Scientists were hesitant to support wegener and hess when they first presented their hypotheses just because of the conflict of stability of the continents and the ocean floor.
Scientists were hesitant to support Wegener and Hess when they first presented their hypotheses because their ideas went against the widely accepted scientific understanding of the time. Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents had once been part of a single landmass and had since moved apart, was not supported by any credible evidence or mechanism. Hess's theory of sea floor spreading, which proposed that new oceanic crust was being created at mid-ocean ridges and pushed away from them, was also not supported by any conclusive evidence. Additionally, both hypotheses conflicted with the prevailing belief in the permanence and stability of the continents and the ocean floor. These factors made it difficult for scientists to accept their ideas, despite the growing evidence in support of them.
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when diethyl ether and water are mixed, roughtly 10% of the water will be found in the ether layer. why woudl this be a problem
This could be a problem if you are trying to separate the two layers in a separatory funnel. Since diethyl ether and water are immiscible, they will form two separate layers with the ether layer on top and the water layer on the bottom.
What is diethyl ether?Diethyl ether is a clear, colourless, extremely flammable liquid with such a low boiling point as well as a distinctive odour. It is also known as ether & ethoxyethane. It belongs to the large group of compounds known as ethers, which are molecules composed of two hydrocarbon chains linked by an oxygen atom.
However, the presence of water in the ether layer will disrupt this separation, as the two layers may not be easily distinguished. This could lead to incorrect results in experiments that require the separation of the two layers.
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Rank substituents in order of their priority when assigning the E or Z label to an alkene. highest priority~lowest priority NH2, CH3, Br, CH2CH2I, H.
When giving an alkene the E or Z label, the following substitutes are listed in order of importance:
NH₂
Br
CH₃
CH₂CH₂Cl
What is compound?A chemical compound is a substance that contains atoms from multiple chemical elements held together by chemical bonds. It is made up of numerous identical molecules. Therefore, a molecule made up of only one type of atom is not a compound. a substance created by joining two or more different elements chemically in science. Examples of compounds are table salt (NaCl), which is made from the elements sodium and chloride, and water (H2O), which is created from the elements hydrogen and oxygen. A substance made up of two or more components is called a compound. Table salt, water, and carbon dioxide are a few examples of compounds.
Here,
Substituents in order of their priority when assigning the E or Z label to an alkene:
NH₂
Br
CH₃
CH₂CH₂Cl
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container a holds 712 ml 712 ml of ideal gas at 2.10 bar2.10 bar . container b holds 134 ml 134 ml of ideal gas at 4.80 bar4.80 bar . if the gases are allowed to mix together, what is the partial pressure of each gas in the total volume?
The saturation pressure of every gas in the entire volume, if somehow the gases being allowed to mix, is 2.5 atm.
Describe gases.In comparison to other forms of matter, like solids and liquids, vapors have a lower density. Particles have a great deal of kinetic energy yet aren't very attracted to one another, thus there is a lot of unoccupied space between them. A sampling of matter that assumes the shape of the bottle it is stored in and develops a consistent density on the inside of the container is referred to as a gas.
Pressure = 2.10 atm
Temperature = T K
Volume = 712 mL
= 0.712 L (1 mL = 0.001 L)
PV=nRT,
2.10 atm × 0.712 L = n × 0.0821 L.atm/K.mol × T K
n = 19.2232 / T moles
For Container B :
Pressure = 4.80 atm
Temperature = T
Volume = 134 mL
= 0.134 L (1 mL = 0.001 L)
= 4.80 atm × 0.134 L = n × 0.0821 L.atm/K.mol × 298 K
= n = 6.3435 / T moles
Total moles = 19.2132 / T moles + 6.3435 / T moles
= 25.5567 /T moles
Total Volume = 712 + 134 mL = 846 mL = 0.846 L
P × 0.846 L = 25.5567 /T × 0.0821 L.atm/K.mol × T
Total P = 2.5 atm
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Rank from highest to lowest boiling point: To rank items as equivalent; overlap them: View Available Hint(s) Reset Help 2,2-dimethylpropane; C,H12 parafiin, C36H7a ethane, CzH6 heptadecane, C17 H36 pentane, C,H12 Highest BP Lowest BP
Ranking from highest to lowest boiling point are as Highest BP: C36H78, 2nd highest: C17H36, 3rd highest: C5H12, Lowest BP: C2H6, 2nd lowest: C5H12.
