All of the above are reasons for spending a disproportionate amount of scientific research studying humans is the correct statement representing the rationale behind spending a dispropotionate amount.
Triangular Split. The National Science Foundation estimates that universities receive 29% of government R&D funding, businesses receive 29%, and federal agency researchers receive a further 29%. Laboratories run by private contractors but supported by the federal government receive about 10%.
Human subjects are used in biomedical research, which raises a number of ethical issues concerning concepts like bodily integrity, autonomy, and privacy.
In the end, studies involving human beings are what advance human health and wellbeing. Any claims regarding the physiology of health, the causes of disease, the efficacy of therapy, learning, or behavior must be supported by studies that are carefully designed and conducted on human subjects.
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Complete question : With humans making up such a small percentage of life on Earth, which of the following represents the rationale behind spending a disproportionate amount of scientific research studying humans?
1. Our role in the ecosystem needs to be understood in order to plan for our future.
2. All of the above are reasons for spending a disproportionate amount of scientific research studying humans.
3. Humans are interested in learning how their own bodies function.
4. The more that is discovered about humans, the more likely it is that disease can be combatted.
5. Humans are curious about their origins.
when a substance is introduced into the blood that makes the fluid in the vascular compartment fluid will be drawn from the cells into the vascular compartment
When a substance is introduced into the blood that makes the fluid in the vascular compartment hypertonic, fluid will be drawn from the cells into the vascular compartment.
What do you mean by vascular compartment?
Vascular compartment refers to a group of tissues and organs that are connected by the circulatory system. It includes the heart, blood vessels, and other organs, such as the liver, kidneys, and lungs. Vascular compartments are important for regulating the distribution of blood, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body.
Hypertonic solutions contain a higher concentration of solutes than the cells, such as a higher concentration of sodium or sugar molecules. This causes molecules to diffuse out of the cells and into the vascular compartment, drawing water with them and increasing the osmolarity of the vascular compartment. This creates an osmotic pressure gradient between the two compartments, which drives fluid from the cells into the vascular compartment.
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Correct form of question:
When a substance is introduced into the blood that makes the fluid in the vascular compartment ______________, fluid will be drawn from the cells into the vascular compartment.
The original bacteria kingdom was divided into two separate kingdoms based on analysis of their RNA sequences
rRNA gene sequence Two new kingdoms called Eubacteria and Archeabacteria were proposed by Woese and his colleagues as a division of the original bacteria kingdom.
what are bacteria kingdom?The kingdom of bacteria is made up of small, single-celled organisms that can exist alone or in colonies. Previously known as the Monera Kingdom, bacteria are single-celled prokaryotic creatures. Eubacteria and archaea are two of the domains that make up bacteria.
what is Eubacteria?Prokaryotic organisms, or those without a membrane-bound nucleus, are what make up eubacteria. They are primarily unicellular and have single cellular DNA chromosomes. If they are motile, they typically have flagella and have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
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As a general rule of thumb, a cooperative should have at least how many months of reserve funds set aside...? A. 3 months B. 6 months C. 8 months D. 12 months
Reserves and cash - When evaluating a building's cash and cash equivalents balance, a general rule of thumb is to ensure that it has a reserve worth three to six months .
building's normal operating expenses, plus any anticipated capital improvements for the next twelve months.
The CPA report, balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, and reserve fund are typically included in the financial statement. The focus of each of these items should be on the building's assets, income, and expenses.
Product liability is increasing. Maintenance and repair activities may cause the company to lose focus. The balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows are three financial reports that are commonly used in business.
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fill in the blank. pea plant seed coloration can be white or gray. in this example___would be the trait and___would be a phenotype. group of answer choices white - pea plant color pea plant color- grey or white pea plant color- grey white - grey
In this example pea plant color would be the trait and grey or white would be a phenotype.
What is phenotype?
Phenotype is the physical characteristics of an organism that are determined by its genetic makeup and influenced by environmental factors. It includes observable traits such as physical appearance, development, physiology, and behavior. It can also include biochemical properties such as enzyme activity, gene expression, and gene regulation. It is the result of the interaction between an organism's genotype and its environment.
