small open economy which trades in financial assets and a homogeneous good
(an endowment economy). Provide an interpretation for the following flow budget con
straint, Bt+1 (1 + r) Bt = Yt Ct . Derive the lifetime budget constraint (for t = 1, 2).
Lifetime utility is given by, ln(C1) + β ln(C2). Derive the consumption Euler equation
and provide an interpretation.
Inflation targeting interest rate rule: Inflation targeting interest rate rule is a monetary policy that aims at stabilizing the general price level of a country through adjusting the interest rate. It involves setting a central bank's short-term interest rate target to achieve a specified inflation rate target.
The inflation rate target is set by the government, and it is usually between 2% to 3%.
The rule states that if inflation rises above the target rate, the central bank should increase the interest rates. Conversely, if the inflation falls below the target rate, the central bank should decrease the interest rate. The purpose of using this policy is to stabilize inflation expectations in the market.
Role of parameter attached to inflation:
The parameter attached to inflation in an inflation-targeting interest rate rule is usually denoted by alpha (α). It is the coefficient of the inflation term in the interest rate rule equation. The alpha coefficient measures the strength of the response of the central bank to changes in inflation rates. A higher value of α means that the central bank will be more aggressive in adjusting the interest rate to counter inflationary pressures. On the other hand, a lower value of α implies that the central bank will be more tolerant of inflation deviations from the target rate
Flow budget constraint:
Flow budget constraint is an equation that describes the relationship between income, consumption, and savings in an economy. The flow budget constraint for a small open economy that trades in financial assets and a homogeneous good is given by:
Bt+1 (1 + r) Bt = Yt − Ct
Where, Bt is the stock of financial assets held by the economy at the end of period t, r is the interest rate, Yt is the endowment income at period t, and Ct is the consumption at period t.
Lifetime budget constraint:
Lifetime budget constraint is the relationship between the present value of lifetime income, lifetime consumption, and lifetime savings of an individual. The lifetime budget constraint for an endowment economy is given by:
B0 + B1/(1+r) + B2/(1+r)² = Y1/(1+r) + Y2/(1+r)² + C1/(1+r) + C2/(1+r)²
Where, Bt is the stock of financial assets held by the individual at the end of period t, Yt is the endowment income at period t, Ct is the consumption at period t, and r is the interest rate.
Consumption Euler equation:
Consumption Euler equation is a mathematical relationship between the consumption in two different periods. It is given by:U'(Ct) = β(1+r) U'(Ct+1)
Where, U'(Ct) is the marginal utility of consumption at period t, U'(Ct+1) is the marginal utility of consumption at period t+1, β is the discount factor, and r is the interest rate.
Interpretation:
The consumption Euler equation implies that the individual will consume more in the future if the interest rate is higher. This is because the individual can invest their savings in financial assets, and earn higher returns, which they can use to consume more in the future. The parameter β represents the individual's time preference for consumption, and it measures how much the consumption of the individual value in the present relative to the future. A higher value of β means that the individual is more patient and values future consumption more highly than present consumption.
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