Here is the series, heptadecane, C17 H36 > paraffin, C36H74 > 2,2-dimethylpropane; C,H12 > ethane, C2H6 > pentane, C5H12
The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the pressure surrounding it, causing it to change from a liquid to a gas. Different substances have different boiling points, which can be affected by factors such as pressure and impurities. The boiling point of water, for example, is 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit) at sea level, while other substances such as helium and hydrogen have much lower boiling points.
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which factors influence reaction rate? the more exothermic a reaction is, the faster the reaction rate.
The rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by many different factors, including reactant concentration, surface area, temperature, and catalysts.
Between exothermic or endothermic, exothermic reactions are said to be faster. This is primarily because in the exothermic process the reactions occur instantly or spontaneously. Here, no energy input is required to overcome any significant energy barriers..
About Chemical reactionChemical reactions are an integral part of technology, culture and human life. Smelting iron, making glass, brewing tea and making cheese are just a few examples of activities that combine chemical reactions that have been used for thousands of years. Chemical reactions are numerous in the earth, atmosphere and oceans.
Chemical reactions or chemical changes are all around us, from the metabolism of food in the body to how sunlight can be absorbed by the human body. There are two types of changes namely chemical changes and physical changes.
An example is a burning candle. Over time, the intact wax will turn into paraffin. The burning of a candle is a chemical reaction or chemical change, while the change of wax into paraffin is called a physical change.
Chemical reactions must be distinguished from physical changes. Physical changes include changes in state such as ice cubes melting into water, water evaporating into steam. If a physical change occurs, the physical properties of a substance will change but the chemical identity will remain the same.
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The data below were collected for the following reaction:CH3Cl(g) + 3Cl2(g) → CCl4(g) + 3HCl(g)A) Calculate the value of the rate constant, kB) What is the overall order of the reaction?
equation that determines rate is the last one. Quantum K-3 divided by concentration gives the reaction rate.
Describe the KC formula.Calculating Kc: Kc's equation is Kc=[C]c[D]d[A]a[B]b. Assuming [C] , [D] are the molar quantities of something like the byproducts at equilibrium and [At] and [B] are really the molar concentration of a reactants at equilibrium, we may write K c = [C] c [D] d [A] a [B] b.
What does k mean in terms of reaction rate?The proportionality constant (k) that links the pace of the action to the concentration of reaction mixture is known as the specific rate constant. For any chemical reaction, the rate law and the particular rate constant must be ascertained through experimentation. Temperature affects the rate constant's value.
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What acid and what base would you choose to prepare the salt potassium perchlorate (KClO4)?
a. HK and ClO4OH
b. KOH and H2ClO4
c. K(OH)2 and HClO4
d. HClO4 and KOH
Which combination of HClO4 & KOH acid & base would you use to make the potassium perchlorate salt (KClO4)
What purposes is potassium perchlorate used?Potassium perchlorate is a crystalline (sand-like) solid that ranges from colorless to white. It is used in medicine, explosives, flares, rockets propellants, photography, air bags for car safety, and rocket propellants.
Where can I find potassium perchlorate?In the manufacturing process, potassium chloride is added to a sodium perchlorate aqueous solution to create potassium perchlorate. This solitary precipitation reaction takes advantage of KClO4's limited solubility.
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Total US farmland occupies 954 million acres and the total US land area is 3.537 million square miles. If there are 640 acres per square mile, what percentage of US land is farmland?
According to the cited statistic, 42.1 percent of US land is used for farming.
Who in India is a landowner?According to article 246 of something like the Constitution, state legislatures in India are responsible for managing agricultural land. Due to its presence on the State List, land rights and title are a state decision.
954 million acres of agriculture in the US.
the 3.537 million sq miles of US territory.
40 acres make up 1 square mile.
3.537 million sq miles of land, multiplied by 640 acres per square mile.
2263,68,000,000 acres.
Farmland percentage is equal to 954/2263.68*100.
Farmland as a percentage is 42.1%.
