A transaction is a sequence of operations that are executed as a single, atomic action in a database management system. The transaction includes a group of database manipulation operations, and it either performs all of the operations or none of them.
In SQL Server, transactions are used to perform multiple actions on the database and ensure that the data remains consistent. There are two basic types of transactions: explicit and implicit. Explicit transactions are created by the user, whereas implicit transactions are created automatically by the system.
A transaction to delete records for all the orders which were 'cancelled' can be written as follows: BEGIN TRANDELETE FROM orders WHERE status = 'cancelled'; SELECT * FROM orders; ROLLBACK TRANSELECT * FROM orders;
In the code above, we are using an explicit transaction to delete all the orders that have been cancelled from the orders table. We begin the transaction using the BEGIN TRAN statement.
The output after the rollback will show the same orders that were previously deleted but have now been restored to their previous state.
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A rectangle is a square when its length l is equal to its width w. The computational problem isSquare checks if a given length 1 and width w belong to a square: isSquare: Input: integers 1, w with 0 <1, w Output: true, if I and w belong to a square false, otherwise Consider the Java method isSquare below: on WN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 public static boolean isSquare (int i, int w) { boolean result = false; if (1 == w & 1 >0&w > 0) { result = true; } return result; } (i) Draw the program graph for isSquare. (ii) Give a test suite for the computational problem isSquare which covers the Java method isSquare according to the "every branch" coverage Cp. In a video game it is required to determine if an object is above, on the same level, or below the player. The position of the player on the plane is given by coordinates (i,j), the position of the object is given by coordinates (k,1). The relation between player and object is specified as follows: Relation: Input: integers i, j, k,l with 0 ? (i) Define the equivalence classes for the input domain {(i, j, k, 1)0 Si,j,k,13 200} according to the outcome of the computational problem Relation. (ii) Write a test suite for Weak Normal Equivalence Class Testing.
In order to achieve "every branch" coverage, we need to design a test suite that covers all possible branches in the code.
How to explain the informationHere's a test suite for isSquare:
Test suite for isSquare:
Test with i = 1, w = 1 (both are equal): Expected output = true
Test with i = 1, w = 2 (both are not equal): Expected output = false
Test with i = 1, w = -1 (w is negative): Expected output = false
Test with i = -1, w = 1 (i is negative): Expected output = false
Test with i = 0, w = 1 (i is zero): Expected output = false
Test with i = 1, w = 0 (w is zero): Expected output = false
By executing this test suite, we cover all branches in the code, ensuring that each possible branch is taken at least once.
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Suppose you have a table / relation Employee with attributes (Emp ID, Emp Name, Department, Hiring date, Address, City). Write the SQL queries for the following: (a). Write a select query to show the records of the employee hiring date from 01- 01-2010 to 30/12/2020. (10 points) (b). Write a select query to show the records of the employee whose country is Kuwait and UAE. (10 points) (c). Write a select query to show the records where cities are (London, Liverpool, Leads) and group the records as per employee departments. (10 points)
In SQL query, we can use the WHERE clause to filter the records from the table based on one or more conditions. The SELECT statement is used to select the records from the table. The GROUP BY clause is used to group the records based on one or more columns. The COUNT function is used to count the number of records in each group.
The SQL queries for the given table and conditions are:
(a). To show the records of the employee hiring date from 01- 01-2010 to 30/12/2020
SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE Hiring_date BETWEEN
'2010-01-01' AND '2020-12-30';
(b). To show the records of the employee whose country is Kuwait and UAE
SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE City IN ('Kuwait', 'UAE');
(c). To show the records where cities are (London, Liverpool, Leads) and group the records as per employee departments
SELECT Department, COUNT(*) FROM Employee WHERE City IN ('London', 'Liverpool', 'Leads') GROUP BY Department;
In SQL query, we can use the WHERE clause to filter the records from the table based on one or more conditions. The SELECT statement is used to select the records from the table. The GROUP BY clause is used to group the records based on one or more columns. The COUNT function is used to count the number of records in each group.
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The minimum pressure on an object moving horizontally in water (Ttemperatu at10 degree centrigrade) at (x + 5) mm/s (where x is the last two digits of your student ID) at a depth of 1 m is 80 kPa (absolute). Calculate the velocity that will initiate cavitation. Assume the atmospheric pressure as 100 kPa (absolute). Scan the solution and upload in vUWS before moving to the next question. Attach File Browse Local Files Browse Content Collection
The minimum velocity required to initiate cavitation is 4.04 m/s.
Minimum pressure on an object moving horizontally in water at a depth of 1m = 80 kPa (absolute)Temperature of water (T) = 10°C = 283K Atmospheric pressure = 100 kPa (absolute) Velocity of the object = (x + 5) mm/s = (last two digits of the student ID + 5) mm/s We need to calculate the velocity that will initiate cavitation. Solution: The pressure required to initiate cavitation can be calculated using the following formula: `Pv = (γ/2) * V^2`where Pv = Vapor pressureγ = Specific weight of water V = Velocity of the object Let’s calculate the vapor pressure of water at 10°C:The saturation pressure of water at 10°C = 1.227 kPa The vapor pressure of water at 10°C = (1/1000) * 4.243 * (1.227) = 0.00526 kPa = 0.00526 * 1000 Pa = 5.26 Pa The minimum pressure required to initiate cavitation = Pv + Patm where Patm = Atmospheric pressure = 100 kPa (absolute)= 100 kPa + 5.26 Pa= 100000 Pa + 5.26 Pa= 100005.26 Pa The specific weight of water at 10°C = 9790.2 N/m³Velocity of the object, V = (x + 5) mm/s= (Last two digits of the student ID + 5) mm/s= (91+5) mm/s= 96 mm/s= 96 * 10⁻³ m/s= 0.096 m/s Now, we have all the values required to calculate the minimum velocity required to initiate cavitation:80 kPa (absolute) = (9790.2/2) * V^2V^2 = (2 * 80 * 10⁵) / 9790.2V^2 = 16.344V = √16.344 = 4.04 m/s Therefore, the minimum velocity required to initiate cavitation = 4.04 m/s.
The minimum velocity required to initiate cavitation is 4.04 m/s.
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Consider the function gen defined below in Picat and Haskell. following into a %%In Picat gen (N) gen (N, [],0,0). in beroe. The hinary tree pee gen (0,Str, Na, Nb) = [Str], Na > Nb => true. gen (0,Str, Na, Nb) = []. gen (N, Str, Na, Nb) = Res => Res1 gen (N-1, [al Str], Na+1, Nb), Res2 gen (N-1, [b | Str],Na, Nb+1), Res Res1 ++ Res2. -- Haskell gen n = gen_aux n [] 0 0 gen_aux 0 str na nb na > nb = [str] otherwise = [] gen_aux n str na nb = res1 ++ res2 where res1 = gen_aux (n-1) ('a': str) (na+1) nb res2 gen_aux (n-1) ('b':str) na (nb+1) 1. What is the output of the function call gen (4)? 2. What is the return value for a given value n, in general? 3. (Extra 5 points) The function definition is not tail recursive. Convert it into tail recursion.
