After receiving my college degree, my expected and disposable future income will increase. This will have a significant effect on my saving and investment decisions and transactions in the loanable funds market. Firstly, I will have more money to save. With an increase in income, I will have a higher capacity to save for my future financial needs. As such, I may choose to save more and spend less on my current needs.
Additionally, with more disposable income, I will have more resources to invest in the loanable funds market. This means that I may choose to invest more in the loanable funds market and have a higher allocation of my income towards investments in this market. I will be able to take more risks with my investments since I will have more resources at my disposal.
Moreover, since the interest rate is a key determinant in the loanable funds market, the increase in my disposable income may lead to higher interest rates, which would be beneficial for my investment portfolio. I will be able to earn a higher return on my investments in the loanable funds market since I will have more resources to invest.
In conclusion, the increase in my expected and disposable future income will lead to a higher allocation towards savings and investments in the loanable funds market. I will be able to take more risks with my investments and earn a higher return on my investments in this market.
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A change in consumer sentiment leads to a decrease in consumption
spending. In the context of the AS-AD model, and with the aid of a
diagram, explain the short run effects this has on the price level, output,
and unemployment in the economy. [25 marks]
iii) In the scenario presented in part ii) outline and explain how the
government could use fiscal policy to try to return the economy to its
natural rate of output. If policy makers did not intervene in this economy,
what would happen in the long run?
The sticky wages and prices that prevented the immediate adjustment of wages and prices in the short run will now be adjusted. As wages and prices become more flexible, unemployment will decrease, and output will increase.
The AS-AD model shows the price level and level of real output in an economy, assuming a constant rate of inflation. Aggregate supply (AS) and aggregate demand (AD) curves are used in the AS-AD model to represent macroeconomic variables that affect an economy's output and price level.
A change in consumer sentiment leads to a decrease in consumption spending, resulting in a decrease in aggregate demand (AD). This is due to a decrease in consumer confidence in the economy, causing people to spend less money. With the aid of a diagram, let us examine the short-run impacts of this on the price level, output, and unemployment in the economy. In the short run, a decrease in aggregate demand (AD) shifts the curve leftward from AD1 to AD2.
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Can an impairment loss in one year be reversed in the following
year? Under what conditions can this reversal occur and which
accounts are affected in this reversal?
An impairment loss can be reversed in the following year if there is a change in circumstances, subject to certain limitations and accounting treatments.
The reversal is allowed if there is a change in circumstances that caused the impairment loss to occur. The reversal amount should not exceed the amount of impairment loss that was initially recorded, and the carrying amount of the asset after the reversal should not exceed the asset's recoverable amount.
The accounts affected by the reversal are the same as those affected by the impairment loss initially recorded. If the impairment loss was recorded in the income statement, the reversal is also recorded in the income statement. If the impairment loss was recorded in the revaluation reserve, the reversal is recorded in the revaluation reserve.
However, the reversal of an impairment loss should be recognized immediately in profit or loss except when the asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the reversal is treated as a revaluation increase.
Also, any reversal of an impairment loss of goodwill should be recognized in profit or loss as it is not possible to track the change in recoverable amount of goodwill.
The reversal of the impairment loss should be recorded in the income statement as a gain and should be disclosed separately in the financial statements. The disclosure should include the amount of the reversal, the reasons for the reversal, and the affected assets or cash-generating units.
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Your brother is buying an automobile that costs $12,000. He will pay $2000 immediately and the remaining $10,000 in four annual end-of-yearswith principal payments of $2500 each year. In addition to the $2500, he must pay with 15% interest on the unpaid money each year. DRAW a cash flowthat representsthe amount each year.
The cash flow diagram shows an initial payment of $2000 in Year 0 and annual payments of $2500 towards the principal, along with interest payments based on the unpaid balance each year.
A cash flow diagram representing the cash flows for your brother's automobile purchase:
Year 0:
- Initial payment: $2000 (outflow)
Year 1:
- Principal payment: $2500 (outflow)
- Interest payment: $10,000 * 15% = $1500 (outflow)
Year 2:
- Principal payment: $2500 (outflow)
- Interest payment: ($10,000 - $2500) * 15% = $1125 (outflow)
Year 3:
- Principal payment: $2500 (outflow)
- Interest payment: ($10,000 - $5000) * 15% = $750 (outflow)
Year 4:
- Principal payment: $2500 (outflow)
- Interest payment: ($10,000 - $7500) * 15% = $375 (outflow)
Please note that the cash flow representation shows the negative amounts indicating cash outflows for payments made each year.
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Erickson Industries is calculating its Cost of Goods Manufactured at yea-end. The company's accounting records show the following: The Raw Materais inventory account had a beginning batance of $19,000 and an ending balance of $12,000. During the year, the company purchased $63,000 of direct materials. Direct labor for the year totaled $128,000, while manufacturing overhead amounted to $152.000. The Work in Process Inventory account had a begining balance of $25,000 and an ending balance of $18,000. Assume that Raw Materials inventory contains onty direct materials. Compuie the Cost of Goods Manufactured for the year. (Hint. The frst step is to caloulate the direct materials used during the year.)
For Erickson Industries, the cost of goods manufactured for the year is $369,000.