Farmland percentage equals 0.042% if there are 3.537 million sq miles of land.
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the rate remains constant when the concentration of a is doubled and the concentration of b is held constant. the reaction rate doubles when the concentration of b is doubled and the concentration of a is held constant. what are the orders of a and b in this reaction?
Reaction rate: According to the question The order of a is 1 and the order of b is 2.
What is Reaction rate?Reaction rate is the speed at which a chemical reaction occurs. It is closely related to the reactants, products, and the conditions of the reaction, such as temperature, pressure, concentration, and catalysts.
This can be determined by looking at the reaction rate. When the concentration of a is doubled, the reaction rate stays constant. This indicates that the reaction is not dependent on the concentration of a, and therefore its order is 1. When the concentration of b is doubled, the reaction rate doubles. This shows that the reaction is dependent on the concentration of b, and therefore its order is 2.
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Direct Measurement Method Mass (g) Magnet 25 05 Length (cm) Width (cm) Height (cm) Volume (cm) Density (g/cm) 05
the density of the magnet using the direct measurement method is
0.2 g/cm^3
To calculate the density of the magnet using the direct measurement method, we use the following formula: Density = Mass / Volume. First we need to calculate the volume of the magnet. Since the magnet has a rectangular shape, we can use the formula for the volume of a rectangular prism: Volume = Length x Width x Height. In this case, the length, width, and height of the magnet are given as 5 cm, 5 cm, and 5 cm respectively. So the volume of the magnet is:Volume = 5 cm x 5 cm x 5 cm = 125 cm^3. Now we can calculate the density of the magnet: Density = Mass / Volume = 25 g / 125 cm^3 = 0.2 g/cm^3. So the density of the magnet is 0.2 g/cm^3. It's worth noting that the volume should be in the same unit as the mass, and the density should be in g/cm^3, otherwise the result will be wrong.
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Determine the mole fraction of vinyl chloride and vinylacetate in a copolymer having a molecular weight of 10520 g/mol and a degree of polymerization of 160.
0.5 moles of the mole fraction of vinyl chloride and vinylacetate in a co-polymer having a molecular weight of 10520 g/mol.
Given,
mass= 10,000 g/mol
DP= 200
mass of vinyl chloride = 62.5 g/mol
mass of vinyl acetate = 86 g/mol
Lets the mole fraction be X
required mole fraction be (1-x)
Mass of vinyl chloride=62.5 x
Mass of vinyl acetate =86(1-x)
mass of monomer = 62.5 x + 86 (1-x)
weight of polymer = DP x Mass of monomer
= 10,000 =200(62.5 x + 86 - 86 x)
= 23.5 x = 36
x=0.5
Polymeric compounds which are built up of two different types of monomer units in their chain are called ―Copolymers or ―Mixed polymer polymers with three different types of nonnumeric units are sometimes called as ter-polymer.
Copolymers are further classified as alternating copolymers or statistically regular (where both repeating bunits are joined side by side) and random copolymers or statistically irregular (where there is no regularity in the joining of units of two different monomers.
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A group of other students wanted to know if citric acid and baking soda produce any other gas, so they heated the left over liquid and measured density and found out that liquid is water but the left over gas is 4.2 grams more than they had at the start. How is it possible for citric acid and baking soda to create water?
It is possible for citric acid and baking soda to create water because they are both chemical compounds that can react with each other to create new compounds.
When citric acid and baking soda are mixed together, they undergo a chemical reaction known as a neutralization reaction. This type of reaction occurs when an acid and a base react to form salt and water.
In this case, citric acid is an acid and baking soda is a base. When they are mixed together, the acid and base neutralize each other, creating a salt compound and water. The acid and base cancel out each other's properties and neutralize the solution. The acid donates a proton (H+) to the base, and the base accepts it to form water.