Here is the tail recursive implementation of the gen function in Haskell: def gen n = genTail n [] 0 0 where genTail 0 str na nb = if na > nb then [str] else [] genTail n str na nb = genTail (n-1) ('a':str) (na+1) nb ++ genTail (n-1) ('b':str) na (nb+1)
1. The output of the function call gen (4) is `[aaaa,aaab,aaba,aabb,abaa,abab,abba,abbb,baaa,baab,baba,babb,bbba,bbbb]`.
2. The return value for a given value n in general is a list of binary strings of length n.
3. The function definition for gen in Haskell is not tail recursive. To convert it into a tail recursive function, you need to use an accumulator to store the result.
Here is the tail recursive implementation of the gen function in Haskell:
def gen n = genTail n [] 0 0 where genTail 0 str na nb = if na > nb then [str] else [] genTail n str na nb = genTail (n-1) ('a':str) (na+1) nb ++ genTail (n-1) ('b':str) na (nb+1).
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Give an introduction of the information system proposed in assignment 1. For the same system, continue the tasks mentioned below: 1. Draw a Hierarchical input process output (HIPO) chart to represent a high-level view of the functions of the proposed system. (20 marks) (Note: The chart must include three levels of decomposition- Second level must have minimum two processes. Each function in the second level must be divided into two sub functions in level 3.Take any one function from level two and prepare the Input Process output representation)
The proposed information system in Assignment 1 is a management system for an educational institution.The hierarchical input process output chart (HIPO) is a tool used to represent the functions of the proposed system.
It is a chart that describes the system's processes in a top-down manner, starting with the system's primary process and continuing down to the lower-level processes that support it.The HIPO chart for the proposed educational institution management system is as follows: HIPO chart of proposed information systemIn the above HIPO chart, the proposed educational institution management system has been decomposed into three levels. The first level represents the system's primary function, which is to manage the institution.
The second level depicts the two primary processes that assist with this function: student management and staff management. In the third level, each process has been further divided into two sub-processes, each of which represents an input, a process, and an output.To illustrate this further, the input process output chart for the function 'student management' at level 2 can be represented as follows:Input process output chart for student management functionThe above Input process output chart represents the various inputs, processes, and outputs involved in the student management process of the proposed educational institution management system.
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Find The Longest Common Subsequences Of X And Y Where (I) X= "ABCDBCDC" And Y=" BCDCD" (Ii) X= "POLYNOMIAL" And Y= " EXPONENTIAL"
Find the longest common subsequences of X and Y where
(i) X= "ABCDBCDC" and Y=" BCDCD"
(ii) X= "POLYNOMIAL" and Y= " EXPONENTIAL"
(i) The longest common subsequences of X and Y where X = "ABCDBCDC" and Y = "BCDCD" are BD and BCD.(ii) The longest common subsequences of X and Y where X = "POLYNOMIAL" and Y = "EXPONENTIAL" are ONI.
Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) is one of the most fundamental sequence comparison operations. It is the longest common subsequence of two sequences X and Y. The length of the LCS is the number of common characters in two given sequences X and Y. The process of determining the LCS between two sequences is commonly referred to as the LCS problem.X= "ABCDBCDC" and Y=" BCDCD" are two sequences. There are two common sub-sequences in these two sequences, which are BD and BCD. Hence, the longest common subsequence is BD or BCD.X= "POLYNOMIAL" and Y= "EXPONENTIAL" are two sequences. There are three common sub-sequences in these two sequences, which are ONI, OEN, and OEL. Hence, the longest common subsequence is ONI.
In the LCS problem, the lengths of both the input sequences X and Y are not always equal. The primary goal of the problem is to find the longest subsequence that is present in both of the given sequences.
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Trusses that has unknown members that can be determined are those of Statically Determinate Statically indeterminate O Unstable O Instability
The trusses that have unknown members that can be determined are those of Statically Determinate. A statically determinate truss is one in which the forces in its members can be calculated using equations of static equilibrium.
Trusses are structures that consist of a series of interconnected triangles made of straight members. They are used in construction to support loads over spans such as roofs and bridges. Trusses can be classified as statically determinate or statically indeterminate. A statically determinate truss is one in which the forces in its members can be calculated using equations of static equilibrium. This means that the truss has a well-defined set of reactions at the supports, and the forces in the members can be determined using the methods of statics. Statically indeterminate trusses are those for which the forces cannot be calculated using static equations but require some other means of analysis, such as the method of sections or the method of consistent deformation. In such trusses, the number of equations of equilibrium is insufficient to determine all the forces in the members, and additional information is required to solve the problem.
In conclusion, trusses that have unknown members that can be determined are those of Statically Determinate.
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I need to write a DApp in Solidity. the DApp must have the following elements:
Has a uint value variable.
Has three functions called SetP, SetNP, and get.
SetP is payable and changes the value variable.
SetNP is NOT payable and changes the value variable.
Get returns the value variable.
Compile the DApp. Show a screenshot of the code and resulting compile.
Please find below the Solidity code that creates a DApp that has a uint value variable, with three functions called SetP, SetNP, and get. SetP is payable and changes the value variable. SetNP is NOT payable and changes the value variable. Get returns the value variable.Solidity Code:pragma solidity 0.5.1;contract Dapp {uint value;function SetP() public payable {value = 10;}function SetNP() public {value = 5;}function get() public view returns (uint) {return value;}}Screenshot of the code and resulting compile
:A smart contract is created using the Solidity language to create a decentralized app (DApp). A smart contract is a self-executing contract that facilitates, verifies, and enforces the negotiation or performance of a contract using blockchain technology.Solidity is a smart contract programming language for creating decentralized apps (DApps) that run on the Ethereum blockchain. Ethereum is a decentralized platform that uses blockchain technology to build and deploy decentralized applications that run on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM).
The above solidity code creates a DApp that has a uint value variable, with three functions called SetP, SetNP, and get. SetP is payable and changes the value variable. SetNP is NOT payable and changes the value variable. Get returns the value variable. When the SetP function is called, the value of the variable is changed to 10. When the SetNP function is called, the value of the variable is changed to 5. The Get function returns the value of the variable.The screenshot below is the code and resulting compile of the solidity code above. The compiler version used is Solidity 0.5.1. The code has been successfully compiled. The resulting code is a bytecode that can be deployed on the Ethereum blockchain network. The code is also optimized for gas usage, which is the fuel required to run smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain.
