The professor gave samples from seven fern species and one moss. The most likely reason of her giving the moss sample is to serve as an outgroup. An outgroup is a taxon that is closely related to, but not a member of, the group being studied.
It serves as a reference point for comparison, providing a basis for identifying the shared and derived characters that distinguish the members of the ingroup (the group being studied) from other taxa. By comparing the characters of the ingroup and outgroup, one can identify which characters are unique to the ingroup and which have been inherited from a common ancestor. In this case, the lily is not an orchid species but is closely related to orchids, so it is a suitable outgroup for constructing a phylogenetic tree of orchids. By comparing the characters of the orchids and the lily, one can identify which characteristics are unique to the orchids and which have been inherited from a common ancestor. This allows for the identification of shared derived characters, which can be used to group the orchids into related clades on the phylogenetic tree.
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The given question is incomplete. The complete question is as follows:
Your professor wants you to construct a phylogenetic tree of orchids. She gives you tissue from seven orchid species and one lily. What is the most likely reason she gave you the lily?
A. to see if the lily and the orchids show all the same shared derived characters
B. to see if the lily is a cryptic orchid species
C. to serve as an outgroup
D. to demonstrate likely homoplasies
You wish to determine whether a tall pea plant is homozygous or heterozygous for tallness. What
cross should you perform to arrive at your answer? Explain your choice of cross.
Answer:
Bb x Bb or BB x BB or bb x bb
Explanation:
B for dominant
b for recessive
When an organism is heterozygous and is crossed, 2 of the offspring out of the 4 will also share the same trait. So, if two of the tall pea plants are crossed, if they are heterozygous 2 of their offspring will also be tall pea plants and if they are homozygous all of their offspring will be tall pea plants.
Cross:
Bb is the tall pea plant if it is heterozygous.
Bb x Bb
B b B B
B BB Bb for homozygous : B BB BB
b Bb bb B BB BB
2/4 are tall pea plants all are tall pea plants
You could pick either cross, they both will give you the right answer answer:
If you use a heterozygous cross and 2 offspring are tall pea plants (same as the parents) then the trait is heterozygous.
If you use a homozygous cross and all offspring are tall pea plants (same as the parents) then it is homozygous.
Note that if the heterozygous cross doesn't have 2 tall offspring then it is homozygous and similarly if the homozygous crossed offspring does not yield all tall pea plants then the gene is heterozygous.
What is the definition of valve ?
Answer:
A valve is a device that opens and closes to control the flow of liquids or gases.
Explanation:
Scientists use specific levels of organization to analyze the biosphere. Which level of organization describes a school of anchovies?
A school of anchovies. At least 20 fish can be seen swimming.
in the sense of alternation of generations, how many generations are included in a mature pine seed?
The three generations or tissue that make up the seed include the embryo itself, the develop a new that will supply nourishment, and the seed coat, which comes from sporophyte tissue.
Are sporophytes vascular organisms?Plants that produce spores are alluded to as sporophytes. But it's crucial to remember that spores are a product of all plants. Sporophytes-bearing plants are divided into vascular and non-vascular plants, and these two groups are further subdivided into several botanical phyla.
What three components make up a sporophyte?Foot, seta, and capsule are the three distinct elements of the sporophyte. After meiosis, spores develop inside the capsule.
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which organelle receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and glycosylates them before sorting the proteins to other organelles?
Golgi Apparatus. Rough endoplasmic reticulum supplies the Golgi apparatus with proteins and lipids (fats). The vesicles are transported from the Golgi apparatus into the cis Golgi network's "unloading bay."
In order to create enclosed droplets known as vesicles, it changes some of them, sorts, concentrates and packs them.
Here, the "goods received" are examined. Any misdelivered items including compounds that ought to have remained in the RER are returned, packaged in vesicles, to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Once the proteins and lipids have been properly transported, they are next sent into the cisternae of the Golgi stack where they are processed and arranged in a systematic manner in accordance with any "labels" they may contain.