Therefore, In this example pea plant color would be the trait and grey or white would be a phenotype.
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which of the following events is believed to be the earliest step toward the origin of a living cell?
The earliest step toward the origin of a living cell is believed to be the formation of simple organic molecules, such as amino acids and nucleotides.
What are some hypotheses regarding the beginnings of life and the formation of cells?According to the RNA world hypothesis, which is supported by many scientists, RNA rather than DNA was the earliest genetic molecule of life on Earth. The pre-RNA world hypothesis and the metabolism-first hypothesis are additional theories. The early Earth may have received organic molecules from meteorites and other cosmic bodies.
What was thought to be the origin of life on Earth?The earliest living forms were prokaryotes, which were uncomplicated organisms that subsisted on carbon molecules that were building up in the early oceans of Earth.
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correctly classify the given food items as either a fruit or a vegetable. if you need help, look at the hint available by clicking view available. drag the foods into the appropriate bins. fruits should be placed in the left bin. vegetables should be placed in the right bin. view available hint(s)
Fruit and vegetable are classified as:
Carrot: Vegetable
Strawberry: Fruit
Tomato: Vegetable
What is Fruit?Fruit is a type of edible plant material derived from the fleshy ripened ovaries of flowers. It is usually sweet and juicey, although some fruits have a sour or tart flavor.
Fruit is a vital source of nutrition, providing essential vitamins and minerals, dietary fiber, and antioxidants. Common types of fruit include apples, oranges, pears, grapes, strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, bananas, watermelons, and cantaloupes.
Fruit is typically eaten raw, though some people choose to cook or process it. It is a popular snack and often served as part of a meal or dessert. Fruit can also be processed into juice, jam, or preserves, and used as an ingredient in sauces, dressings, and other dishes.
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a virus has been discovered. the virus has no envelope and consists of a helical capsid surrounding its dsdna genome. during assembly, the pac site of the genome ensures that it is properly packaged by the capsomeres. which of the following amino acids is/are expected to be on the capsomere domain that interacts with the pac site?
Rhabdoviruses are an exception to this rule and are RNA viruses that create "ball-shaped" nucleocapsid structures. Animal viruses that exhibit helical symmetry are often these viruses.
Which virus kind displays helical symmetry? Rhabdoviruses are an exception to this rule and are RNA viruses that create "ball-shaped" nucleocapsid structures. Animal viruses that exhibit helical symmetry are often these viruses.Examples of animal viruses with helical symmetry include rhabdoviruses.Supporting viral adhesion to host cells and viral nucleic acid penetration into the host cell.Sharp bumps that project from the surface of the outer envelopes of coronavirus family members are present.The spike proteins that cause those lumps are called.Glycoproteins are what they really are.The presence of a carbohydrate means they do (such as a sugar molecule).A virion is a completely constructed infectious virus.A capsid, a protein coat that serves as a shell to shield the viral genome from nucleases, and nucleic acid (single- or double-stranded RNA or DNA) make up the simplest virions.To learn more about helical symmetry refer
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estimate the ability of a reverse osmosis plant to reject minerals by calculating the mineral rejection as a percent.
Osmotic Pressure (Π) and is calculated by the equation (Π = TDS/100).
What is reverse osmosis?
Reverse Osmosis is a technology that is used to remove a large majority of contaminants from water by pushing the water under pressure through a semi-permeable membrane.When pressure is added, to the higher level side, that is greater than the current osmotic pressure the flow will be reversed. This reversal allows the contaminant solution to be further concentrated and produces purified water. The adding of pressure to enact the reversal is called Reverse Osmosis or RO.Reverse osmosis is used to produce highly purified water for drinking water systems, industrial boilers, food and beverage processing, cosmetics, pharmaceutical production, seawater desalination, and other applications.To learn more about minerals refers to:
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Glycolysis
A. does not require O2 to generate energy.
B. requires O2 to generate energy.
C. is inhibited by O2.
D. rate is increased in the presence of O2.
A. does not require O2 to generate energy. The process by which glucose gets broken down to provide energy is known as glycolysis.
What is glycolysis' primary purpose?The initial process in breaking down glucose to release energy for the cell's metabolism is called glycolysis.An energy-consuming phase and an energy-releasing phase make up glycolysis.