We need to add the direct materials used throughout the year to the total manufacturing costs in order to calculate Erickson Industries' Cost of Goods Manufactured (COGM). Let's take it one step at a time:
Find out how many direct materials were used in a year:
Beginning Raw Materials Inventory: $19,000
Purchases of Direct Materials: $63,000
Ending Raw Materials Inventory: $12,000
Direct Materials Used = (Beginning Raw Materials Inventory + Purchases of Direct Materials) - Ending Raw Materials Inventory
Direct Materials Used = ($19,000 + $63,000) - $12,000
Direct Materials Used = $82,000
Calculate the total manufacturing costs:
Direct Labor: $128,000
Manufacturing Overhead: $152,000
Total Manufacturing Costs = Direct Materials Used + Direct Labor + Manufacturing Overhead
Total Manufacturing Costs = $82,000 + $128,000 + $152,000
Total Manufacturing Costs = $362,000
Calculate the Cost of Goods Manufactured:
Beginning Work in Process Inventory: $25,000
Total Manufacturing Costs: $362,000
Ending Work in Process Inventory: $18,000
Cost of Goods Manufactured = (Beginning Work in Process Inventory + Total Manufacturing Costs) - Ending Work in Process Inventory
Cost of Goods Manufactured = ($25,000 + $362,000) - $18,000
Cost of Goods Manufactured = $369,000
Therefore, the Cost of Goods Manufactured for Erickson Industries for the year is $369,000.
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One type of language often used by speakers is jargon. Which one is an example of jargon?
a)
That happened out of the blue.
b)
The combatants were victims of friendly fire.
c)
The puppy was cute as a button.
d)
The patient is NPO until Tuesday when we can do surgery.
Jargon is a language used by a group of people who have a similar profession, hobby, or interest. This type of language often includes terms or phrases that are not commonly used in everyday language. The use of jargon helps members of a particular group communicate more effectively by using terms that are familiar to them.
One example of jargon in the given options is This medical jargon is used to tell that the patient is not allowed to eat or drink anything until the surgery is performed, which is a common instruction given to patients before surgery to reduce the risk of complications.
A) That happened out of the blue - is a figure of speech. It means something that happened unexpectedly without warning. This phrase is a common idiom that has been in use for many years.
B) The combatants were victims of friendly fire - This is a military term used to describe the accidental firing on one's troops by the forces of the same side, usually in the course of a battle. It is a formal term and not a jargon.
C) The puppy was cute as a button - is a simile, which means the puppy is cute.
D) The patient is NPO until Tuesday when we can do surgery. NPO is an abbreviation of Latin words, "nil per os," meaning "nothing by mouth."
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Hillside issues $1,400,000 of 5%, 15-year bonds dated January 1, 2021, that pay interest semiannually on June 30 and December 31. The bonds are issued at a price of $1,713,594. Required: 1. Prepare the January 1, 2017, journal entry to record the bonds’ issuance. 2(a) For each semiannual period, complete the table below to calculate the cash payment. 2(b) For each semiannual period, complete the table below to calculate the straight-line premium amortization. 2(c) For each semiannual period, complete the table below to calculate the bond interest expense. 3. Complete the below table to calculate the total bond interest expense to be recognized over the bonds' life. 4. Prepare the first two years of an amortization table using the straight-line method 5. Prepare the journal entries to record the first two interest payments.
1, January 1, 2021, journal entry: Bonds issued at $1,713,594 with $313,594 premium. 2(a) $35,000 per semiannual period. 2(b) $10,453.13 per semiannual period. 2(c) $24,546.87 per semiannual period. 2, Total bond interest expense: $1,050,000. 3, Amortization table for 2021: Beginning value $1,713,594, ending value $1,703,600. 2022: Beginning value $1,703,600, ending value $1,693,106.26. 4,Journal entries: Debit interest expense, debit premium on bonds payable, credit cash.
To assist with the calculations, let's assume that the fiscal year-end is December 31.
January 1, 2021, journal entry to record the bonds' issuance:
Cash $1,713,594
Premium on Bonds Payable $313,594
Bonds Payable $1,400,000
(To record the issuance of bonds at a premium)
2(a) Cash payment for each semiannual period:
The semiannual interest payment can be calculated as follows:
Interest Payment = Principal Amount × Interest Rate / 2
The bond has a 5% interest rate, and the principal amount is $1,400,000.
Semiannual Period | Interest Payment
---------------------------------------
June 30, 2021 | $1,400,000 × 5% / 2 = $35,000
December 31, 2021 | $35,000
June 30, 2022 | $35,000
December 31, 2022 | $35,000
June 30, 2023 | $35,000
December 31, 2023 | $35,000
... (continue for the remaining semiannual periods)
2(b) Straight-line premium amortization for each semiannual period:
The premium amortization can be calculated as follows:
Premium Amortization = Total Premium / Total Number of Periods
The total premium is the difference between the issue price and the face value of the bonds:
Total Premium = Issue Price - Face Value
Total Premium = $1,713,594 - $1,400,000 = $313,594
The total number of semiannual periods is 30 (15 years × 2 semiannual periods per year).
Semiannual Period | Premium Amortization
------------------------------------------
June 30, 2021 | $313,594 / 30 = $10,453.13
December 31, 2021 | $10,453.13
June 30, 2022 | $10,453.13
December 31, 2022 | $10,453.13
June 30, 2023 | $10,453.13
December 31, 2023 | $10,453.13
... (continue for the remaining semiannual periods)
2(c) Bond interest expense for each semiannual period:
The bond interest expense can be calculated by subtracting the premium amortization from the interest payment.