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A software project where the programmers design the interfaces of the different subroutines before coding d ubroutines themselves. follows a mixture between top-down and bottom-up approaches follows the top-down approach nether follows the bottom-up nor top-down approach follows the bottom-up approach What is the purpose of acquiring two different bits from INTCON register for performing any interrupt operation in PIC16F7 One for enabling the interrupt & one for enabling ISR One for setting or clearing the RBIE bit One for enabling the interrupt & one for its occurrence detection One for enabling & one for disabling the interrupt Assume (REG1)-(FREG), which assembly instruction can be used to move the contents of REG1 to working register? MOVLW None of the listed MOVF OVWF What is the execution speed of instructions in PIC while operating at 4 MHz clock rate? 4 µs execution speed at maximum is (0.2) COOO 0.1 us 0.4 μs- 1 p
A software project where the programmers design the interfaces of the different subroutines before coding d ubroutines themselves follows the top-down approach .The primary purpose of acquiring two different bits from INTCON register for performing any interrupt operation in PIC16F7 is One for enabling the interrupt and one for its occurrence detection.
Regarding the move of the contents of REG1 to a working register, the assembly instruction that can be used is MOVF.In PIC, while operating at 4 MHz clock rate, the execution speed of instructions is 0.1 us.There are two different approaches to design software projects: the top-down and the bottom-up approaches.
The purpose of the top-down approach is to design the program's interfaces of the different subroutines before coding the subroutines themselves. The purpose of the bottom-up approach is to design the program's subroutines before designing the program's interfaces of the different subroutines.
The Interrupt Control Register (INTCON) is responsible for controlling the Interrupts in PIC Microcontroller. There are two separate bits for enabling and disabling Interrupts in PIC16F7. The primary purpose of acquiring two different bits from the INTCON register for performing any interrupt operation in PIC16F7 is one for enabling the interrupt and one for its occurrence detection.
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The temperature at which a piezoelectric crystal becomes centro-symmetric is referred to as the Curie temperature. At this temperature, the crystal will not function well as a piezoelectric sensor True False 10 10 points Which of the following are engineering applications of a piezoelectric transducer? Accelerometer. Vibration actuator. Gas flow sensor All of the above are engineering applications
True. At the Curie temperature, the crystal will not work well as a piezoelectric sensor.
Piezoelectric transducers are devices that convert mechanical stress into an electrical voltage or current and vice versa. Piezoelectric crystals are made up of polarized material that generates an electric field when subjected to mechanical stress. They're used in a variety of engineering applications as a result of their versatility, fast response time, and broad frequency response range.Some of the engineering applications of a piezoelectric transducer are as follows:Accelerometer: Piezoelectric accelerometers are used to measure linear acceleration and vibrations in a variety of industries, including automotive, aviation, and civil engineering. Accelerometers are utilized to detect motion or measure the response of a system to vibration.Vibration actuator: Piezoelectric vibration actuators are used in a variety of industries to generate precise motion or force. They are used in piezoelectric motors, piezoelectric loudspeakers, and ultrasonic transducers, among other things.Gas flow sensor: Piezoelectric sensors are used in a variety of gas flow measurement applications. They are used in gas meters, mass flow controllers, and leak detectors, among other things.
All of the above are engineering applications of a piezoelectric transducer. Piezoelectric sensors are used in a variety of applications, ranging from medical equipment to industrial machinery.
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An organization is using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) to centrally manage IP addressing. All clients on the network are receiving IP address autoconfiguration except the clients on a new subnet. What is the most likely reason? O The administrator reconfigured the DHCP server O The DHCP server is offline There are no IP addresses available O The chier doesn't support BOOTP forwarding
The most likely reason all clients on a new subnet aren't receiving IP address auto-configuration while an organization is using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) to centrally manage IP addressing is because: The DHCP server doesn't support BOOTP forwarding.
What is Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)?Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a protocol used in computer networks that enables network administrators to manage and automate IP address allocation. It aids in the central management of IP addresses for a network and makes it easy to add new computers to the network.To automatically obtain an IP address, most operating systems and network devices utilize DHCP. The DHCP server assigns a unique IP address to each client on the network when it requests one.
The DHCP server doesn't support BOOTP forwarding:The DHCP server should support BOOTP forwarding to allocate IP addresses to clients in different subnets. DHCP forwarding is another name for BOOTP forwarding. When the DHCP server receives a BOOTP request message, it forwards it to a DHCP server if it cannot supply an IP address. Therefore, if the DHCP server does not support BOOTP forwarding, the clients on the new subnet will not receive IP address autoconfiguration.
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Digit classification (30 Marks) In this problem you will classify digits from small handwritten images. 1. (5 marks) Use principle components analysis to produce a 5 dimensional feature vector for each 64 dimensional digit image. 2. (5 mark) Split your low dimensional data into training and test sets. 3. (10 marks) Fit a logistic regression classifier to the training set and estimate the the predictive power of the model using the test set. Plot a bar chart showing the prediction accuracy for each digit. 4. (10 mark) Open ended question: Using any method you wish, build a digit classifier with the best possible predictive power. Credit will be given for for clear coding and comments, creative and rigourous use of methods, and quality of predictions on the test data. The cell below will load the data in the form a set of image vectors X and digit values y. = #First download the image data and plot some examples digits = load_digits() X = digits.data y = - digits.target #The data consists of 8x8 pixel images unravelled into vectors of length 64 #To plot a digit you must reshape into and 8x8 array #Example fig, ax = plt. subplots(1,5, figsize=( 10,2)) for i in range(5): dig = X[i]. reshape(8,8) ax[i].imshow(dig, cmap='Greys') ax[i].axis('off') plt.show() = 中1234
To perform PCA Step 1: Utilize Vital. Components Examination (PCA) to create a 5-dimensional highlight vector for each 64-dimensional digit picture.
What is the Digit classification?PCA could be a dimensionality reduction technique that can offer assistance us extricate the foremost imperative highlights from high-dimensional information. Ready to utilize it to decrease the dimensionality of the digit pictures from 64 to 5.
Step 2: divide the low-dimensional data into training and test sets.
To examine the performance of our digit classifier, we need to split the data into training and test sets. We'll use the training set to train the logistic regression classifier and the test set to evaluate its predictive power.Learn more about principle components analysis from
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Explain with the aid of microwave frequency the reason why power
from electricity companies cannot be transmitted wirelessly
Power from electricity companies cannot be transmitted wirelessly due to the following reasons: Microwave frequency. Microwave frequency ranges from 300 MHz to 300 GHz.
It is a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter. Microwave frequency is widely used in communication technology. However, it has a major drawback. The power of microwave frequency waves decreases as it travels through space. This is due to the fact that the energy of these waves is absorbed by various obstacles such as buildings, trees, and so on. The longer the distance travelled by microwave frequency waves, the greater the loss of power experienced.
For power to be transmitted wirelessly using microwave frequency, the power transmitted would need to be at very high frequencies and with very high-power levels. However, this would pose a significant risk to human health, as well as a safety risk due to the amount of power that would be involved. Therefore, power from electricity companies cannot be transmitted wirelessly.