Where does glycolysis take place, and what is it?Fundamentals.One 6 carbon glucose molecule undergoes glycolysis in the cytoplasm,where it is oxidized to produce two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules.Pyruvate's fate is determined by whether or not the cells have mitochondria and oxygen.
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The carbon cycle is the continuous exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between living things in the natural environment. Which step in the carbon cycle involves the transformation of carbon dioxide into oxygen? A. the transformation of plants into fossil fuels B. photosynthesis C. cellular respiration (D.) the burning of fossil fuels
(B) photosynthesis is the step in the carbon cycle involves the transformation of carbon dioxide into oxygen.
what is photosynthesis?Plants and other living things employ a process called photosynthesis to transform light energy into chemical energy that can subsequently be released through cellular respiration to power the organism's activities.
what is respiration ?Respiration is referred to as a metabolic process in which carbon dioxide is released from the oxidation of complex organic molecules and oxygen is taken in by the living cells of an organism to produce energy (in the form of ATP).
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a gardener is trying to make pink flowers by mixing true breeding white flowers and true breeding red flowers. under normal conditions, red is dominant to white. draw a punnett square for the cross and list the phenotypic and genotypic ratios in case
The offspring of a true breeding red flower plant and a true breeding white flower plant are all pink flowering plants. Incomplete Dominance is an exception that accounts for this.
When both alleles express equally but neither is dominant on the other, this is known as incomplete dominance. This results in a new phenotype that is intermediate between the two alleles.
To help you see clearly, I've drawn a cross here:
RR X rr
White Flower Red Flower
Generation 1 Rr
Pink blossom
The phenotype here is 1:2:1, totally different from the normal dominant trait which shows a phenotype of 3:1
What is phenotype?
The set of qualities or characteristics that can be observed in an organism are known as its phenotype in genetics. The phrase refers to an organism's morphology (physical shape and structure), developmental processes, biochemical and physiological characteristics, behaviour, and the outcomes of behaviour. The genotype—the expression of an organism's genetic code—and the impact of environmental circumstances both contribute to its phenotype. Both elements might interact, which would further impact the phenotypic.
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Which of the following describes an environmental problem that can result from the combustion of fossil fuels to generate electricity?Carbon dioxide is a product of the combustion fossil fuels, and it can lead to global climate change when released into the atmosphere.
Other environmental problems resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels to generate electricity include air pollution, acid rain, and water contamination.
What do you mean by fossil fuels?
Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms. They contain high percentages of carbon and include petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources that are used to generate electricity and are the main source of fuel for transportation and industrial activities.
Environmental problems resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels to generate electricity include air pollution, water pollution, and climate change. Air pollution is caused by the release of pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. These pollutants can cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, as well as acid rain. Water pollution is caused by the release of pollutants such as mercury, lead, and arsenic into surface water, which can contaminate drinking water and harm aquatic life. Climate change is caused by the release of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere, which can lead to an increase in average global temperature and changes in weather patterns.
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fill in the blaank. the seemingly crazy word___is the actual name for scientists who study the behaviors and habitats and other factors that influence the reproduction and well-being of sea (water) creatures.
Answer:
Environmental marine biologist.
Explanation:
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the science of nutrition includes the study of factors that affect food availability and choices, the identification of chemical components of food, the action of food chemicals on the body, and the effects of food on health and disease risk. classify each of the factors under the area of nutrition science in which it would be studied.
The study that food, nutrients, and some other food substances as well as how they are consumed and biochemically processed, how they relate to health & disease, and how to use this knowledge to inform programs and policies is known as nutritional sciences.
How should we define nutrition?Eating a balanced, healthy diet is important for nutrition. You can get the nutrition and energy you need from food and beverages. You might find it simpler to choose healthier foods if you understand these nutrition concepts. More definitions can be found at fitness, general health, minerals, nutrition, and vitamins.
What makes nutrition important?A nutritious diet supports normal growth, development, and aging, aids in maintaining a healthy body weight, lowers the chance of developing chronic diseases, and promotes healthy maternal health, all of which contribute to overall health and wellbeing.