Semiannual Period | Bond Interest Expense
------------------------------------------
June 30, 2021 | $35,000 - $10,453.13 = $24,546.87
December 31, 2021 | $35,000 - $10,453.13 = $24,546.87
June 30, 2022 | $35,000 - $10,453.13 = $24,546.87
December 31, 2022 | $35,000 - $10,453.13 = $24,546.87
June 30, 2023 | $35,000 - $10,453.13 = $24,546.87
December 31, 2023 | $35,000 - $10,453.13 = $24,546.87
... (continue for the remaining semiannual periods)
Total bond interest expense over the bonds' life:
Total Bond Interest Expense = Interest Payment × Total Number of Periods
Total Bond Interest Expense = $35,000 × 30 = $1,050,000
Amortization table using the straight-line method (for the first two years):
Year | Beginning Carrying Value | Premium Amortization | Bond Interest Expense | Ending Carrying Value
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2021 | $1,713,594 | $10,453.13 | $24,546.87 | $1,703,600
2022 | $1,703,600 | $10,453.13 | $24,546.87 | $1,693,106.26
Journal entries to record the first two interest payments:
Assuming the interest payments are made on June 30 and December 31 of each year:
June 30, 2021 interest payment:
Interest Expense $24,546.87
Premium on Bonds Payable $10,453.13
Cash $35,000
(To record the semiannual interest payment)
December 31, 2021 interest payment:
Interest Expense $24,546.87
Premium on Bonds Payable $10,453.13
Cash $35,000
(To record the semiannual interest payment)
Here the subsequent years would follow a similar pattern of interest payments and premium amortization, but the carrying value and ending carrying value would change accordingly.
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What were some of Roosevelt's major reforms?
The initiatives had a lasting impact on American society and helped to shape the role of the federal government in promoting economic stability and social welfare.
"Roosevelt" likely refers to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 to 1945. During his presidency, he implemented several major reforms as part of his New Deal program, aimed at addressing the economic challenges of the Great Depression. Some of Roosevelt's major reforms include:
Social Security Act (1935): One of the most significant and enduring reforms of the New Deal, the Social Security Act established a system of old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, and assistance to dependent children and disabled individuals. This program provided a safety net for vulnerable segments of the population and remains a central pillar of the U.S. social welfare system to this day.
Securities Exchange Act (1934): This legislation was designed to regulate the securities industry and restore investor confidence after the stock market crash of 1929. It established the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to oversee and regulate the securities markets, protecting investors from fraudulent practices and ensuring more transparent financial markets.
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) (1935): This act guaranteed workers the right to form labor unions and engage in collective bargaining. It aimed to balance the power between employers and employees, promoting better working conditions, higher wages, and increased labor rights.
Banking Reforms: Roosevelt implemented various banking reforms to stabilize the financial system and restore confidence in the banking sector. The Banking Act of 1933 (also known as the Glass-Steagall Act) separated commercial banking from investment banking, establishing the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure bank deposits and prevent bank runs.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) (1933): This program provided jobs and economic relief to young, unemployed men during the Great Depression. It focused on conservation projects, such as reforestation and soil conservation, providing employment opportunities and addressing environmental issues.
Works Progress Administration (WPA) (1935): The WPA was a large-scale public works program that provided jobs to millions of unemployed Americans. It funded a wide range of infrastructure projects, including roads, bridges, schools, and public buildings, contributing to economic recovery and modernization.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (1933): The TVA was a federal agency created to provide economic development, flood control, and electricity generation in the Tennessee Valley region. It improved the infrastructure, promoted agricultural and industrial development, and brought electricity to rural areas.
These are just a few of the major reforms initiated under President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program
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The preferred stock of General Motors pays an annual dividend of $1.4 forever. The appropriate discount rate is 4% per year. art 1 Attempt 1/1 What is the present value of all dividends?
Preferred stock is a type of stock that pays a constant dividend. The constant dividend is considered a perpetuity.
Perpetuity is an annuity that continues indefinitely. It means that the present value of an infinite stream of cash flows is considered a perpetuity.
In the given case, The preferred stock of General Motors pays an annual dividend of $1.4 forever, and the appropriate discount rate is 4% per year. The present value of the preferred stock of General Motors is the value of a perpetuity.
In order to calculate the present value of all dividends, we will use the following formula:
P = D / r
Where,
P = Present Value of Perpetuity
D = Annual Dividend
r = Interest or Discount Rate
Here,
Annual Dividend, D = $1.4
Discount Rate, r = 4% or 0.04
The formula can be rewritten as:
P = D / r
= $1.4 / 0.04
= $35
The present value of the perpetuity is $35. The present value of an infinite stream of cash flows can be calculated using the formula P = D / r, where D is the annual dividend and r is the interest rate or discount rate.
In this case, the annual dividend is $1.4, and the appropriate discount rate is 4% per year. Therefore, the present value of all dividends is $35.
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Which one of the following would increase the working capital of a company? Payment of a 20-year mortgage payable with cash Cash collection of accounts receivable Cash payment of payroll taxes payable Refinancing a short-term note payable with a two-year note payable The budget or schedule that provides necessary input data for the direct labor budget is schedule of cash collections. raw materials purchases budget. cash budget. production budget
Cash collection of accounts receivable would increase the working capital of a company.
When a company collects accounts receivable, it means that customers have paid their outstanding invoices or debts to the company. This results in an inflow of cash, which directly increases the company's cash balance and overall working capital. Working capital is the measure of a company's short-term liquidity and ability to cover its current liabilities with its current assets. By collecting accounts receivable, the company improves its cash position, which can be used to fund day-to-day operations, invest in growth opportunities, or pay off other short-term obligations. This increase in working capital strengthens the company's financial position and provides more flexibility in managing its ongoing business activities.
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Becky purchased a new printing machine for $100,010, paid $10,000 for shipping, and paid $5,000 to have it installed in their plant. Based on an estimated salvage value of $25,000 and an economic life of six years, what is the difference between straight-line depreciation and double-declining balance depreciation in the second year of the asset's life?
Expert Answer
The difference between straight-line depreciation and double-declining balance depreciation in the second year of the asset's life has been asked. The company has bought a new printing machine for $100,010, paid $10,000 for shipping, and paid $5,000 to have it installed in their plant.
The estimated salvage value of the machine is $25,000, and the useful life of the asset is six years. Straight-line depreciation method is a depreciation method in which an asset is depreciated at a uniform rate over the useful life of the asset.