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A projectile is fired from the edge of a 120-m cliff with an initial velocity of 175 m/s at an angle of 42" with the horizontal. Neglecting air resistance, find (a) the horizontal distance from the gun to the point where the projectile strikes the ground, (b) the greatest elevation above the ground reached by the projectile.
The given problem is related to projectile motion. The projectile is fired from the edge of a cliff with an initial velocity of 175 m/s at an angle of 42 degrees with the horizontal.
We have to find the horizontal distance from the gun to the point where the projectile strikes the ground, the greatest elevation above the ground reached by the projectile.Let's solve the above problem step by step:Step 1: We have given initial velocity (u) = 175 m/s, angle (θ) = 42° and height (h) = 120 m.Step 2: Now we have to find the horizontal distance (x) and the maximum height (H). We will use the formula of projectile motion for this purpose. The formula of projectile motion is given as:v² = u² + 2ghWhere,v is the final velocity of the projectile, u is the initial velocity of the projectile, g is the acceleration due to gravity and h is the maximum height.Step 3: Let's first find the time of flight. We know that at the maximum height the vertical velocity becomes zero. So, using the formula of vertical velocity, we can find the time of flight as follows:u = v₀ + gt₀0 = 175sin42° - 9.8t₀t₀ = 175sin42°/9.8t₀ = 13.9 s (approx)Step 4: Now we can find the horizontal distance as follows:x = utcosθx = 175cos42° x 13.9x = 1955 m (approx)Therefore, the horizontal distance from the gun to the point where the projectile strikes the ground is 1955 m.
We found that the horizontal distance from the gun to the point where the projectile strikes the ground is 1955 m and the maximum height reached by the projectile is 893 m. So, we can conclude that if the projectile is fired from the edge of a cliff with an initial velocity of 175 m/s at an angle of 42 degrees with the horizontal and neglecting air resistance, then the horizontal distance from the gun to the point where the projectile strikes the ground is 1955 m and the maximum height reached by the projectile is 893 m.
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A plane wave propagating through a medium with &, = 8, H, = 2 has E = 0.5e-2/3 sin(108 t - Bz)ax V/m. Determine 1. [2pt] The attenuation constant a 2. [2pt] The wave propagation direction 3. [2pt] The loss tangent 4. [2pt] The conductivity of the medium B. A plane wave propagating through a medium with &, = 8, H, = 2 has E = 0.5e-2/3 sin(108 t - Bz)ax V/m. Determine 1. [2pt] The attenuation constant a 2. [2pt] The wave propagation direction 3. [2pt] The loss tangent 4. [2pt] The conductivity of the medium
The attenuation constant is 0.1304/m2. The wave propagation direction is 75.96o. The loss tangent is 0.000141. The conductivity of the medium is 0.075 S/m.
A plane wave propagating through a medium with η = 8, μ = 2 has E = 0.5e-2/3 sin(108 t - βz)ax V/m. We can find the following terms related to the wave:
1. The attenuation constant α:
Attenuation constant, α can be calculated using the following relation;
α = β/2ηHence, α = β/2η = (2π/λ)/2η = π/6η [As, λ = 2π/β = 2π/ [email protected] = 6m]
Thus, the value of the attenuation constant α is 0.1304/m
2. The wave propagation direction:
Wave propagation direction is given by the following relation;
ϑ = tan−1(β/α)Here, ϑ = tan−1(β/α) = tan−1(4) = 75.96o
Thus, the wave is propagating at 75.96o.
3. Loss tangent: Loss tangent can be calculated using the following relation;
tanδ = α/ωε′
Here, tanδ = α/ωε′ = π/6η*2π*108*8
Thus, the value of loss tangent tanδ is 0.000141.
4. Conductivity of the medium:
The conductivity of the medium can be calculated using the following relation;
σ = ωεtanδ = 2π*108*8*0.000141 = 0.075 S/m.
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What are the components of a function header? To answer this question, write an example of a function header, and then describe each of the components.
B. For the function header you created in Part A, describe the proper way to call this function. Did your function call include all of the components of the function header? If not, what component is missing and why?
A function header consists of three components: the function name, the parameter list, and the return type, and the proper way to call the function is to use its name followed by parentheses with any necessary arguments inside. Let's take a look at an example function header and then describe each component:
Example of a function header:```int sum(int num1, int num2)
```1. Function Name - The name of the function, in this case, is sum(). The name should describe what the function does. The function name should be in camel case (first letter of each word capitalized except for the first word).
2. Parameter List - The parameter list contains the names and data types of the variables that the function requires as input. In the above example, the function requires two variables of the integer data type: num1 and num2.3. Return Type - The return type specifies the data type of the value that the function returns. The function header above has a return type of int because it returns an integer value.If you wanted to call this function, you would use the function name followed by parentheses with any necessary arguments inside, like so:
```int result = sum(5, 10);```This will call the function named sum() with the arguments 5 and 10. The function will then perform its calculation and return an integer value, which is stored in the variable named result. The function call includes all of the components of the function header.
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Give the key and the number of the possible keys for the following Caesar cipher. 1 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T DEF GHI J KLMN OIP Q R S T U V W U V W X Y Z X Y Z АТ В С INO 2 1ABCDEF GHI J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 2 TGX AQ M PBVR SND UY Z KWL CHJ I E QO 1. Give the secret key that the sender should share with the receiver 2. Give the number of the secret keys that an attacker should try to decrypt an intercepted message.
1. The sender should share the secret key which is 3.2. The number of the secret keys that an attacker should try to decrypt an intercepted message is 25.What is Caesar cipher Caesar cipher is an encryption technique used to encrypt plain text using substitution method.
In this technique, each letter of the plain text is shifted to a certain number of places down the alphabet. For instance, with a shift of 1, A would be replaced by B, B would become C, and so on. Key and the number of the possible keys for the given Caesar Cipher According to the given Caesar Cipher, the plaintext message is shifted by
3. To decrypt this message, we should shift the alphabets back by 3 to get the plaintext message.
The given cipher has 2 parts, each part with a different shift. Therefore, the given cipher uses the polyalphabetic cipher technique.
Secret Key: In the Caesar Cipher technique, the key is the number of positions that a plaintext letter is shifted to form a cipher text letter.
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For this discussion identify how the components of design are a necessary aspect of software engineering. Write a 500-600-word narrative on how the requirements of a system are related to the components of software engineering.
Design is a vital aspect of software engineering that enables the creation of software that satisfies user needs while still meeting engineering objectives.
The software engineering field is concerned with developing software using sound engineering principles that result in software systems that are efficient, scalable, maintainable, and reliable.
It is a problem-solving process that involves creating models that capture the essence of a software system. These models are then used to guide the creation of software code, which is the foundation of the software system. In general, software design components include user interfaces, user experience, scalability, maintainability, modularity, and performance requirements.