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a number of passengers on a cruise ship from new york to california have recently developed some illness symptoms compatible with a type of coronavirus, covid-19. testing for this coronavirus is not readily available on any nearby island, and the test takes several days even where available. assuming you are the epidemiologist called on to board the ship and investigate this possible outbreak. which variables might you include in characterizing the outbreak described by person? (choose all that apply) group of answer choices
As an epidemiologist called on to investigate a possible COVID-19 outbreak on a cruise ship, there are several variables that would be important to consider in characterizing the outbreak.
These variables would help to understand the extent of the outbreak, identify possible sources of infection, and implement appropriate public health interventions. The following are some of the variables that might be included:
Number of Cases: The first variable to consider would be the number of passengers who have developed illness symptoms compatible with COVID-19. This information would provide a sense of the scale of the outbreak and help to determine whether it is a localized outbreak or a more widespread epidemic.
Timeframe of Onset: It would be important to know when the first cases of illness appeared and the time frame of onset for subsequent cases. This information would help to identify the likely incubation period for the virus and determine the rate of transmission.
Demographic Information: Demographic information such as age, gender, occupation, and nationality can provide important clues as who is most affected by the outbreak and whether there are any patterns in the spread of the virus. For example, if most cases are in a particular age group or occupation, it could suggest that the virus is spreading through a common activity or location.
Symptomatology: It would be important to document the specific symptoms experienced by the passengers. COVID-19 typically presents with symptoms such as fever, cough, and shortness of breath, but other symptoms may also be present. Knowing the range of symptoms experienced by passengers would help to identify cases that may be missed if testing is not available.
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based on the data in table 3.1, what can you infer about the relative length of time an onion root tip spends in each stage of cell division?
The onions cells spend the most of their time in interphase, getting ready for mitosis, just like the majority of cells (remember that each cell spends about 90% of its time in interphase). It takes a long time to complete a lot of tasks during this phase, which takes up the second-longest amount of time in the prophase. The length of each subsequent phase varies depending on the region of the root that is being examined. For example, the rem. M checkpoint, which ensures that the sister chromatids are properly aligned on the metaphase plate, takes some time.
what is a cell?the smallest unit that can sustain life on its own and makes up all living things, including the body's tissues. The cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm are the three primary components of a cell. The cell membrane protects the cell and regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
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How do substitution insertion and deletion mutations form?
Substitution mutations occur when a base pair is replaced with a different base pair, insertion mutations occur when extra nucleotides are added to a DNA sequence, and deletion mutations occur when one or more nucleotides are removed from a DNA sequence.
The primary distinction between substitution insertion and deletion mutations is their origin. Substitution mutations occur when a base pair is replaced with a different base pair, insertion mutations occur when extra nucleotides are added to a DNA sequence, and deletion mutations occur when one or more nucleotides are removed from a DNA sequence.A mutation is a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence. A gene has a unique nucleotide sequence.Gene mutations can change the genetic information contained within the nucleotide sequence of a gene. The mutation can range in size from a single base change to a large fragment of a chromosome containing multiple genes. Mutations occur for a variety of reasons. Some of the major causes are errors in DNA copying during cell division, exposure to ionizing radiation, exposure to chemicals known as mutagens, and viral infections.
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how much energy does it take to pump a proton across the mitochondrial inner membrane, from the matrix to the intermembrane space? the membrane potential across the inner membrane is 150 mv (the intermembrane space is more positive than the matrix).
The electrogenic pumping of protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, catalysed by the respiratory chain complexes, creates the electrochemical proton gradient.
Through the respiratory chain's redox carriers, electrons produced by the oxidation of substrates are channelled (for review see Esposti and Ghelli, 1994). Complexes I (NADH:ubiquinone reductase), III (ubiquinol:cytochrome c reductase or bc1-complex), and IV are connected to proton ejection during this process (cytochrome c oxidase). Molecular oxygen serves as the last electron acceptor before water is created through a four-electron reduction.
