2. if two oxygen atoms are double-bonded to each other, how many bonding electrons are assigned to each oxygen atom when calculating the oxidation numbers?

The Sulphur and nitrogen oxides attain the higher environment and blend with water forming nitric acid and sulphuric acid after which come down at the floor of the earth with precipitation. This is known as acid rain.

The white marble of Taj Mahal in Agra consists of Calcium. Whenever there may be acid rain in Agra, the nitric acid and sulphuric acid come at the side of precipitates.

These acids react with calcium carbonate of marble to shape calcium sulphate and calcium nitrate at the side of carbon dioxide and water. Marble consists of carbonate minerals, usually calcite and dolomite. Barium isn't always found in marbles which shape the Taj Mahal. So, the alternatives containing barium are removed.

The acid rain has a pH of much less than 5.6. It has unfavorable consequences at the animal skin, marbles and agriculture etc.

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A redox reaction involves oxidation one species and reduction of other species. Oxidation is the process of the lose of electron and it occurs at anode and reduction is the gain of electrons. Thus option d is false.

A redox reaction is a type of reaction in which both oxidation and reduction occurs each for different species. One reactant species oxidizes by losing electron into the other species and the species which gained the electron is reduced.

Oxidation is the process by which an element or group forms its higher oxidation state by losing electron. Reduction is the process by which an element forms its lower oxidation state through gaining electron.

In an electrolysis two electrodes undergo redox reaction where the electrode at which oxidation occurs is called anode and the electrode where reduction takes place is called cathode. Thus option c is incorrect.

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"2KClO₃ ↔ 2KCl + 3O₂" will be considered as a decomposition reaction. So, the correct option is (a)

A decomposition reaction can be defined as a chemical reaction in which a reactant breaks down into two or more products. The general form of the decomposition reaction is shown below.

AB→A+B

A major application of decomposition reactions is the extraction of metals from ores. For example, zinc can be obtained by subjecting calamine to a decomposition reaction. Similarly, sodium can be synthesized from sodium chloride (NaCl). to the question given,

Reaction 2KClO₃ ↔ 2KCl + 3O₂  is the only reaction among the reactions mentioned in the question in which the reactant (KClO₃) was decomposed into two products (KCl and O₂). Hence the decomposition reaction.

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Answer:b

Explanation:

b

CaF₂ (s) ⇄Ca (aq) + 2F (aq)

KP = [Ca²⁺][F]²

Use the stoichiometry of the reaction to prepare an ICE table showing the initial concentration of the common ion.

CaF2 (s) ⇄ Ca (aq) + 2F (aq)

initial           0            0.010

change      +S              +S

equili          S             0.010+S

Kp = [Ca²⁺][F]²

= (S)(0.010+S)²

= S(0.010)²

S= KP/(0.010)²

= 4.0×10⁻¹¹/1x104

= 4×10⁻⁷ M

A saturated solution is a solution in which as many solutes as possible are dissolved. At a certain temperature, solutes can no longer dissolve in saturated solutions. A saturated solution can be made by dissolving more solutes until no more solutes are dissolved. If adding more solute does not dissolve it, the original solution is saturated. If the added solute dissolves, the original solution was unsaturated.

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Uneven distribution of the bond's electrons leads to the formation of polar covalent bonds

What is a covalent bond?

The exchange of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms forms a covalent connection. The two atomic nuclei are drawing these electrons in unison. When there is insufficient space between two atoms' electronegativities for an electron transfer to take place and create ions, a covalent bond is formed.

Hence, uneven distribution of the bond's electrons leads to the formation of polar covalent bonds

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Collector plate of a stern-Gerlach apparatus if the experiment is done. Two lines of atom is lithium is found.

Long before the discovery of electron spin, which it is today connected with, the first Stern-Gerlach experiment was conducted in 1922.

It was an attempt to demonstrate the presence of "space quantization," the Niels Bohr and Arnold Sommerfeld-proposed restriction of the direction of angular momentum to a small number of spatial directions.

One of the experiments that most clearly demonstrates the quantization at the heart of quantum physics even today is Stern-Gerlach. Its operation provides insight into the measuring issue.