The straight-line depreciation formula is:
Straight-line depreciation = (cost of asset - salvage value) / useful life of asset.
Using the straight-line method, the yearly depreciation expense will be:
($100,010 - $25,000) / 6 = $12,502.
The depreciation expense for the second year will be $12,502.
Double-declining balance (DDB) depreciation method is a depreciation method in which an asset is depreciated at twice the rate of straight-line depreciation.
The double-declining balance formula is:
DDB depreciation = (2 / useful life of asset) * book value at beginning of the year.
Using the double-declining balance method, the yearly depreciation expense will be:
(2 / 6) * $100,010 = $33,336.67.
The depreciation expense for the second year will be
($100,010 - $33,336.67) * (2 / 6) = $22,224.44.
The difference between straight-line depreciation and double-declining balance depreciation in the second year of the asset's life will be:
$22,224.44 - $12,502 = $9,722.44.
Answer: The difference between straight-line depreciation and double-declining balance depreciation in the second year of the asset's life is $9,722.44.
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1. Third party verifcation as an acceptable substantive audit procedure was as a result of which of the following cases?
London and General Bank Case
Royal Bank of Scotland v Bannerman Johnstone Maclay
City Equitable Fire Incurance Co
Capari v Dickman
The Caparo Industries v Dickman case established auditors' duty of care and made third-party verification an acceptable audit procedure.
Third-party verification as an acceptable substantive audit procedure was a result of the Caparo Industries plc v Dickman case in the United Kingdom. This landmark case, which took place in 1990, involved the financial statements of Fidelity, a company in which Caparo had acquired shares. Caparo, as a shareholder, sued the company's auditors, Dickman, alleging that they had negligently prepared the financial statements, leading to Caparo suffering financial losses.
The House of Lords, the highest court at the time, set a new legal precedent in this case. They ruled that auditors owe a duty of care not only to the company being audited but also to individual shareholders who may rely on the audited financial statements. The decision established the "three-fold test" for determining the scope of auditors' liability, stating that a duty of care exists when: (1) the auditor is aware that the financial statements will be used for a specific purpose, (2) the user of the financial statements belongs to a class of individuals that the auditor should reasonably foresee would rely on the statements, and (3) there is sufficient proximity between the auditor and the user.
As a result of this case, third-party verification, such as obtaining confirmations or certifications from external parties, became an acceptable substantive audit procedure to enhance the reliability and credibility of financial statements. Auditors started relying on independent external sources to validate the accuracy and completeness of information presented in financial statements, thus increasing the level of assurance provided to shareholders and other stakeholders.
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Capital grants An entity opens a new factory and receives a government grant of $15,000 in respect of capital equipment costing $100,000. It depreciates all plant and machinery at 20% pa straight-line. Show the statement of profit or loss and statement of financial position extracts in respect of the grant in the first year under both methods.
Statement of Profit or Loss extract are Revenue: Government grant - Capital $15,000, Expenses: Depreciation expense $20,000, and Net profit $-5,000.
Statement of Financial Position extract (Assets) are Non-current assets:
Capital equipment (cost: $100,000, depreciation: $20,000) $80,000
Government grant receivable $15,000, Statement of Financial Position extract (Equity and Liabilities): Equity: Retained earnings $-5,000
In the first year, the entity receives a government grant of $15,000 in respect of capital equipment costing $100,000. The entity depreciates the capital equipment at a straight-line rate of 20%, resulting in a depreciation expense of $20,000.
Under the capitalization method, the government grant of $15,000 is recognized as part of the non-current assets on the statement of financial position. The grant is then reduced from the non-current asset (capital equipment) by the amount of depreciation expense ($20,000), resulting in a net decrease in the asset value by $5,000. This decrease is reflected in the retained earnings on the statement of financial position.
Under the offset method, the government grant of $15,000 is directly recognized as revenue on the statement of profit or loss. However, the grant is offset against the related depreciation expense ($20,000) in the same period, resulting in a net loss of $5,000.
Please note that these extracts are simplified and do not include other elements of the financial statements. The treatment of government grants may vary based on accounting standards and specific circumstances, so it's advisable to consult professional accountants or refer to applicable accounting guidelines for a comprehensive and accurate presentation.
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ABC pays a one time freecashflow of 104 in 1yr. The firm risk is related with a required return of 0.29. For what value could you sell the firm's unlevered equity for today?
The free cash flow is the measure of a firm's financial performance that represents the cash a company produces after accounting for capital expenditures needed to maintain or expand its asset base. It is the cash left over after the firm has met all of its short- and long-term obligations. The formula for free cash flow is:
Free Cash Flow = Operating Cash Flow - Capital Expenditures
Given that the ABC firm paid a one-time free cash flow of 104 in one year and the firm's risk is related to a required return of 0.29. The unlevered equity value of the firm can be determined using the following formula:
Free Cash Flow / (Required Rate of Return - Growth Rate)
We can assume that the growth rate is zero in this case, so the formula becomes:
Unlevered Equity Value = Free Cash Flow / Required Rate of Return
Substituting the values given in the question:
Unlevered Equity Value = 104 / 0.29 = 358.62
The value at which the firm's unlevered equity can be sold for today is 358.62.
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Each month, $250 is placed into an annuity that earns 5%
compounded monthly. Find the value of the annuity after 20
years.
On solving the above
equation, we geta = 93138.34
Therefore, the value of the annuity after 20 years is $93,138.34.
Given: Each month, $250 is placed into an annuity that earns 5% compounded monthly.