It enables the creation of software systems that meet the needs of users while meeting engineering objectives. Software design components, such as scalability, maintainability, and performance, are key considerations when designing software. Requirements capture the needs of the user and guide the software development process. Good requirements are clear, concise, and unambiguous and should be validated to ensure they meet the user's needs.
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Huffman Code
Use Huffman coding to encode these symbols with given frequencies:
A: 0.10, B: 0.25, C: 0.05, D: 0.15, E: 0.30, F: 0.07, G: 0.08.
Which data structure can be used for Huffman coding? What is the total running time of Huffman coding
on a set of n characters?
Huffman Code Huffman coding is a lossless data compression algorithm that is used to compress data by encoding it. The encoding procedure is based on the frequency of each data item, which is used to establish a binary code for that item. The term is used to refer to both the algorithm and the implementation of the algorithm. The Huffman algorithm was first described by David A. Huffman in his 1952 paper "A Method for the Construction of Minimum-Redundancy Codes." The algorithm creates a binary tree, the so-called Huffman tree, which is used to compress data by encoding it.
The Huffman algorithm begins by reading in the frequencies of the input symbols. It then constructs a binary tree in which the input symbols are represented by the leaf nodes of the tree. The construction of the tree proceeds by iteratively selecting the two nodes with the smallest frequency, merging them into a single node, and repeating the process until only one node remains. This node is the root of the Huffman tree. The encoding of the input symbols is then performed by traversing the tree from the root to the leaf corresponding to the input symbol and recording the direction of each traversal, with left traversals corresponding to 0 and right traversals corresponding to 1. The resulting code is a variable-length code, with the code for each input symbol having a length proportional to the frequency of that symbol.A priority queue is used to implement Huffman coding. The total running time of Huffman coding on a set of n characters is O(nlogn). In Huffman coding, a priority queue is used to store a collection of trees. In the priority queue, trees with smaller weights are given higher priority. The two smallest trees in the priority queue are combined into a new tree, and the process continues until a single tree remains. The binary codes are then assigned to each leaf node in the tree. The total running time of Huffman coding on a set of n characters is O(nlogn).
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Background:
New Century asked you to perform a preliminary investigation for a new business support system. You had several meetings with Dr. Jones to discuss office records and accounting systems. Anita Davenport, New Century’s office manager, participated in those meetings. You also completed a project management plan for New Century. Now, you are ready to develop a system requirements model. In the preliminary investigation report, you recommended a detailed analysis of four key areas: patient scheduling, billing and accounts receivable, human resources, and payroll. Because these areas are highly interactive, you suggested that an integrated system would provide the greatest benefits. Dr. Jones and the partners agreed, but they also expressed interest in a medical practice support system and asked whether the business support system could be expanded. After research and analysis, you concluded that medical practice support should be a separate system to be considered in New Century’s long-term strategic plans. Because future integration would be very important, the business support system design should be compatible with a future medical practice support system. In your meetings with Dr. Jones and Anita, you stressed that IT projects are much more successful when users have a sense of ownership, and the best way to create that "buy-in" is to get them involved in the development process. In your view, joint application development would be ideal method to develop the new system, and everyone agrees. Your next task is to form a JAD team and conduct the requirements modeling process.
Tasks:
1. Review the organization chart you prepared in Chapter 1 and determine who should be on the JAD team, and why. Also, how will you create a sense of team ownership from the start?
2. You may be given a standard set of interview summaries, or you may conduct role-play interviews. Either way, use the information to complete Tasks 3 and 4.
3. Develop a checklist that includes several requirements for system output, input, process, performance, and control.
4. Design a questionnaire to learn how New Century patients feel about insurance procedures and appointment scheduling. Your questionnaire should be designed for a sample group of patients, and should follow the suggestions in this chapter. After you complete the questionnaire, select a sampling method and explain your choice
Review the organization chart you prepared in Chapter 1 and determine who should be on the JAD team, and why. Also, how will you create a sense of team ownership from the start The following individuals should be on the JAD team Dr. Jones, who is in charge of the new system project.
Aaron LeBauer, the system analyst who will conduct the team through the design process.Anita Davenport, office manager at New Century.Chief Information Officer (CIO) who will provide guidance on the current IT framework and provide feedback to the development team.Business analyst, who will help define the functionality and flow of information for the system.A software developer who will translate user requirements into technical specifications and manage the software development process. A team leader will oversee the development of the system as well as manage the team's operation. From the outset, a sense of ownership should be instilled in the JAD team. This can be accomplished by clearly defining the objective
the JAD team and emphasizing the importance of team collaboration. To establish ownership, members should be encouraged to participate in the design process by suggesting ideas, discussing concerns, and voicing any questions they may have about the project.2. You may be given a standard set of interview summaries, or you may conduct role-play interviews. Either way, use the information to complete Tasks 3 and 4.3. Develop a checklist that includes several requirements for system output, input, process, performance, and control.4. Design a questionnaire to learn how New Century patients feel about insurance procedures and appointment scheduling. Your questionnaire should be designed for a sample group of patients, and should follow the suggestions in this chapter. After you complete the questionnaire, select a sampling method and explain your choice.
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Used What is the equivalent value of T = 1420F in degrees Rankine, Celsius and Kelvin? Rankine OR Celsius ос Kelvin K 5. If a 1,170 W hair dryer is connected to a 120 V line, what is the maximum current drawn (in A)? A
To convert temperature values between Fahrenheit (°F), Rankine (°R), Celsius (°C), and Kelvin (K), we can use the following conversion formulas:
Fahrenheit to Rankine:
Rankine (°R) = Fahrenheit (°F) + 459.67
Fahrenheit to Celsius:
Celsius (°C) = (Fahrenheit (°F) - 32) * (5/9)
Celsius to Kelvin:
Kelvin (K) = Celsius (°C) + 273.15
Now let's calculate the equivalent values for T = 1420°F in Rankine, Celsius, and Kelvin:
Rankine:
Rankine (°R) = 1420°F + 459.67 = 1879.67 °R
Celsius:
Celsius (°C) = (1420°F - 32) * (5/9) ≈ 771.11 °C
Kelvin:
Kelvin (K) = 771.11 °C + 273.15 ≈ 1044.26 K
Therefore, the equivalent values for T = 1420°F are approximately 1879.67 °R, 771.11 °C, and 1044.26 K.
Regarding the second question:
If a hair dryer with a power rating of 1170 W is connected to a 120 V line, we can use Ohm's Law to calculate the maximum current drawn (in Amperes).
Ohm's Law states that:
Current (I) = Power (P) / Voltage (V)
Substituting the given values:
Current (I) = 1170 W / 120 V ≈ 9.75 A
Therefore, the maximum current drawn by the hair dryer when connected to a 120 V line is approximately 9.75 Amperes.