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Part A: DNA Structure1. From the assignment resources, download and open Unit3-Lab-DNA-Replication.pdf, print out thefirst page marked "Part A". Color-code each of the parts of the nucleotide (use 6 colors).2. Cut out each nucleotide.3. Construct the DNA molecule with the bases on the left side in the following order: Thymine,Guanine, Thymine. Pair the appropriate nucleotides to make the other side of the DNA.4. Be sure to submit your model in the results area of your lab write-up worksheet - take a photo of itand insert the image into the document
DNA is a collection of molecules that is in charge of transporting and passing genetic information from parents to children.
This holds true for viruses as well because the majority of these organisms include either RNA or DNA as part of their genetic makeup. For instance, some viruses' genetic material may be RNA whereas others' genetic material may be DNA. RNA is present in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which after adhering to the host cell, transforms into DNA.Mitochondrial DNA refers to the DNA that is found in the cell's mitochondria. It is passed on to the child from the mother. About 16,000 base pairs make up mitochondrial DNA in humans. Similar to this, plastids contain their own DNA and are crucial for photosynthesis.
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the following media contains specific nutrients that encourage the growth of a pathogen over the growth of other bacteria from a specimen. it is useful in the isolation of stool pathogens such as salmonella and shigella, the isolation of anaerobes, and the selective isolation of group b streptococci.
The media described is a selective media. Selective media contains specific nutrients that encourage the growth of a specific microorganism or group of microorganisms while inhibiting the growth of others.
The Selective media is useful in the isolation of stool pathogens nutrients such as Salmonella and Shigella by providing an environment that supports the growth of these pathogens while inhibiting the growth of other bacteria present in the nutrients specimen. The Selective media is also useful in the isolation of anaerobes, which are bacteria that grow best in the absence of oxygen. Additionally, the Selective media can be used for the Selective media of Group B Streptococci, by providing the specific nutrients that support the growth of these bacteria over other bacteria present in the specimen.
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A deep sense of well-being results when our need for relatedness is satisfied in balance with our psychological need for:
A deep sense of well-being results when our need for relatedness is satisfied in balance with our psychological needs for competence and: autonomy.
The ability to make an educated, uncompelled decision is referred to as autonomy in developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy. Organizations or institutions that are autonomous are independent or self-governing. From a human resources standpoint, autonomy may be described as a (relatively high) amount of discretion given to a person in their job. In these circumstances, autonomy has a history of raising overall work satisfaction. Self-actualized people are believed to function independently of expectations from others. Respect for a patient's personal autonomy is one of several essential ethical principles in medicine, according to the medical community.
complete question:A deep sense of well-being results when our need for relatedness is satisfied in balance with our psychological needs for competence and:
a) homeostasis. b) autonomy. c) affiliation. d) narcissism.
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A driver states that she was doing 80 when stopped by the police. What is the problem with this statement in terms of its clarity?
corn can be grown at a rate of 1,000 kcal per hectare, and it takes 20 times more land to produce beef than it does to produce corn. which of the following equations would correctly calculate the amount of land needed to produce 10,000 kcal of beef?
1 ha/1,000 kcal corn x 20 kcal corn/1 kcal beef x 10,000 kcal beef.
What are the Corn Yield Estimates?To know what to expect during harvest, crop farmers should always estimate their corn yields. Depending on the hybrid choice, planting date, and field uniformity, there may be significant yield variance both within and between fields.
Plants per acre, ears per plant, rows per ear, kernels per row, and kernel weight are the five variables that make up corn production. Typically, these elements are established in this order throughout the growth season.
The Yield Component Method involves measuring these variables to estimate corn yield. This technique is well-liked since it can be applied even before harvest, during the development of the kernels during the milk stage. It is crucial to put a number on these elements.
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How did the arrival of the arabs in the northern africa influence the development of africa?
Numerous technological advances were brought by the Muslims, including those in mathematics (numerals and algebra), astronomy, medicine, and geography. The Black Death plague struck northern Africa in the 1300s, much like it did in medieval Europe.
What impact did Arabian culture have on Africa?Arab traders and travelers, followed by African clerics, propagated the faith between the eighth and ninth centuries along the eastern coast of Africa and to western and central Sudan (literally, "Land of Black People"), promoting the growth of urban areas.