The formula for the value of an annuity, compounded at a given interest rate, for n periods and a regular payment R is given
bya = [tex]R [(1+i)^n - 1] /[/tex]
i Where,a= Present value of the
annuity = Interest rate per period n= Number
of periods R= Regular payment Putting the given values in the
formula = [tex]250 [(1+(5/12)/100)^(20*12) - 1] / (5/12[/tex])
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Rahul Company is a family-owned company located in the village of Gurgaon on the eastern side of the state. The company produces a handcrafted musical instrument called a gamelan that is like a xylophone. The gamelans are sold to a Canadian importer for $850. Selected data for the company’s operation last year follow:
Units in beginning inventory
0
Units produced
500
Units sold
450
Units in ending Inventory
50
Variable Costs per unit:
Direct Material
150
Direct labour
270
Variable manufacturing overhead
40
Variable selling & Administration
25
Fixed Costs:
Fixed manufacturing overhead
120,000
Fixed selling & Administration
40,000
Assume that the company uses absorption costing. Compute the unit product cost for one gamelan
Assume that the company uses variable costing. Compute the unit product cost for one gamelan
Absorption costing unit cost: $725. Variable costing unit cost: $485.
The unit product cost for one gamelan is calculated using absorption costing by taking into account both variable and fixed production expenses. Direct material ($150), direct labor ($270), variable manufacturing overhead ($40), and variable selling & administration ($25) make up the $485 in variable costs per unit. The fixed expenses, which include set selling and administrative expenses ($40,000) and fixed manufacturing overhead ($120,000), are distributed across the entire number of units produced (500). ($120,000 divided by 500) represents the fixed production overhead per unit, which is $240. Therefore, $725 ($485 + $240) is the unit product cost under absorption costing.
Variable costing, in contrast, simply takes into account the variable costs per unit. Since direct material, direct labor, variable manufacturing overhead, and variable selling costs are all included, the unit product cost for one gamelan under variable costing is $485.
To summarize:
Absorption costing unit product cost: $725
Variable costing unit product cost: $485
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. Explain three different approaches to calculate the GDP. Which approach should be used in the economy like Pakistan and Why? (3 Marks) b. Distinguish between PI AND DI (2 MARKS) c. An economy produces two goods: tomatoes and ketchup. It is assumed that half of the tomatoes are bought and consumed as final good; the other half is used to produce ketchup. In 2014, 30 KGs of tomatoes are produced at Rs.60 each, and 20 KGs of ketchup are produced at Rs.200 each. In 2015, 40 KGs of tomatoes are produced at Rs.80 each, and 30 KGs of ketchup are produced at Rs.195 each. Find the following: i. Assuming 2014 is the base year; calculate the real, nominal GDP and GDP deflator in 2014 and 2015. (3 Marks)
a. Approaches to calculate GDP are as follows:Production approach: According to this approach, the GDP is computed by calculating the gross value of goods and services produced in different sectors of the economy.
The sum of the value-added to the goods or services produced in each sector is used to compute GDP.Income approach: According to this approach, GDP is calculated by measuring the total income generated by the production of goods and services in the economy.
Wages, interest, rent, and profits are included in the national income of the country.Expenditure approach: According to this approach, GDP is calculated by measuring the total spending on goods and services in the economy. The GDP of a country is the sum of all expenditures on consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports of the country.Given the state of the economy in Pakistan, the income approach may be the most appropriate to measure GDP, as it can capture both formal and informal economic activity in the country.
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Listening 2.3 - Libby Larson: "Kyrie" from Missa Gaia
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After listening to Listening 2.3, respond to the following questions:
1. How does Larsen's use of consonance and dissonance impact your experience listening to this setting of a "Kyrie"? Be specific.
2. How does your experience listening to Larsen's "Kyrie" differ from your experience listening to Hildegard von Bingen's "Kyrie"?
1. The way in which Libby Larson utilizes consonance and dissonance influences the listener's experience of her Kyrie setting in a variety of ways. Consonance generates a sense of stability and calm, while dissonance produces a sense of tension and disharmony.
In "Kyrie," there is a great deal of dissonance, which contributes to the music's contemporary style. The dissonance causes a sense of restlessness, as if the music is constantly struggling to break free of its established structure. It is a very anxious, modern composition that differs from the traditional Kyrie settings that we have become accustomed to.
2. Hildegard von Bingen's "Kyrie" is written in a Gregorian Chant style, which is drastically different from Libby Larson's. Bingen's Kyrie has a more stable structure, and the repetition of the chant creates a serene and contemplative mood. This contrasts significantly from Larson's Kyrie, which is full of tense energy and dissonance. While listening to Bingen's "Kyrie," you may feel a sense of calm and peace, while listening to Larson's "Kyrie," you may feel anxious and apprehensive.
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Describe the economic, technological, social, political, and legal factors affecting labour relations and explain the significance for unions and employers. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10(PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).
Labour relations is the term that refers to the interactions that take place between employees and employers. These interactions are heavily influenced by the economic, technological, social, political, and legal factors that shape the labour market.
The significance of these factors for unions and employers is profound, as they directly impact their ability to function in the labour market.
Economic factors affecting labour relations:
Wage levels, labour productivity, economic growth, inflation, and the unemployment rate are all economic factors that have a direct impact on labour relations.
Unions are affected by these factors because they represent workers who want to ensure that they receive fair wages for their work.
Employers are affected by these factors because they must balance their labour costs against their profits.
Technological factors affecting labour relations:
The development of new technologies can have a significant impact on labour relations.
Technological innovations have the potential to eliminate jobs, as they can be used to automate tasks that were previously performed by human workers.
For unions, technological change poses a challenge because it can result in job loss. For employers, technological change represents an opportunity to increase productivity and reduce costs.
Social factors affecting labour relations:
Social factors such as demographics, cultural norms, and values can have a significant impact on labour relations. Unions are affected by social factors because they must adapt their strategies to meet the changing needs of their members.