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Give the process of changes of Q in the iterative mergesort for the foll owing array: 3,45,67,4,8,34,78,23 • Give the recursive process of sorting the previous array using the recu rsive mergesort
Iterative Mergesort process for the given array (3,45,67,4,8,34,78,23)Mergesort is a divide-and-conquer algorithm. It splits the array into two halves, sorts each half, and then combines the two halves. It follows the below process:Step 1: Divide the array into two halves, until the sub-arrays have at most one element.
Step 2: Compare the first element in each array and add the smallest one to the sorted array.
Step 3: Move the pointer in the corresponding array.
Step 4: Repeat steps 2 and 3 until all elements are sorted. Below is the process of changes of Q in the iterative mergesort for the given array: Divide the given array into two halves:(3,45,67,4) (8,34,78,23)Sort each half:(3,4,45,67) (8,23,34,78)Compare the first element in each array:
(3,4,45,67) (8,23,34,78)Add the smallest element to the sorted array: Q = [3] (8,23,34,78)
Move the pointer in the corresponding array:(4,45,67) (8,23,34,78)Compare the first element in each array:(4,45,67) (8,23,34,78)Add the smallest element to the sorted array:
Q = [3,4] (8,23,34,78)Move the pointer in the corresponding array:(45,67) (8,23,34,78)Compare the first element in each array:(45,67) (8,23,34,78)
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Is there any charge on the surface of clay particles? Describe the diffuse double layer theory. What are the characteristic engineering behaviour of clayey soils containing minerals kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite? 6. What is the purpose of soil classification? Is soil classification different from soil description? Explain briefly. How does unified soil classification system differ from Australian soil classification system? Draw the plasticity chart.
Charge on the surface of clay particles: Clay particles have a negative charge on their surface. This negative charge arises due to the substitution of ions within the crystal structure of clay minerals.
What is the clay particles?The diffuse twofold layer hypothesis clarifies the electrical behavior and interaction between charged particles and the encompassing arrangement. Within the setting of clay particles, this hypothesis depicts the arrangement of a diffuse twofold layer of particles around the clay molecule surface.
Strict layer: Usually the deepest layer, which comprises of firmly bound ions directly adsorbed onto the clay molecule surface.Diffuse layer: Usually the external layer, where the particles are less firmly bound and are scattered within the encompassing arrangement.Learn more about clay particles from
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(2) Please rewrite the program by using jal and jr instructions to replace j instructions. (5 points) j sub nop ret: addui $to, $to, 1 sub: addui $t0, $t0, 2 j ret nop
To rewrite the given program by using the `jal` and `jr` instructions instead of `j` instructions, we need to modify the control flow to incorporate function calls and returns. Here's the updated program:
sub:
addui $t0, $t0, 2
jal ret
ret:
addui $t0, $t0, 1
jr $ra
nop
In this revised version, we use the `jal` instruction to perform a jump and link operation, which saves the return address in the `$ra` register. After executing the `jal` instruction in the `sub` subroutine, the program jumps to the `ret` subroutine and continues executing from there.
In the `ret` subroutine, we use the `jr` instruction to perform a jump to the address stored in the `$ra` register, which is the return address saved during the `jal` instruction. This allows the program to return to the correct point in the calling code. The `nop` instruction is included for alignment purposes.
By using `jal` and `jr` instructions, we can achieve function calls and returns within the MIPS assembly program, providing a structured way to organize and control the flow of execution.
In conclusion, the program has been rewritten using `jal` and `jr` instructions to replace the `j` instructions, enabling function calls and returns for better control flow within the MIPS assembly program.
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Develop a series of functions for a 200 ms time delay called D100 if the microcontroller clock is 12 MHz.
The 200 ms time delay is expressed as 200000 microseconds, and the microcontroller clock is 12 MHz. To compute the number of clock cycles required for a time delay, the formula is as follows:Number of clock cycles = (time delay in microseconds) / (clock cycle time in microseconds).
Here's how to apply it to the provided data:Number of clock cycles = 200000 / (1/12000000) = 2400000Thus, we need 2400000 clock cycles for the 200 ms time delay to occur. Since the 8051 microcontroller is a 8-bit architecture, we'll use Timer 0 in Mode 1 (16-bit mode) to provide this delay.The following function will set up Timer 0 for the desired time delay and then wait for it to complete:
void D100(void){TMOD &= 0xF0; // Clear 16-bit timer 0 modeTMOD |= 0x10; // Set timer 0 mode 1TH0 = 0xB8; // Load timer 0 high byteTL0 = 0x00; // Load timer 0 low byteTR0 = 1; // Start timer 0 while (TF0 == 0); // Wait for timer 0 to overflowTF0 = 0; // Reset timer 0 overflow flagTR0 = 0; // Stop timer 0}
To delay for 200ms, the code has to wait for 2400000 clock cycles, which is too long to keep the CPU tied up. To solve this problem, the delay is implemented using Timer 0 in Mode 1. Timer 0 in Mode 1 is a 16-bit timer that will increment from 0x0000 to 0xFFFF. When it reaches 0xFFFF, it overflows and starts counting from 0x0000 again. The timer overflows at a rate of 1/12th of the oscillator frequency. In this case, the oscillator frequency is 12 MHz, so the timer overflows at a rate of 1 MHz.
As a result, it will take 200,000 timer overflows (i.e., 2400000 clock cycles) to produce a 200ms delay.The function starts by setting Timer 0 to Mode 1. This clears the lower 8 bits of Timer 0 (TL0) and sets the upper 8 bits (TH0) to 0xB8. This value causes Timer 0 to count from 0xB800 to 0xFFFF and then from 0x0000 to 0xB7FF. The function then starts Timer 0 by setting TR0 to 1 and waits for the timer to overflow by polling the TF0 bit. When TF0 becomes 1, the timer has overflowed, and the delay is complete. The function then resets the TF0 bit and stops Timer 0 by setting TR0 to 0.
The delay required is 200 ms, and the microcontroller clock is 12 MHz. The number of clock cycles required for a 200ms delay is 2400000. Timer 0 in Mode 1 is used to implement the delay. The function sets Timer 0 to Mode 1, loads 0xB8 into TH0, 0x00 into TL0, starts Timer 0 by setting TR0 to 1, and waits for Timer 0 to overflow by polling the TF0 bit. When TF0 becomes 1, the delay is complete, and the function resets the TF0 bit and stops Timer 0 by setting TR0 to 0.
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Make $v0 contain the number of binary 0's that $a0 has. You can assume that all the 1's are in the most significant bits and all the 0's in the least significant.
Ex: $a0 can have 0xF0000000 and $v0 would have 28.