The gas that was measured by the students, is the carbon dioxide (CO2) that is produced as a byproduct of this reaction. As the acid and base react, they release carbon dioxide gas, which is 4.2 grams more than they had at the start. The reaction can be written as follows:
[tex]C_{6}[/tex][tex]H_{8}[/tex][tex]O_{7}[/tex] [tex]_{(aq)}[/tex] + [tex]NaHCO_{3}[/tex] [tex]_{(s)}[/tex] → [tex]NaC_{6}[/tex][tex]H_{5}[/tex][tex]O_{7}[/tex] [tex]_{(aq)}[/tex] + [tex]H_{2} O[/tex] [tex]_{(l)}[/tex] + [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] [tex]_{(g)}[/tex]
In conclusion, citric acid and baking soda produce water and carbon dioxide (CO2) when they react together in a neutralization reaction. The reaction creates a new compound, salt, and water, while the gas created is carbon dioxide.
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A cylinder with a moveable piston
contains 4.78 L of a gas at
417 mm Hg and 497 K. The
pressure increases to 576 mm Hg
and temperature decreases to
386 K. What is the new volume of
the cylinder?
Answer:
2.688 L
Explanation:
Here we use the formula:
(P1 x V1)/T1 = (P2 x V2)/T2
where;
P1 = 417 mm of Hg
P2 = 576 mm of Hg
V1 = 4.78 L
V2 = X L
T1 = 497 K
T2 = 386 K
substituting the values in the formula:
(417 x 4.78)/497 = (576 x X)/386
1993.26/497 = 576X/386
(4.01058 x 386)/576 = X
2.688 L = X
The new volume of the cylinder when pressure increases to 576 mm Hg
and temperature decreases to 386 K is 2.688 liters.
What is pressure?Pressure is defined as the force applied on an object perpendicular to it's surface per unit area over which it is distributed.Gauge pressure is a pressure which is related with the ambient pressure.
There are various units by which pressure is expressed most of which are derived units which are obtained from unit of force divided by unit of area . The SI unit of pressure is pascal .
It is a scalar quantity which is related to the vector area element with a normal force acting on it.It is distributed over solid boundaries and across arbitary sections of fluid normal to the boundaries at every point.
Here we use the formula:
(P₁x V₁)/T₁ = (P₂ x V₂)/T₂
where;P₁ = 417 mm of Hg,P₂ = 576 mm of Hg,V₁= 4.78 L,V₂= X L,T₁ = 497 K,T₂ = 386 K
substituting the values in the formula:
(417 x 4.78)/497 = (576 x X)/386
1993.26/497 = 576 X/386
(4.01058 x 386)/576 = X
2.688 L = X
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when two atoms of 2h are fused to form one atom of 4he, the toal energy involved in 3.38 x 10-12j. what is the total change in mass (in kg) for this reaction?
The total change in mass for this reaction is 4.82 x 10-27 kg.
What is reaction?Reaction is an action by a person or organism in response to a stimulus. Reactions can be physical, mental, or emotional. Reactions can involve physiological changes, such as increased heart rate or sweating, as well as cognitive changes, such as increased alertness or fear. Reactions can also involve behavioral changes, such as avoidance or aggression. In some cases, reactions may involve a combination of physical, mental, and behavioral responses.
This is calculated using the formula E = mc^2, where E is the total energy involved in the reaction (3.38 x 10-12J), m is the total change in mass, and c is the speed of light (2.99 x 10^8 m/s).
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where is the highest ionization energy in the periodic table
Answer: Helium has the largest first ionization energy while francium has one of the lowest.
Explanation: The first ionization energy varies in a predictable way across the periodic table. The ionization energy decreases from top to bottom in groups, and increases from left to right across a period.
ind pH in the following solution if their [H^+] concentration is : a) [5x10^-9 ml/dm^3]
Answer:
8.301
Explanation:
just calculate -log (5×10*-9)
Which of the following hybridization schemes allows the formation of at least one π bond?
a. SP^3
b. SP^2
c. SP^3D^2
Just the sp2 hybridization seems to have a free p orbital among the sp3, sp2, and sp3d hybridization schemes. It therefore permits the development with at least one bond.
How does chemistry define hybridization?A new form of hybridized orbitals is created by combining two atomic orbitals, which is known as hybridization in chemistry. Hybrid orbitals with completely distinct energies, forms, etc. are typically created as a result of this intermixing.
In basic terms, what is hybridization?When two single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules are complementary to one another, they can hybridize to generate a double-stranded molecule. The right base pairing between both the two single-stranded polymers is required for the bonding to occur.