Employers are affected by social factors because they must be aware of the changing expectations of their workers and customers.
Political factors affecting labour relations:
Political factors such as government policies and regulations can have a significant impact on labour relations. Unions are affected by political factors because they can influence government policies that affect workers' rights.
Employers are affected by political factors because they must comply with government regulations.
Legal factors affecting labour relations:
Legal factors such as labour laws and regulations can have a significant impact on labour relations. Unions are affected by legal factors because they are responsible for ensuring that workers' rights are protected under the law.
Employers are affected by legal factors because they must comply with labour laws and regulations.
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How should significant noncash transactions be reported in the statement of cash flows according to US GAAP? Such transactions should be incorporated in the section (operating. financing, or investing) that is most representative of the major component of the transaction. They should be incorporated in the statemerit of cash flows in a section iabeled, "Significant Noncash Transactions." They should be handled in a manner consistent with the transactions that affect cash flows. These noncash transactions are not to be incorporated in the statement of cash flows. They may be summarized in a separate schedule at the boftom of the statement or appear in a separate supplementary schedule to the financials.
Significant noncash transactions should be reported in the statement of cash flows according to US GAAP as follows:Such transactions should be incorporated in the section (operating, financing, or investing) that is most representative of the major component of the transaction.
They should be incorporated in the statement of cash flows in a section labeled "Significant Noncash Transactions." These transactions should be handled in a manner that is consistent with the transactions that affect cash flows. These noncash transactions are not to be incorporated in the statement of cash flows.
They may be summarized in a separate schedule at the bottom of the statement or appear in a separate supplementary schedule to the financials.Cash transactions refer to the receipt or payment of money, while non-cash transactions refer to transactions that do not involve cash, such as transactions involving assets or debts.
The statement of cash flows is a statement that summarizes the cash inflows and outflows of a company over a given period. In the US, the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) set standards for how companies report their financial statements, including their statement of cash flows.Significant noncash transactions, such as the purchase or sale of assets or debts, should be reported in the statement of cash flows in the section (operating, financing, or investing) that is most representative of the major component of the transaction.
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Question 1 2 pts Residual Income =$23000 Operating income =33,725 Cost of Capital =12% What is return on investment? Don't round any intermediate calculations. Enter your answer to one decimal place. Do not use commas, percentage or dollar signs.
Return on investment (ROI) refers to the measure of financial performance that is used to calculate how much money a business has made for every dollar of investment.
It is a financial metric used to evaluate how efficiently an investment generates profit.
The formula for calculating ROI is
ROI = Net Income/Investment * 100
Where Net Income is calculated as Residual Income which is Income – (Cost of Capital * Investment).
Residual Income can be calculated as:
Residual Income = Operating Income – (Cost of Capital * Investment)
Using the given values:
Residual Income = $23000
Operating income = $33,725Cost of Capital = 12%
Using the formula for Residual Income, we have:
$23,000 = $33,725 - (0.12* Investment)0.12* Investment = $33,725 - $23,000= $10,725
Investment = $10,725/0.12= $89,375
the investment is $89,375
Using the formula for ROI, we have:
ROI = $23,000/$89,375*100ROI = 25.7
the return on investment (ROI) is 25.7%.
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what was one benefit some economists believed would result from supply-side economics? 6.05
Supply-side economics is a theory that argues that tax cuts and deregulation will lead to economic growth.
One benefit some economists believed would result from supply-side economics was increased economic growth. They argued that by cutting taxes and reducing regulation, businesses would have more incentive to invest and grow, which would lead to more jobs and higher wages.
There is some evidence to support this claim. For example, the United States experienced a period of strong economic growth in the 1980s, which some economists attribute to the supply-side policies of President Ronald Reagan. However, other economists argue that the economic growth of the 1980s was due to other factors, such as the deregulation of the financial industry.
Ultimately, the impact of supply-side economics on economic growth is a complex issue that is still debated by economists. However, there is no doubt that it is a controversial theory that has had a significant impact on economic policy.
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A project has an initial cost of $55,000, expected net cash inflows of $9,000 per year for 11 years, and a cost of capital of 9%. What is the project's NPV? (Hint: Begin by constructing a time line.) Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent.
Net cash inflows of $9,000 per year for 11 years, and a cost of capital of 9%. Begin by drawing a timeline like this one:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
-55,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000
The initial investment is represented by a negative sign at time 0 (-$55,000), and the expected net cash inflows for each of the following 11 years are represented by positive signs ($9,000). Then, using the formula for NPV:
NPV = -Initial Investment + (Cash Flow / (1+R)^n) + (Cash Flow / (1+R)^n) + ... + (Cash Flow / (1+R)^n)
where R is the cost of capital and n is the year in question, we can find the NPV of the project.
Using the formula, we get:
NPV = -$55,000 + ($9,000 / (1+0.09)^1) + ($9,000 / (1+0.09)^2) + ... + ($9,000 / (1+0.09)^11)
NPV = -$55,000 + $8,256.88 + $7,574.61 + ... + $1,961.23NPV = $5,797.55
The project's NPV is $5,797.55 (rounded to the nearest cent).
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planning for the next week is referred to as multiple choice question. short range capacity management. intermediate range capacity management. long range capacity management.
The planning for the next week is referred to as short-range capacity management.
Short-range capacity management involves short-term planning and decision-making to ensure that the necessary resources, including labor, equipment, and materials, are available to meet the immediate production or service demands.
It typically focuses on daily or weekly operations and addresses short-term fluctuations in demand and capacity utilization. Short-range capacity management involves activities such as scheduling, workforce allocation, production coordination, and inventory management to optimize resource utilization and maintain efficient operations in the near term.