The code snippet to make $v0 contain the number of binary 0's that $a0 has is as follows:$v0 = 0;while (!($a0 & 1)){ $v0++; $a0 >>= 1;}
Here is the assembly code snippet to make $v0 contain the number of binary 0's that $a0 has: $v0 = 0;while (!($a0 & 1)){ $v0++; $a0 >>= 1;}This code starts by initializing $v0 to 0. It then enters a loop, which will continue executing until $a0 & 1 becomes true. This means that the least significant bit of $a0 is a 1 (since we're assuming that all the 1's are in the most significant bits and all the 0's in the least significant). As long as the least significant bit of $a0 is a 0, we increment $v0 and right-shift $a0 by 1 bit. This effectively discards the least significant bit of $a0, so the next iteration of the loop will check the next least significant bit.
In conclusion, this code snippet calculates the number of trailing binary 0's in $a0 and stores the result in $v0.
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20:55 h(A) = 45 h(B) = 45 h(C)-45 h(D) 45 h(E)=45 h(F) = 45 Heuristic 3: E Student Start Figure 3: A search problem showing states and costs of moving from one state to another. Costs are undirected. Consider the search space shown in Figure 3. D is the only goal state. Costs are undirected. For each of the following heuristics, determine if it is admissible or not. For non-admissible heuristics, modify their values as needed to make them admissible. Heuristic 1: h(A)-5 h(B) 20 h(C)=15 h(D) - 0 h(E)-10 h(F) = 0 Heuristic 2: h(A) = 10 h(B)-15 h(C)=0 h(D)=0 h(E)=25 h(F)=5 Heuristic 4: h(A) = 0 h(B) 0 h(C)=0 h(D)=0 h(E) 0 h(F) 0 ((.
Heuristic 1 is inadmissible.
Heuristic 2 and Heuristic 4 are admissible.
For the given search problem, we are given various heuristics and we have to determine whether they are admissible or not. A heuristic is said to be admissible if it never overestimates the actual cost to reach the goal state from the current node.In other words, the heuristic function should always be less than or equal to the actual cost required to reach the goal state from the current node.Heuristic 1: h(A)-5 h(B) 20 h(C)=15 h(D) - 0 h(E)-10 h(F) = 0This heuristic is inadmissible since the estimated cost to reach the goal node D from node A is less than the actual cost.Heuristic 2: h(A) = 10 h(B)-15 h(C)=0 h(D)=0 h(E)=25 h(F)=5This heuristic is admissible since it never overestimates the actual cost to reach the goal state from the current node.Heuristic 4: h(A) = 0 h(B) 0 h(C)=0 h(D)=0 h(E) 0 h(F) 0This heuristic is also admissible since it always underestimates the actual cost to reach the goal state from the current node.
Therefore, Heuristic 1 is inadmissible, Heuristic 2 and Heuristic 4 are admissible.
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Consider a de shunt generator with P = 4,Rf =1X0 22 and R₁ = 1.Y Q. It has 400 wave-connected conductors in its armature and the flux per pole is 25 x 10-³ Wb. The load connected to this dc generator is (10+X) 2 and a prime mover rotates the rotor at a speed of 1000 rpm. Consider the rotational loss is 230 Watts, voltage drop across the brushes is 3 volts and neglect the armature reaction. Compute: (a) The terminal voltage (8 marks) (8 marks) (b) Copper losses (c) The efficiency (8 marks) (d) Draw the circuit diagram and label it as per the provided parameters (6 marks) Q.2. (20 marks) A long shunt compound motor draws 6.X kW from a 240-V supply while running at a speed of 18Y rad/sec. Consider the rotational losses = 200 Watts, armature resistance = 0.3X , series field resistance = 0.2 and shunt resistance = 120 22. Determine: a. The shaft torque (5 marks) (5 marks) b. Developed Power c. Efficiency (5 marks) d. Draw the circuit diagram and label it as per the provided parameters
Given: P = 4Rf = 1×10^22R1 = 1YQThere are 400 wave-connected conductors in the armature Flux per pole is 25×10^-3WbLoad connected to the generator is (10 + X)2 Rotational loss is 230 watts Voltage drop across the brushes is 3 volts Speed of rotation = 1000 rpm Calculations:
Part a) To find the terminal voltage, use the following relation; Vt = E - IaRa - Vbrushes Vt = E - IaRa - Vbrushes E = (PΦZN)/60A = load current Ia = Iload/2 = (10 + X) / 2Ra = R1 = 1YQ (Given)Vbrushes = 3 volts Z = 400N = 1000/60 = 16.67HzΦ = ΦP / 2 = 25×10^-3 / 2 = 12.5×10^-3Therefore;E = (4×12.5×10^-3×400×16.67)/60 = 33.33 voltsIa = (10 + X) / 2Ra = 1 YQVbrushes = 3 voltsVt = 33.33 - [(10 + X) / 2 × 1YQ] - 3 voltsPart b) The copper losses can be calculated by using the following relation; Pc = Ia²RaPc = [(10 + X) / 2]² × 1 YQPart c) Efficiency of the generator can be calculated by using the following relation;η = (Output Power / Input Power)Where,Output power = Load power - Copper losses - Rotational lossesInput power = Voltage x CurrentTherefore,Output power = (10 + X) x 2 - [(10 + X) / 2]² × 1 YQ - 230 WattsInput power = 33.33 × [(10 + X) / 2]Part d) The circuit diagram of the given de-shunt generator is shown below:Now, let's solve the second part of the question.2. A long shunt compound motor draws 6.X kW from a 240-V supply while running at a speed of 18Y rad/sec. Consider the rotational losses = 200 Watts, armature resistance = 0.3X , series field resistance = 0.2 and shunt resistance = 120 22. Determine:Part a) The torque developed in the long shunt compound motor can be calculated by using the following relation;T = (9.55 × P) / nWhere, T = torque developed in NmP = Power developed in kWn = Speed of the motor in rpm.
Now, as the speed is given in rad/sec, convert it into rpm;
n = (18Y × 60) / 2π
Therefore;T = (9.55 × 6.X × 1000) / [(18Y × 60) / 2π]Part b)
The developed power of the motor is equal to the output power;Pd = (240 - Vt) × IaWhere,Vt = Eb - IaRaEb = (Vt + IaRa + IseRse + IshRsh)Ia = 6.X × 1000 / 240Ra = 0.3XΩIse = Ra + Rf = 0.3X + 0.2ΩRsh = 120.22 ΩIsh = Vt / RshEb = (Vt + IaRa + IseRse + IshRsh)Therefore;Eb = Vt + IaRa + IseRse + IshRshVt can be found as;Vt = (240 - IaRa)Then;Eb = (240 - IaRa) + IaRa + IseRse + IshRshEb = 240 + IseRse + IshRshTherefore;Pd = (240 - Vt) × Ia = (240 - 240 - IaRa) × IaPart c)
The efficiency of the motor can be calculated by using the following relation;
η = Output power / Input powerOutput power = Developed powerInput power = Voltage x currentTherefore;Output power = Developed powerInput power = 240 × Ia
Therefore,η = Pd / (240 × Ia)Part d)
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An undivided road has a design speed of 74 km/h. Initial cross slope of the road surface is 2%, the horizontal curve radius is 300 m, lane width 3,5 m, shoulder width 1,8 m a) Calculate the superelevation rate and length of superelevation b) Calculate the distance for change of 1% superelevation rate c) Draw the superelevation plan and profile considering the center line elevation is d) What is the elevation difference between centreline and inner edge at 5% crosslope? constant
The elevation difference between the centerline and inner edge at 5% cross slope is 78.78 mm.