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which of the molecules or ions below will have the strongest nitrogen-oxygen bond? no+, no2 −, no3 −
NO3− will have the strongest nitrogen-oxygen bond. This is because the bond is formed through the sharing of three electron pairs between the two atoms.
What is bond?Bond is a type of debt security that allows an investor to loan money to a government, municipality, corporation, or other entity in exchange for the promise of regular payments and the return of the principal upon maturity. Bonds are typically issued with a fixed rate of interest and a stated maturity date. Bonds are typically seen as a relatively safe investment, since the issuer is usually obligated to repay the principal. Bonds may be traded on the secondary market, allowing investors to capitalize on changes in the interest rate environment. Bonds may also provide tax advantages, depending on the type and issuer.
This creates a stronger bond than the two electron pairs shared in NO+ or the single electron pair shared in NO2−.
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what organization has established a set of chemical-protective ppe ensembles providing certain protection levels that are commonly used by fire and emergency service organizations?
First responders must have a minimal level of protection against toxic vapours, liquids, and particles during hazardous materials situations, according to the NFPA Protective Ensemble Classes.
What gas is the most toxic vapour?
The most prevalent hazardous gas is odourless, colourless carbon monoxide. It mixes quickly and is easily inhaled because of its comparable density to air. It is a well-known "silent killer" in residential settings. Carbon monoxide is likely to be produced by any process that results in the incomplete burning of carbon fuel.
What is the earth's most toxic vapour?
N2 is the most deadly of all damaging, risky, and toxic gases because it is composed of nitrogen. It is widely distributed in the atmosphere because it is the element that humans breathe in most frequently. There are gases called nitric oxide & nitrogen dioxide in a lot of industrial and home situations.
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1. Hydrogen can be prepared by reacting zinc with dilute hydrochloric acid. a) Write an equation for the reaction. b) Name an appropriate drying agent for hydrogen gas. c) Explain why copper metal cannot be used to prepare hydrogen gas. d) Hydrogen burns in oxygen to form an oxide. (i) Write an equation for the reaction. (ii) State two precautions that must be taken before the combustion begins and at the end of the combustion. e) Give two uses of hydrogen gas. f) When zinc is heated to redness in a current of steam, hydrogen gas is obtained. Write an equation for the reaction. g) Element Q reacts with dilute acids but not with cold water. Element R does not react with dilute acids. Elements S displaces element P from its oxide. P reacts with cold water. Arrange the four elements in order of their reactivity, starting with the most reactive. h) Explain how hydrogen is used in the manufacture of margarine. 2. (a) Hydrogen can reduce coppers Oxide but not aluminium oxide. Explain (b) When water reacts with potassium metal the hydrogen produced ignites Explosively on the surface of water. (i) What causes this ignition? (ii) Write an equation to show how this ignition occurs 3. Element E has an atomic number of 5. In a sample of E there are two isotopes. One isotope has a mass number of 10 and the other isotope has a mass number of 11. a. Explain, in terms of subatomic particles, what is meant by the term isotopes. b. Element X has an atomic number of 18. c. State the electronic configuration of an atom of element X. 4. The electronic structures of five atoms, A, B, C, D and E, are shown. D Answer the following questions about these structures. Each structure may be used once, more than once or not at all. State which structure, A, B, C, D or E, represents: a. An atom of a metallic element. b. An atom with a proton number of 13. C. An atom of phosphorus. d. An atom with only two shells of electrons. e. An atom which forms a stable ion with a single negative charge.
All of the zinc reacts, increasing the solution's temperature from 22.5 °C to 23.7 °C.
What is the chemical equation for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid?According to the balanced equation, zinc metal interacts with hydrochloric acid: ZnCl2(aq) + H2 Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) ( g) In a coffee-cup calorimeter, 0.103 g of Zn(s) are mixed with 50.0 mL of HCl to create a solution. All of the zinc reacts, increasing the solution's temperature from 22.5 °C to 23.7 °C.Below copper in the electrochemical chain lies hydrogen. When zinc and diluted hydrochloric acid react, zinc releases hydrogen gas but copper does not.Zinc reacts with diluted HCl to produce hydrogen gas and zinc chloride.Zn+2HCl->ZnCl + HTo learn more about hydrochloric acid refer to:
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What mass of NH4NO3 (mw=80.04g/mo) should be used to make 2.50 mL of 6.5 mM NH4NO3?