For the purpose of creating a proton gradient between the intermembrane space and the matrix, the inner mitochondrial membrane is replete with transport proteins.
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In the 1820s and 1830s, what were two issues that greatly staked political importance
Answer: it was slavery and economic distress
A genus cannot contain members of different species
True or False
A genus cannot contain members of different species.
The statement is false.
A taxonomic rank called genus is used to categorise viruses, as well as living and extinct creatures, in terms of biology. Genus is placed below family in the biological categorization hierarchy and above species. For each species within a genus, the binomial species name is composed of the genus name as the first component.
The word "genus" is derived from the Greek letter "o," which is a noun form related to the verb gignere ("to bear; to give birth to"). In his 1753 book Species Plantarum, the Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use, however the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is regarded as the "father of the current concept of genera."
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In a leaf, you would expect to find tracheids in the veins (true or false)
False. Tracheids can be seen in xylem cells. In traechids, long tubular structures, cellulose and lignin, a chemical binder, work together to stiffen the walls.
The xylem of gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants (ferns, club mosses, and horsetails), which are more ancient plant forms, include nonliving cells called tracheids (cedar, pine, and cypress trees).
Plants acquire their distinctive woody texture as a result, and it also serves as support. Each cell has perforations at the ends that allow nutrients and water to travel from the roots to other areas of the plant. Contrary to popular belief, tracheids don't start to function until they are empty and dead. Flowering plants, or angiosperms, have a highly specialised and effective water conducting structure called the wood vessel or trachea that most likely evolved from the tracheid.
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The ridge like superior edge of the ilium is known as the _____. a) Iliac crest b) Ischial spine c) Anterior gluteal line d) Anterior superior iliac spine
The ridge like superior edge of the ilium is known as the Iliac crest.
The iliac crest is a ridge-like superior edge of the ilium bone, which is one of the three bones that make up the hip bone. It is a large and thick curved bone that forms the uppermost part of the pelvis. The iliac crest serves as an attachment site for muscles of the abdominal wall, back, and hip. It also provides protection to the underlying structures, such as the kidneys and intestines. The ischial spine is a bony projection that extends from the ischium bone and is located inferior to the ilium. The anterior gluteal line and anterior superior iliac spine are also bony landmarks on the ilium bone.
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importance of researching post school destination before making a final decision
Researching post-school destinations before making a final decision can help students make more informed decisions that lead to greater success and personal fulfillment in their careers and personal lives.
Researching post-school destinations before making a final decision is important for several reasons:
1.Career preparation: Understanding post-school destinations can help students make more informed decisions about their future careers. By researching potential jobs, industries, and educational opportunities, students can better prepare themselves for the demands of the workforce and develop a clearer path to achieving their goals.
2.Financial planning: Researching post-school destinations can help students better understand the financial implications of their decisions. By understanding the costs associated with different educational and career paths, students can make more informed decisions about how to finance their education and plan for their financial futures.
3.Personal fulfillment: Researching post-school destinations can also help students better understand their own personal interests and values. By exploring different career paths and post-school opportunities, students can identify opportunities that align with their passions and provide a sense of personal fulfillment.
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_______ proteins are embedded in biological membranes, whereas ______ proteins are associated with surface regions of biological membranes.
Integral proteins are embedded in biological membranes, whereas peripheral proteins are associated with surface regions of biological membranes.
Integral membrane proteins constitute a significant component of biological membranes and have domains that span the lipid bilayer.
Examples of integral membrane proteins:
Insulin receptor.Some types of receptor proteins.Glycophorin.Rhodopsin.Biologists recognize two groups of membrane proteins, peripheral and integral. Peripheral proteins are attached to the surface of the bimolecular lipid layer, probably by electrostatic interactions, whereas integral proteins are integrated into the lipid bilayer.