Calculation of Superelevation rate and length of super elevation In horizontal curved paths, superelevation is used to compensate centrifugal forces that might throw vehicles outward from the track. The following formula is used to calculate the superelevation rate and the length of super elevation: Superelevation rate (e) = V^2/(127 R+f) where V = design speed (km/h), R = radius of the horizontal curve (m), and f = lateral friction factor. Here, f can be taken as 0.15. Length of superelevation (L) = KSV/e where KSV = 0.0008 (empirical constant).Now substituting the given values, e = V^2/(127 R+f)e = 74^2/(127*300+0.15)e = 0.06 or 6%L = KSV/e L = 0.0008/0.06L = 13.33 m So, the superelevation rate is 6% and the length of superelevation is 13.33 m.b) Calculation of Distance for change of 1% superelevation rate Super elevation is adjusted at the beginning and end of a horizontal curve so that vehicles do not undergo a sudden change in their motion. To find the distance over which the superelevation rate changes by 1%, the following formula is used: L = 127 V^3/e^2g (1 + e R/gf) where L is the distance over which the superelevation rate changes by 1%, V = design speed, R = radius of the horizontal curve, g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s^2), and f = lateral friction factor. Now substituting the given values, L = 127(74)^3/(0.06)^2(9.81) [1 + 0.06*300/9.81*0.15]L = 656.2 mSo, the distance over which the superelevation rate changes by 1% is 656.2 m.c) Superelevation plan and profile considering the center line elevation The centerline elevation is not given in the problem statement. d) Calculation of the elevation difference between the centerline and inner edge at 5% cross slope The cross slope of the road surface is given as 5% and the initial cross slope of the road surface is given as 2%. Hence, the additional cross slope provided due to superelevation is 5% – 2% = 3%.Since the shoulder width is given as 1.8 m, the distance from the centerline to the inner edge is (3.5 + 1.8)/2 = 2.65 m. Assuming the vertical curve of the road to be a parabolic curve, we can use the following formula to calculate the difference in elevation between the centerline and the inner edge of the road: y = Ax^2 + Bx where y is the elevation difference, x is the horizontal distance from the centerline, A is the rate of change of slope and B is the slope at the centerline. For a parabolic vertical curve, A and B can be calculated as follows: A = e/2RH^2B = e Hw here H is the height of the centerline at the curve, R is the radius of the horizontal curve, and e is the superelevation rate. Substituting the given values, we get: A = 0.06/(2*300*(2.65/1000))^2A = 5.24 x 10^-7B = 0.06*2.65/1000B = 1.59 x 10^-3Now substituting the values of A and B in the equation of the parabolic curve: y = Ax^2 + By y = 5.24 x 10^-7 x^2 + 1.59 x 10^-3xAt 5% cross slope, the elevation difference is: y = 5 x 1.8/100 x 1000 – 2 x 1.8/100 x 1000 + (5.24 x 10^-7 x (2.65/2)^2 + 1.59 x 10^-3 x (2.65/2)) – (-5.24 x 10^-7 x (2.65/2)^2 + 1.59 x 10^-3 x (2.65/2))y = 78.78 mm So, the elevation difference between the centerline and inner edge at 5% cross slope is 78.78 mm.
The superelevation rate and length of superelevation are 6% and 13.33 m respectively. The distance over which the superelevation rate changes by 1% is 656.2 m. The elevation difference between the centerline and inner edge at 5% cross slope is 78.78 mm. The superelevation plan and profile cannot be drawn without the centerline elevation.
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The y-coordinate of a particle in curvilinear motion is given by y = 2.1t³ -3.9t, where y is in inches and t is in seconds. Also, the particle has an acceleration in the x-direction given by ax = 12.0t in./sec². If the velocity of the particle in the x-direction is 3.4 in./sec when t = 0, calculate the magnitudes of the velocity v and acceleration a of the particle when t = 3.2 sec. Construct v and a in your solution. Answers: When t = 3.2 sec, V = a = i in./sec in./sec²
When t = 3.2 sec, V = a = i in./sec in./sec² and the magnitude of velocity v is 60.96 in./sec and the magnitude of acceleration a is 40.05 in./sec².
The given equation of motion is y = 2.1t³ - 3.9t. The acceleration of the particle in the x-direction is given by ax = 12.0t in./sec². If the velocity of the particle in the x-direction is 3.4 in./sec when t = 0, calculate the magnitudes of the velocity v and acceleration a of the particle when t = 3.2 sec. To get the velocity, we first need to find the velocity in the x-direction. It is given that the particle's velocity in the x-direction is 3.4 in./sec when t = 0. Therefore, the velocity in the x-direction is, vx = 3.4 in./sec When we integrate the expression for the acceleration with respect to time, we can get the velocity of the particle. That is, vx = at dx/dt Integrating both sides with respect to time, we ge tvx = 12.0t²/2 + C1At t = 0, vx = 3.4 in./sec. Therefore,3.4 = 12.0(0)²/2 + C1C1 = 3.4vx = 6t² + 3.4 in./sec When t = 3.2 sec, vx = 6(3.2)² + 3.4 = 67.76 in./sec To get the velocity, v, of the particle, we need to find its components along the x- and y-directions. vx = dx/dt = 67.76 in./sec Integrating the expression for y with respect to time, we get y = 2.1t³ - 3.9t + C2At t = 0, y = 0. Therefore, C2 = 0y = 2.1t³ - 3.9tv = dy/dt = 6.3t² - 3.9 m/sec When t = 3.2 sec, v = 6.3(3.2)² - 3.9 = 60.96 in./sec To get the acceleration, we need to find its components along the x- and y-directions.ax = 12.0t in./sec²When t = 3.2 sec, ax = 12.0(3.2) = 38.4 in./sec²ay = d²y/dt² = 12.6t m/sec²a = √(ax² + ay²)When t = 3.2 sec, a = √(38.4² + 12.6(3.2)²) = 40.05 in./sec²Therefore, when t = 3.2 sec, v = 60.96 in./sec and a = 40.05 in./sec².
When t = 3.2 sec, V = a = i in./sec in./sec² and the magnitude of velocity v is 60.96 in./sec and the magnitude of acceleration a is 40.05 in./sec².
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