Answer:
Explanation:
Molarity = 6.5 x 10^(-3)
mass x 2.50/80.04 x 1000 = 6.5x 10^(-3)
mass = 6.5x 10^(-3) x 80.04 x 1000/2.50
mass = 208.104 grams
The light and dark circles in the picture represent different types of atoms. Which picture best represents a pure compound?
The third image is a pure compound since it only contains one kind of atom combination. (C)
A pure compound is one that has two or more elements chemically combined in a specific ratio. Chemical techniques can split these compounds into independent or straightforward constituents. A pure compound is created when elements are linked together by chemical bonds. substances that are as pure as water, crystals, and baking soda.
Oxygen and hydrogen combined in a fixed ratio to form the compound water. A pure substance has a single type of constant-composition atom or molecule. The first image depicts a pure material, while the second and fourth images show mixed compounds. Consequently, the third image depicts a pure compound.
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An isotope of sodium (Na) has a mass number of 22. How many neutrons does it have?
a. 11 b. 12 c. 22 d. 44
The atomic mass of an element of a sodium isotope (Na) is 22. There are 11 neutrons in it.
What makes a neutron neutral?The neutron is neutrality, as you could have inferred from its name. It is neither drawn to nor drawn away from other objects because it carries no charge at all. With one exemption, every atom contains neutrons, which are fused with protons and some other neutrons to form the atomic nucleus.
Negative or positive neutrons exist?In comparison to positive ions, neutrons are slightly heavier and have an electric charge that is neither positive or negative. Neutrons that have left a nucleus are considered to be "free" neutrons. Both nuclear fusion and implosion processes result in the production of these free neutrons.
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A mixture is made by mixing alcohol, water and salt then how will you seperate the componen of the mixture?
Answer: Fractional Distallation
Explanation: this technique relies on the compounds of the mixture. This is able to happen when there is diffrent boilling points.
If you combine the results of this question with the results from question 3b, what do you know about the total ph change caused by adding the last 0.1 ml of hno3
The total pH change caused by adding the last 0.1 ml of HNO3 would be a decrease of 0.5.
What is pH?pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration, and is expressed on a scale from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is considered neutral, a pH below 7 is acidic and a pH above 7 is alkaline. A solution with a pH of 0 is very acidic, and a solution with a pH of 14 is very alkaline
This is because the pH of the solution decreased by 0.5 when 0.1 ml of HNO3 was added in question 3b.
As this was the last addition of HNO3, no more pH change can be expected and thus the total pH change caused by adding the last 0.1 ml of HNO3 would be 0.5.
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what is the purpose of testing the conductivity (if specified by dialysis machine manufacturer) and ph of the final dialysate composition with an independent meter? davita
Chloride ions, IS 1.21 1022 8.28 1021 ions of chloride Chloride ions, 2.48 1022 4.02 1023 and 5.79 1024 chloride ions, respectively.
What kinds of ions contain chloride?Halogen picks one electron to become an anion (negatively charged ion), Cl, which creates the chloride ion. The hydrochloric acid HCl salts, commonly known as chlorides, are composed of chloride ions. Sea salt, which itself is sodium chloride and has the chemical formula NaCl, serves as an illustration.
The effects of chloride ions on the bodyNearly two thirds of all the anions in the extravascular space are chloride ions. They are required for the maintenance of the brain's osmolality, water content, and acid-base balance. The production of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in the stomachs also requires chloride.
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heat is added to boiling water. explain why the temperature of the boiling water does not change. what does change?
As a result of the heat being absorbed by the water, which provides the energy needed to partially break intermolecular attraction interactions in the liquid and cause a transition to gaseous water, the liquid turns into a solid phase.
Gaseous water is present where?The hydrosphere contains gaseous water, or water vapor. For instance, when we boil water, the air is filled with the vapor that results from the water being heated.
Describe a gaseous water example.We are constantly surrounded by the vapor of water, which is a gas. It is invisible. Water transforms into a gas and water vapor when it is boiled. We observe a little cloud known as steam as a portion of the vapour cools.