Peripheral membrane proteins are highly unique amphipathic proteins that interact with the membrane indirectly, using electrostatic or hydrophobic interactions, or directly, using hydrophobic tails or GPI-anchors.Peripheral membrane protein is a protein that is found temporarily attached to the cell or mitochondrial membrane. Peripheral membrane proteins attach to the membrane but are not embedded in it.
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How much blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit?
At rest, the pulmonary artery pressure should be between 8 and 20 mm Hg. Without warning signs or symptoms, pulmonary hypertension can develop gradually.
Pulmonary hypertension is a condition in which the pressure in the pulmonary artery is unusually high and is greater than 25 mm Hg at rest or 30 mm Hg during physical activity. Despite the fact that there is no treatment for pulmonary hypertension, you can manage your symptoms with the help of your doctor and lead an active, full life. Before taking any over-the-counter medications, consult your doctor because some of them may make your pulmonary hypertension symptoms worse or may conflict with your prescriptions. Also, always carry a list of your current medications. Ask your doctor if you need a flu vaccine or a vaccination for pneumonia.
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within order of magnitude, approximate time of appearance of: prokaryotes, eukaryotes, multicellular eukaryotes, animals, land plants, humans
Approximate time of appearance of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, multicellular eukaryotes, animals, land plants, humans are, 3.5 bya, 1.8 bya, 535 to 525 mya and 500 mya, 6-7 mya.
The world is 4.6 billion years old. Stromalites and other primitive prokaryotes have existed for 3.5 billion years (were the only inhabitants of earth for over 1.5 billion years). Eukaryotes have existed for 1.8 billion years, and the oldest multicellular eukaryotes fossil that can be classified (relatively small red algae) date back 1.2 billion years. 1.8 billion years ago, other small multicellular eukaryotes first appeared. Larger and more diverse eukaryotes first appeared 600 mya. The Cambrian Explosion produced the modern animal phyla, which date from 535 to 525 mya. -Plants first colonised the land 500 mya. Human lineage separated from other primates around 6-7 mya.
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A symbiotic relationship where all organisms in the relationship benefit is known as aA. parasitismB. mutualism/C. commensalism
Option B, A symbiotic relationship where all organisms in the relationship benefit is known as mutualism.
In a mutualistic relationship, both organisms involved benefit from the relationship. This can include access to resources, protection from predators, or other advantages. Mutualism is a type of symbiosis, which refers to the close and prolonged interaction between different species. In contrast, parasitism involves one organism benefiting at the expense of another, while commensalism involves one organism benefiting while the other is unaffected. Mutualism relationships are common in nature and can be found between many different types of organisms, including plants and pollinators, bacteria and host organisms, and animals that engage in mutual grooming.
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10 different terminologies used in biology
abdomenabdomenabiogenesisabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionactivation energyabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionactivation energyactive transportabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionactivation energyactive transportalleleabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionactivation energyactive transportallelealternation of generationsabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionactivation energyactive transportallelealternation of generationsanabolismabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionactivation energyactive transportallelealternation of generationsanabolismGenegenitic
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When a boxer is moving away from a punch the force experienced is reduced?
the duration of contact is extended The force felt by a boxer as they move away from a blow is lessened since the punch has more time to make contact with them.
Impulse is the result of the force as well as the moment of application, and this notion explain why "rolling with both the punches" in boxing is effective. Since force is inverse proportional to time, when he moves his head forward the time increases and as a result the impact of force decreases. As a result, the boxer hits a very little bit less forcefully. A. It lengthens the impact period while lessening the force of the hit. The moment of impact and force are decreased when the boxer travels towards the strike.
(When a boxer is moving away from a punch, the force experienced is reduced because
A) momentum transfer is reduced.
B) the time of contact is increased.
C) the force is less effective.
D) all of the above)
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the chemical messengers that are secreted by glands, enter the bloodstream, and travel to distant target sites to regulate their functions are known as
The chemical messengers that are secreted by glands, enter the bloodstream, and travel to distant target sites to regulate their functions are known as hormones.