By closely monitoring and adjusting capacity in the short term, businesses can effectively respond to changes in customer demand, minimize bottlenecks, and ensure smooth operations on a day-to-day basis.
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Product Cost Concept of Product Pricing Mademoiselle Company produces women's handbags. The cost of producing 1,280 handbags is as follows: The selling and administrative expenses are $28,700. The management desires a pronit equal to 18% of invested assets of $496, If required, round your answers to nearest whole number. a. Determine the amount of desired pronit from the production and sale of 1,280 handbags. b. Determine the product cost. per unit ror the production of 1,280 handbags. per unit? c. Determine the product cost markup percentage for handbags. d. - Determine the seling price of handbags. Round your answers to nearest whole value. \&
The desired profit from the production and sale of 1,280 handbags is $2,755.
Mademoiselle Company produces women's handbags and wants to determine various aspects of product pricing based on their production costs. Firstly, the desired profit from the production and sale of 1,280 handbags needs to be calculated.
To do this, the management desires a profit equal to 18% of the invested assets, which amounts to $496. The desired profit can be calculated by multiplying the invested assets by the desired profit percentage: $496 = 18% * $2,755 (496 ÷ 0.18 = 2,755). Therefore, the desired profit from the production and sale of 1,280 handbags is $2,755.
Next, the product cost per unit needs to be determined for the production of 1,280 handbags. The product cost includes the cost of producing the handbags and the selling and administrative expenses. Since the cost of producing 1,280 handbags is not provided, it cannot be directly calculated.
However, we know that the selling and administrative expenses are $28,700. To determine the product cost per unit, the total selling and administrative expenses need to be divided by the number of handbags produced: $28,700 ÷ 1,280 = $22.42 (rounded to the nearest whole number). Therefore, the product cost per unit for the production of 1,280 handbags is approximately $22.
To determine the product cost markup percentage for the handbags, the desired profit and the product cost per unit need to be considered. The product cost markup percentage is calculated by dividing the desired profit by the product cost per unit and multiplying by 100: ($2,755 ÷ $22) * 100 ≈ 12500%. Therefore, the product cost markup percentage for the handbags is approximately 12,500%.
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In Mademoiselle Company ,the desired profit from the production and sale of 1,280 handbags is $2,755.
Mademoiselle Company produces women's handbags and wants to determine various aspects of product pricing based on their production costs. Firstly, the desired profit from the production and sale of 1,280 handbags needs to be calculated.
To do this, the management desires a profit equal to 18% of the invested assets, which amounts to $496. The desired profit can be calculated by multiplying the invested assets by the desired profit percentage: $496 = 18% * $2,755 (496 ÷ 0.18 = 2,755). Therefore, the desired profit from the production and sale of 1,280 handbags is $2,755.
Next, the product cost per unit needs to be determined for the production of 1,280 handbags. The product cost includes the cost of producing the handbags and the selling and administrative expenses. Since the cost of producing 1,280 handbags is not provided, it cannot be directly calculated.
However, we know that the selling and administrative expenses are $28,700. To determine the product cost per unit, the total selling and administrative expenses need to be divided by the number of handbags produced: $28,700 ÷ 1,280 = $22.42 (rounded to the nearest whole number). Therefore, the product cost per unit for the production of 1,280 handbags is approximately $22.
To determine the product cost markup percentage for the handbags, the desired profit and the product cost per unit need to be considered. The product cost markup percentage is calculated by dividing the desired profit by the product cost per unit and multiplying by 100: ($2,755 ÷ $22) * 100 ≈ 12500%. Therefore, the product cost markup percentage for the handbags is approximately 12,500%.
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Identify any organisation of your own choice with a number of departments interacting with each other. Imagine that the organisation has an open policy which enables employing and dealing with people who are both nationals and nonnationals. You are advised to take assumptions where necessary based on your experience with oracle database systems. QUESTION ONE a) Design the database using an enhanced entity relationship diagram (EERD). Make it as detailed as possible, reflecting; entity integrity, referential integrity, inheritance, and numeric multiplicity.
The database design for an organisation with multiple departments interacting with each other can be done using an Enhanced Entity Relationship Diagram (EERD) that includes entity integrity, referential integrity, inheritance, and numeric multiplicity.
An Enhanced Entity Relationship Diagram (EERD) can be used to design a database for an organization that includes multiple departments interacting with each other. This type of diagram is an extension of the traditional Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) and includes additional features such as entity inheritance and subtypes. It also includes additional constraints such as entity integrity and referential integrity.
Entity Integrity is a type of constraint that ensures that each entity in a table has a unique identity. This means that there are no duplicate entries in the table. It can be enforced by using a primary key or a unique key constraint.
Referential Integrity is a type of constraint that ensures that the relationships between entities are maintained. This means that when a record in one table is updated or deleted, all related records in other tables are also updated or deleted. It can be enforced by using foreign keys.
Inheritance is a type of relationship between entities that allows one entity to inherit the attributes and relationships of another entity. This is useful when there are common attributes or relationships between entities that can be reused in other entities.
Numeric Multiplicity is a type of constraint that specifies the minimum and maximum number of instances of an entity that can be related to another entity. It can be enforced by using cardinality notation such as 1:1, 1:N, N:M.
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Which type of contract has (on average) the most counterparty risk for the short and long position? Put option (bought on exchange) Futures contract Forward contract Call option (bought on exchange)
A forward contract is the type of contract that has (on average) the most counterparty risk for the short and long position. Here's why: Explanation: A forward contract is a type of agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specified price and date in the future.
Forward contracts are not traded on exchanges, and they are customizable in terms of contract size, settlement date, and the underlying asset, making them very flexible. They are also used in the financial market for hedging and speculative purposes.