What damage were the Arabs to North Africa?The Arabs invaded North Africa three times in the seventh century, bringing with them a new religion as well as a language and way of life that were foreign to the indigenous Berber tribes of the Sahara and the Mediterranean hinterland.
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Master regulatory genes play critical roles in development. Predict the MOST likely fate of a fly embryo where master regulatory genes were nonfunctional due to mutation
a) Cell division would stop, and the embryo would halt development.
b) The embryo would be a collection of undifferentiated cells because they never get the message that will send them down a determination pathway.
c) The embryo would be a combination of differentiated and undifferentiated cells because, even in the absence of a functional master regulatory gene, some cells will differentiate on their own.
d) The embryo would continue to develop, but there is a high probability that some limbs may end up in the wrong place in the adult.
The embryo would be a collection of undifferentiated cells because they never get the message that will send them down a determination pathway. Hence, b is the correct option.
Why undifferentiated cells never get the message?Embryonic genes are a set of genes that are active during the formation and development of an embryo. These genes control a wide range of processes, including cell division, differentiation, and the formation of specific structures and organs. Some of these genes, known as master regulatory genes, play a particularly important role in controlling the overall pattern of development.
Regulator genes, as the name implies, aid in the regulation of the expression of other genes; however, not all genes are expressed in all cells or under all conditions.
Typically found downstream of reading frames. Homeotic genes are the fly's master regulatory gland. It governs the pattern of body formation in organisms during their early embryonic development. Homeotic genes eventually give rise to transcription factors, which direct the formation of various body parts.
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in plants a storage product that results from the dehydration synthesis of many glucose molecules is
Answer:
How are glucose molecules produced by green plants usually processed? Converted into starch by dehydration synthesis and stored in roots.
true/falsee. directional terms change when comparing structures and anatomical features of humans to animals that walk on four legs.
directional terms change when comparing structures and anatomical features of humans to animals that walk on four legs is true
How do animals walk on 4 legs? In fact, quadrupeds walk by moving their left hind leg first, followed by their left foreleg. Then they repeat the same pattern with the right leg. All quadrupeds walk in the same pattern and differ only in the timing of their stepsWhen moving slowly all four legged mammals use the same gait. Basically they walk one side then the other. Firstly they step with their left hind leg followed by their left foreleg. Then they step with their right hind leg followed by the right foreleg, and so onLegged animals generally get from place to place using a walking gait. Gaits are traditionally defined by footfall patterns, with walking animals having at least one leg in contact with the ground at all timesTo learn more about anatomical refers to:
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when an action potential reaches axon terminal, tiny vesicles containing fuse with the axon membrane and the chemical is released into the space between neurons called the .
Answer:
When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, tiny vesicles containing neurotransmitters fuse with the axon membrane and the chemical is released into the space between neurons called the synapse.
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genotype-environment correlations occur because biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child. multiple choice question.
Option A, Genotype-environment correlations occur because A. biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.
This means that the child inherits not only their genetic makeup from their parents but also their environment. For example, if parents have certain characteristics, such as high intelligence, they may provide a stimulating Genotype-environment that promotes the child's intellectual development. Additionally, parents may have certain resources, such as access to education, that they can provide to their children. children’s characteristics elicit certain types of physical and social Genotype-environment , this is also a correct statement, as the child's genetic makeup can influence their behavior and characteristics, which can in turn influence the types of Genotype-environment they encounter.
The complete Question is:
genotype-environment correlations occur because biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child. multiple choice question.
A. biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child.
B. children’s characteristics elicit certain types of physical and social environments.
C. children find a setting that is suited to their abilities.
D. children make active selections of environment in relation to their particular genotype.
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A person will most likely develop aphasia as a result of damage to which of the following parts of the brain?
A. Occipital lobe
B. Wernickle's area
C. Auditory cortex
D. Parietal lobe
E. Basal ganglia
A person will most likely develop aphasia as a result of Wernickle's area damage to the brain.
Aphasia is a kind of disorder, where the language part of the brain is damaged and Wernicke area is a part of left cerebral hemisphere , which is associated with language.