Hormones are majorly responsible for stimulating the blood cells that carry the stimulus further to the intended organs.The blood cells promptly respond to the secreted hormones as they have receptors that are designed to receive the message (or the stimulant) from them.There are three major types of the functioning of hormones known as endocrine action, paracrine action, and autocrine action.The endocrine action is responsible for the distribution of hormones to distant cells.Paracrine action refers to the distribution of hormones to the cells in the neighborhood of the gland.Autocrine action is responsible for distribution of hormones among the cells within the gland.Learn more about Hormones
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The chemical messengers that are secreted by glands, enter the bloodstream, and travel to distant target sites to regulate their functions are known as
A) hormones.
B) organelles.
C) enzymes.
Which substances leave the blood by diffusing directly through the plasma membrane of endothelial cells? Check all that apply.
Check All That Apply
Oxygen
Steroid hormones
Carbon dioxide
Electrolytes
Large proteins
Glucose
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and steroid hormones Diffuse Directly Through the Capillary Endothelium's Cell Membranes, diffuse directly through the plasma membrane of endothelial cells to exit the circulation.
Red blood cells are essential for oxygen transport. As we breathe in, millions of air sacs in the lungs fill with clean, oxygenated air. After passing through the extremely thin walls of the air sacs, the oxygen enters the capillaries, which are tiny blood vessels in a network within the lungs, and travels into the blood.
Red blood cells move in single file through slender capillaries. The haemoglobin molecules in red blood cells absorb and transport oxygen. These oxygen-rich cells travel from the lungs to the heart's left side via the blood arteries. Pumps are then used to circulate the body.
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which organism releases a toxin that causes muscle paralysis?
Answer:
organisms.
Explanation:
Botulism (“BOT-choo-liz-um”) is a rare but serious illness caused by a toxin that attacks the body's nerves and causes difficulty breathing, muscle paralysis, and even death. This toxin is made by Clostridium botulinum and sometimes Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii bacteria.<3
Answer:
Clostridium botulinum
Explanation:
The organism that releases a toxin that causes muscle paralysis is a type of bacteria called Clostridium botulinum. The toxin produced by this bacteria is called botulinum toxin and is one of the most potent neurotoxins known. When ingested or inhaled, it can cause muscle weakness, difficulty speaking or swallowing, and in severe cases, can even lead to respiratory failure and death.
ALLEN
(20 points) In which stage of the Calvin cycle does the plant cell produce energy for storage?
In the Regeneration stage of the Calvin cycle does the plant cell produce energy for storage. So, the correct option is A.
What is Calvin cycle?
The Calvin cycle is defined as a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrying compounds into glucose.
Regeneration is the second stage of the Calvin cycle where 3-PGA molecules created through carbon fixation are converted into simple sugar - glucose molecules that obtain energy from ATP and NADPH formed during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis .
Thus, in the Regeneration stage of the Calvin cycle does the plant cell produce energy for storage. So, the correct option is A.
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Answer:
The answer is reduction, which is the second stage of the Calvin cycle.
Explanation:
The gonads produce steroids. The specific steroid-producing organelle in gonad cells is ribosomes. lysosomes. smooth endoplasmic reticulum. mitochondria. contractile vacuole.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum are the steroid producing organelle within the gonads.
What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum?The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), an organelle found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, is made up of a network of minuscule disk-shaped tubular membrane vesicles. Lipids like cholesterol and phospholipids, which are required to build new cellular membranes, are synthesised and stored by the SER. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) differs from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), the second fundamental form of endoplasmic reticulum, in that ribosomes, which are found linked to the outer surface of proteins, are absent. Animal and plant cells both display SER.
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cell-to-cell adhesion often occurs through the interactions of
Cell adhesion in animals often occurs through the interactions of carbohydrates. Cell adhesion occurs in animals when particular receptors on the cell's surface are present. The correct answer is option E .