Now,

we know lithium atom has three electrons .

Hence, lithium atoms should behave hydrogen atoms. Lithium atoms could exist in two different following states:

(2,0,0,-1/2) and (2,0,0,+1/2)

Hence, two lines of atom is lithium.

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This makes the O2 the limiting reactant and the NH3 is present in excess since only 49.3 g of H2O can be produced.

Therefore,

Once more, you must determine which reactant, if any, is limiting since they are giving you the masses of BOTH reactants.

produced from 73.0 g NH3 × 1 mol NH3/17 g × 6 mol H2O/4 mol NH3 × 18 g H2O/mol

Maximum quantity of H2O generated is 49.3 g at 73.0 g O2 × 1 mol O2/32 g × 6 mol H2O/5 mol O2 × 18 g H2O/mol.

This makes the O2 the limiting reactant and the NH3 is present in excess since only 49.3 g of H2O can be produced.

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We can use ethanol to extract caffeine the problem is that espresso is often water so the solvent chosen for the extraction of caffeine should be immiscible with water. that is the motive why dichloromethane is used.

Solvents which include chloroform methyl chloride ethanol acetone and ethyl acetate are normally used for solvent extraction of caffeine. several techniques may be used for this extraction purpose, together with Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic extraction, and thermal reflux extraction.

Dichloromethane is used as the solvent for liquid-liquid extraction because caffeine is more soluble in dichloromethane than other solvents. It does not make any realistic experience. due to the fact ethanol and water are miscible in any percentage, you will become with an answer of caffeine within the water/ethanol aggregate along with the other water-soluble additives of the tea or espresso you used initially.

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The rate of reaction is the speed of reaction. The rate constant is the proportionality constant in the equation . The reaction order is the relation between rate of reaction and concentration of reaction. The activation energy is minimum amount of energy extra required to produced the product.

1) The rate of reaction is the speed of reaction at which reaction takes place. the rate at which reactants are converted into the product.

2) The rate constant is the proportionality constant in the equation .

3) The reaction order is the relation between rate of reaction and concentration of reaction. there are several types of order of reaction : zero order, first order, second order and the mixed order.

4) The activation energy is minimum amount of energy extra required to produced the product.

Thus,  The rate of reaction is the speed of reaction. The rate constant is the proportionality constant in the equation . The reaction order is the relation between rate of reaction and concentration of reaction. The activation energy is minimum amount of energy extra required to produced the product.

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Answer: the element is oxygen

Explanation: I just learned electron configuration today and this is the only part I can help with. given 1s²2s²2p4 if you add up the exponents you can find how many electrons there are and therefore the element

The number of molecules is 0.482 × 10²³ molecules.

PV= nRT

P = gas pressure (N/m²)

V= gas volume (m³)

n = moles of gas (mol)

T= absolute temperature of gas (kelvin)  

We have,

Volume = 2.5 L

Temperature = 50°C (50+273 = 323 k)

Pressure of gas = 650 mmHg ⇒ (650/760 = 0.86 atm)

So,

PV= nRT

(0.86 atm × 2.5 L) = n (0.0821) (323)

n = 2.15 atm. L /26.52 atm. mol⁻¹.L

n = 0.08 mol

We have a number of moles of N₂ are 0.08 mol.

One mole = 6.022 × 10²³ molecules

X = n ( 6.022 × 10²³)

So, number of molecules:

0.08 × 6.022 ×10²³ = 0.482 ×10²³ molecules

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In second energy level, maximum 8 electrons can be filled.

For the first four energy levels, the maximum number of electrons are as follows:

I Energy level: 2 electrons max.

II Energy level: 8 electrons max.

III Energy level: 18 electrons max.

IV Energy level: 32 electrons max.

The greatest number depends on how many orbitals are present at a certain energy level. A volume of space within an atom known as an orbital is where an electron is most likely to be found.

As a result, we may conclude that Energy level II has four orbitals and hence, requires eight electrons to completely occupy it.

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We know that the concentration of oxygen in the graduated cylinder must be greater than the concentration of oxygen gas in the rest of the classroom.