Aphasia is caused by several reasons, like head injury, stroke, brain tumor, infection or accidents.
It also causes damage in speech, there is a kind of aphasia known as Wernicke aphasia which is also known as receptive aphasia, where unnecessary word or wrong speech is added by the person suffereing from it.
many therapy like speech therapy or group therapy can help the patients.
Depending on the intensity the brain has faced damage is the intensity of the problems.
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Integrins connect the extracellular environment and allow the cell to move by interacting with which intracellular components? A. desmoglein and dynein B. actin and myosin C. fibronectin and laminins D. selectins and centrosomes
Transmembrane proteoglycans serve as co-receptors for matrix components; nonetheless, integrins are the primary receptors on animal cells that bind the majority of extracellular matrix proteins, including as collagen, fibronectin, and laminin.
These belong to a broad family of homologous transmembrane, cell-matrix adhesion receptors. Integrins, like other cell adhesion molecules, differ from hormone receptors and other extracellular soluble signal molecules in that they typically bind their ligands with lower affinity and are typically present at a concentration on the cell surface that is between tenfold and one hundredfold higher. If the binding was too strong, cells would likely become stuck to the matrix and unable to move, which is not a problem if attachment depends on a lot of weak adhesions. An illustration of the "Velcro principle" is this. Integrins, like other transmembrane cell adhesion proteins, do more than only connect a cell to its environment. Additionally, they stimulate internal signaling pathways that inform cells about the characteristics of the extracellular matrix by bound.
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show a dihybrid cross for fruit flies. wwrr x wwrr. be careful when counting the number for each phenotype, it is easy to make a mistake. write the phenotype ratios below.
A dihybrid cross is a cross between individuals that are heterozygous for two different traits. In this example, a dihybrid cross for fruit flies with the genotype wwrr (wild-type red-eyed) x wwrr (wild-type red-eyed) would look like this:
WWrr x WWrr
| |
WwRr WwRr
| |
WwrR WwrR
| |
Wwrr Wwrr
The phenotype ratio for this dihybrid cross would be 9 wild-type red-eyed : 3 wild-type white-eyed : 3 red-eyed mutant : 1 white-eyed mutant.This ratio can be determined by using the Punnett square, which is a tool used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses by showing all possible combinations of alleles from each parent. In this case, the Punnett square shows that there are four possible combinations of alleles for each trait: Ww for the wild-type allele and w for the mutant allele for eye color, and Rr for the red allele and rr for the white allele for eye color. Each combination of alleles has a 25% chance of occurring, resulting in the above phenotype ratio.In summary, the dihybrid cross between fruit flies with the genotype wwrr (wild-type red-eyed) x wwrr (wild-type red-eyed) results in the phenotype ratio of 9 wild-type red-eyed : 3 wild-type white-eyed : 3 red-eyed mutant : 1 white-eyed mutant.
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If maize seeds are sown at a spacing of 60 cm
by 90 cm, what is the plant population of maize
expected on one hectare of farmland?
The plant population of maize expected on one hectare of farmland is 1.85 x 10000 = 18,500.
To calculate the plant population of maize expected on one hectare of farmland, we need to determine the number of plants that can be planted per square meter and then multiply that by the number of square meters in a hectare.
A 60 cm by 90 cm spacing is equivalent to 0.6 m by 0.9 m or 0.54 square meters per plant. So, one square meter can accommodate 1/0.54 = 1.85 plants.
A hectare equals 10,000 square meters (1 ha = 10000 m^2). So, if we multiply the number of plants per square meter (1.85 plants/m^2) by the number of square meters in a hectare (10,000 m^2), we get the number of plants expected on one hectare of farmland.
Therefore, the plant population of maize expected on one hectare of farmland is 1.85 x 10000 = 18,500 plants.
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How is the tropic rainforest different than the savannas in terms of precipitation?
Answer:
the savannas receive very little rainfall and the tropical rainforest has a rainy and a dry season
Explanation:
40-60 inches
Total annual rainfall is typically 1000-1500 mm (40-60 inches). In tropical savanna climates, the dry season can become severe, with some months having no rainfall, and often drought conditions prevail during the course of the year