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Helium-neon lasers emit very high spectral purity red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm, and were used in LaserDisc players and supermarket checkout barcode scanners. A large-cavity He-Ne laser has a volume of 0.785 L, and is filled with a mixture of 90.0% helium and 10.0% neon at a pressure of 1.00 torr. What is the mass of helium (in mg) in this laser at 25.0 °C? (760 torr = 1 atm)
Using ideal gas law, the mass of helium in the laser is 1.5*10⁻³mg
What is Ideal Gas LawTo determine the mass of helium in the laser, we need to first calculate the number of moles of helium and neon in the laser. We can then use the molar mass of helium to convert the number of moles to mass.
Given that the laser has a volume of 0.785 L and is filled with a mixture of 90.0% helium and 10.0% neon at a pressure of 1.00 torr at 25.0 °C, we can use the ideal gas law to calculate the number of moles of each gas.
The ideal gas law is PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.
R = 8.314 J/mol.K
T = 25.0 + 273 = 298 K
Given that the pressure is 1.00 torr, we need to convert it to atm, which is the same unit as R.
1 torr = 1/760 atm
so, P = 1.00 torr / 760 atm = 0.0013158 atm
now we can calculate the number of moles of the gas in the laser:
n = PV / RT = 0.0013158 atm * 0.785 L / (8.314 J/mol.K * 298 K) = 4.17*10⁻⁷ moles
To find out the number of moles of helium and neon, we can use the percentage composition:
nHe = 4.17*10⁻⁷ moles * 90.0% = 3.753*10⁻⁷ moles
nNe = 4.17*10⁻⁷ moles * 10.0% = 4.17*10⁻⁸ moles
The molar mass of helium is 4.003 g/mol
We can use the number of moles and molar mass to find the mass of helium in the laser:
mass = nHe * molar mass = 3.753*10⁻⁷ moles * 4.003 g/mol = 1.5 *10⁻³mg
Therefore, the mass of helium in the laser is 1.5 * 10⁻³mg.
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suppose that a new temperature scale has been devised on which the melting point of ethanol (-117.3oc) and the boiling point of ethanol (78.3oc) are taken as 0os and 100os, respectively, where s is the symbol for the new temperature scale. derive an equation relating a reading on this scale to a reading on the celsius scale. what would this thermometer read at 25oc?
The thermometer would read 40.5°S at 25°C based on new temperature scale.
How to derive the equation for new temperature scale?An equation relating a reading on the new temperature scale (s) to a reading on the Celsius scale can be derived using the two known points of ethanol's melting and boiling points. The freezing point of ethanol is -117.3oc and the boiling point is 78.3oc. So, the equation can be expressed as follows:
S = (100/195.6)*(C + 117.3);
Where S = reading on the new temperature scale;
C => reading on the Celsius scale.
s = (100/195.6)*(25 + 117.3) = 40.5
Therefore, this thermometer would read 40.5°S at 25°C.
It's important to note that this is a hypothetical temperature scale, and it only applies to the freezing and boiling points of ethanol. It doesn't have any practical use and it's not a standard temperature scale like Celsius or Fahrenheit. Also, the freezing and boiling points of ethanol are not constant, they depend on the pressure and the purity of the ethanol.
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Design a synthesis of acetophenone from benzyl alcohol and methanol. OH он ала снон and CH3OH Part 1 out of 12 Choose the best option for the precursor to the target molecule.
The best precursor to the target molecule is benzyl alcohol, as it provides the necessary carbon skeleton for the synthesis of acetophenone.
What is acetophenone?Acetophenone is an organic compound with the chemical formula C8H8O. It belongs to the class of compounds known as aromatic ketones and is a colorless, oily liquid with an aroma resembling that of roses. Acetophenone is naturally present in many fruits and plants, including raspberry, blackberry, honey, and apple. It is commonly used as a flavoring agent and fragrance ingredient in cosmetics, food, and beverages. It is also used in the pharmaceutical industry as an intermediate in the synthesis of drugs.
Benzyl alcohol can be converted to an alkyl halide by reaction with thionyl chloride, which can then be reacted with methanol to form the desired product.
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