Cell adhesion is the process by which cells interact with and connect to neighboring cells via specialized cell surface chemicals. This process can take place either directly between cell surfaces, such as cell junctions, or indirectly, where cells adhere to the surrounding extracellular matrix, a gel-like material holding chemicals released by cells into gaps between them.
Cell adhesion is caused by interactions between cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs), which are transmembrane proteins found on the cell surface. Cell adhesion connects cells in various ways and can be involved in signal transduction, allowing cells to detect and respond to changes in their environment.
Cell migration and tissue formation are two more biological processes governed by cell adhesion in multicellular organisms. Changes in cell adhesion can disrupt critical cellular processes and result in a number of illnesses, including cancer. Infectious organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, require cell attachment to induce illness.
The correct answer is option E, carbohydrates.
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for human genetic studies, researchers measure the concentration of triglycerides in the blood. What do triglycerides measure in a blood test?
for human genetic studies, researchers measure the concentration of triglycerides in the blood. A triglycerides test is a blood test that measures the amount of a fat in your blood called triglycerides.
A triglycerides test is a blood test that determines the level of triglycerides in your blood. Triglyceride levels that are too high may raise your chances of having a heart attack or stroke. A triglyceride test can help you determine whether you need to take steps to reduce your risk.
Triglycerides provide energy to your body. If you consume more calories than you require, your body converts the excess calories into triglycerides and stores them in your fat cells for later use. When your body requires energy, your cells release triglycerides into your bloodstream to energise your muscles.
You may have high triglyceride levels in your blood if you consume more calories than you burn off, particularly calories from carbs, including sugary foods, and fats.
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4) how many template strands does a gene have? how many strands serve as template strands during replication of a dna molecule? explain in your own words why the answers to these two questions are different.
One template strand makes up a gene. Both strands of DNA act as templates during replication. This is due to the bidirectional nature of DNA replication.
What is a gene?A gene is a segment of DNA that includes the genetic code required to assemble a protein or RNA molecule that functions. The cell uses the data contained in a gene to perform particular tasks, such as generating enzymes or constructing cellular structures. All living things have genes, which are carried from one generation to the next during reproduction and are located in their chromosomes. Gene alterations can affect the protein or RNA molecules generated, altering how cells function or even causing disease. A significant topic of research in the sciences of genetics, molecular biology, and biotechnology is the investigation of genes and their roles.
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In a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the relationship between the genotype and allele frequencies of two alleles, A and a, are shown in the graph. At which point is 100% of the population exhibiting the recessive phenotype?
The graph depicts the association between genotype and allele frequencies of two alleles, A and a, in a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. At point A is 100% of the population exhibiting the recessive phenotype.
The Hardy-Weinberg principle, also known as the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, model, theorem, or law in population genetics, holds that in the absence of additional evolutionary factors, allele and genotype frequencies in a from generation to generation, the population would not change.
Genetic drift, mate choice, assortative mating, natural selection, sexual selection, mutation, gene flow, meiotic drive, genetic hitchhiking, population bottleneck, founder effect, inbreeding and outbreeding depression are examples of these factors.
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What are two ways lysosomes can be activated?
Fusing with an old organelle or fusing with a food vesicle produced by phagocytosis are two ways lysosomes can be activated.
What are lysosomes?
An organelle of a cell that is membrane-bound and houses digestive enzymes is called a lysosome. Numerous cell processes involve lysosomes. They disassemble extra or worn-out cell components. They could be utilized to eliminate invasive bacteria and viruses. Lysosomes can assist a cell in self-destruction in a process known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis, if the damage is irreparable. Now, the lysosome is a particular kind of acidic organelle. Therefore, it must be shielded from the remainder of the cell's interior. The digestive enzymes that need to be stored in an acidic, low-pH environment are therefore kept in a compartment that has a membrane surrounding it. These enzymes, known as hydrolytic enzymes, convert big molecules into smaller ones.
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