The counterparty risk refers to the possibility that the other party to a contract might not fulfill their obligation. Therefore, it is essential to consider the counterparty risk when entering into a forward contract, especially if it is an over-the-counter (OTC) contract.
The counterparty risk is higher in forward contracts than in other types of contracts because they are private agreements, and there is no clearinghouse to guarantee performance. As a result, both the long and short position in a forward contract are exposed to counterparty risk.
In contrast, put options and call options bought on an exchange, as well as futures contracts, are guaranteed by clearinghouses, reducing the counterparty risk. The clearinghouse acts as a third-party intermediary, ensuring that both parties fulfill their obligations.
Therefore, forward contracts carry a higher counterparty risk than options and futures contracts. In conclusion, a forward contract has the most counterparty risk for the short and long position.
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What is so attractive about the use of QALYs? Provide an example of QALY calculations for a hypothetical health intervention.
Q A LY s (Quality Adjusted Life Years) are an attractive tool for healthcare policymakers to use when evaluating potential interventions or treatments.
This is because Q A L Y s allow policymakers to assess the value of a treatment in terms of its ability to both lengthen and improve the quality of a patient's life.For example, if a patient receives a treatment that extends their life but also causes significant pain and discomfort, the Q A L Y calculation may result in a lower score than a treatment that doesn't extend life but significantly improves quality of life.
For a hypothetical health intervention, let's say there is a new drug that can be used to treat a chronic illness. This drug has been tested and has been shown to extend life by 5 years, but has some side effects that reduce the quality of life of patients who take it.To calculate the Q A L Y for this intervention we would first estimate the number of years of life gained by the intervention (in this case, 5 years).
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a type of retail outlet that focuses on one type of product at very competitive prices and often dominates the market is called a(n) __________.
A type of retail outlet that focuses on one type of product at very competitive prices and often dominates the market is called a "category killer."
A category killer is a retail store or outlet that specializes in a specific product category and offers a wide variety of products within that category. They typically have a large selection, extensive inventory, and highly competitive prices, allowing them to attract customers and dominate the market for that particular product category.
Category killers often have a significant advantage over general retailers or smaller specialty stores because of their specialized focus and economies of scale. They can offer a more extensive range of products, deeper product knowledge, and better prices due to their purchasing power and dedicated expertise in that specific category. As a result, they often capture a significant market share and outperform competitors in that product segment.
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Increasing Internet Speeds
"Engineers in Japan have set a new world record for fastest internet speed — and it’s so fast, you’d be able to download nearly 80,000 movies in just one second.
The new record is 319 terabits per second (Tb/s). That’s double the previous world record for fastest internet speed and about 7.6 million times faster than the average home internet speed in the U.S. (42 megabits per second)."
As organizations and individuals rely more and more on the internet to provide faster and larger amounts of content and more devices are connected, bandwidth becomes a concern. What are the implications of having fiber-optic cable to everyone’s home? How will our society change as internet speeds increase by an order of magnitude or more?
The implications of having fiber-optic cable to everyone’s home: The term bandwidth refers to the quantity of data that can be transmitted through an internet connection at any given time.
As more people and devices rely on the internet to provide faster and larger amounts of data, bandwidth becomes a concern.
Fiber optic cables are one solution for this problem, which allows for faster and more reliable data transmission.
Fiber optic cables can carry data at much higher speeds than traditional copper cables, enabling higher bandwidths for households.
Faster internet speeds will allow for greater usage of bandwidth-intensive services such as streaming video, online gaming, and video conferencing.
Additionally, the use of fiber-optic cables can lead to increased productivity as businesses adopt faster data transfer rates, which can lead to new business models and increased innovation.
How will our society change as internet speeds increase by an order of magnitude or more? As the internet becomes faster and more reliable, our society will become more reliant on it for everyday tasks.
For example, working remotely has become increasingly popular over the past year, and this trend is likely to continue as the internet becomes faster and more reliable.
Businesses that previously required employees to work on-site may be more inclined to allow remote work, leading to increased flexibility and work-life balance for employees.
The speed of the internet has a significant impact on the economy as well. Faster internet speeds will allow businesses to be more competitive in the global market by enabling them to provide more efficient and cost-effective services.
Additionally, increased bandwidth will enable the growth of new industries that rely on high-speed data transfer rates such as virtual and augmented reality.
The use of fiber-optic cables for internet access will also lead to more innovation in the field of technology. High-speed data transfer rates will enable new technologies to be developed, which will increase our ability to store and analyze data.
These advancements will lead to new scientific discoveries, medical breakthroughs, and more efficient manufacturing processes.
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Product Development Life Cycle????
(Introduction, growth, maturity, decline) Profit at each stage, Sales, Promotional Tool.
Difference between satisfaction delights, and brand love /emotional
What is the definition and benefits of green marketing
Product Development Life Cycle (PDLC) is a cycle that is followed by companies when they introduce new products into the market.
It comprises of four stages, namely;
introduction, growth, maturity, and decline.
During each stage, companies use different promotional tools to boost sales.
Here is a breakdown of each stage of PDLC:
Introduction:
In this stage, companies invest more in promotional tools than they earn in profits.
The sales of the product are low and only a few people know about it.
The profit margin is negative, meaning companies spend more than they earn.
Growth:
During the growth stage, the product becomes more popular, and the number of customers using it increases.
Companies still invest in promotional tools, but the profit margin starts to increase.
Sales of the product start to increase rapidly, and companies may invest in increasing production.
Maturity:
In this stage, the product reaches its peak, and sales growth slows down.
The number of new customers decreases, and companies may invest in retaining current customers.
As more companies embrace green marketing,
those that fail to adopt it lose out on market share.
Companies that use green marketing gain a competitive advantage,
which can lead to increased sales and profits.
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