A Measuring Cylinder, also known as a graded cylinder, cylinder measuring cylinder, or mixing cylinder, is a piece of laboratory equipment used to measure the amount of liquids, chemicals, or solutions throughout the course of a typical lab session. Graduated cylinders offer greater precision and accuracy than standard laboratory flasks and beakers.

Graduated cylinders and beakers are examples of glassware used in laboratories that has a specialized use. The volumes of the liquid inside may usually be read more precisely with graduated cylinders. For blending and stirring liquids, beakers work well.

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The new volume of sample gas at room temperature with no change in temperature or moles of gas is 7.6 liters

Calculation→

The new volume is calculated using Boyle's  law formula

That  is  P₁V₁=P₂V₂

where,

p₁ =  782 torr

V₁ = 38.0 l

P₂ = 3910 torr

V₂= New volume

make  V₂ the subject of the formula  by diving  both side of equation bP₂

V₂ = P₁V₁/P₂

V₂  is therefore = {(38.0 l × 782 torr) 3910 torr}  = 7.6 L

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The new volume of oxygen If 30.0 L of oxygen are cooled from 473ºK to 274°K at constant pressure,  is 17.38 L.

to calculate the new volume of oxygen we can use the charles law.

Where in Charles law of gases states that at constant pressure, volume of the gas is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas, i.e.

V∝T

According to the question,we can calculate the new volume of oxygen as below :

V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂, where

V₁ = initial volume of gas = 30 L

T₁ = initial temperature of gas = 473ºK

V₂ = new volume of gas = ?

T₂ = new temperature of gas = 274ºK

On putting all these values on the above equation, we get

V₂ = (30)(274ºK) / 473ºK = 17.38 L.

Hence, the new volume of oxygen If 30.0 L of oxygen are cooled from 473ºK to 274°K at constant pressure,  is 17.38 L.

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In the nuclear equation, 222 86 radon becomes 4 2 helium plus blank. The characteristics of the missing particle are Z=84, A=218.

4 2 helium is also known as alpha(α) particle. Helium atom contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons in it. During the α-decay, atom transforms into the another atom with atomic number less than 2 and a mass number less than 4. The sum of the subscripts on both side of the equation should be same. Therefore, the α-decay of radon is shown as

222 86 Ra→218 84 Z+4 2 He

Therefore, element which shows atomic number 84 is polonium(Po).

Hence, the characteristics of the missing particles are Z=84, A=218. Therefore, third option is correct.

Your question is incomplete but the complete question is

222 86 Radon becomes 4 2 Helium plus blank. The characteristics of the missing particle are

Z = 84, A = 220

Z = 88, A = 218

Z = 84, A = 218

Z = 85, A = 220

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The change in temperature when one bottle (250 g) of ethanol is cooled from 45°C to 40°C is - 5 °C.

The energy entering to the system and energy releasing to the system cause the change in the temperature. the change in temperature can be calculated as : the subtraction of final temperature and the initial temperature. The change in temperature is given as :

change in temperature , ΔT = final temperature - initial temperature

the initial temperature = 45 °C

the final temperature = 40 °C

change in temperature = 40 °C - 45 °C

change in temperature = - 5 °C

Thus, The change in temperature when one bottle (250 g) of ethanol is cooled from 45°C to 40°C is - 5 °C.

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Supply and the stoichiometric equation are used to identify the limiting reactant of these reactants. So, both reactants are able to act as limited reagents according to these conditions.

They limit how far reactions can go in terms of producing products because they are reactants with a finite supply.

Hydrogen gas is created in the following manner in a reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid:

 [tex]Mg+2HCl[/tex] ------------> [tex]MgCl_{2} +H_{2}[/tex]

[tex]HCl[/tex] has two times the molecular weight of magnesium. As a result, no reactant will be limiting if both reactants are provided in the required proportion.

[tex]HCl[/tex] will become limiting if the amount of moles supplied is not at least twice that of [tex]Mg[/tex]. Furthermore, [tex]Mg[/tex] will be limited if the amount supplied is not equal to half the amount  [tex]HCl[/tex] supplied.

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work done on the ship if it moves 2000m is 15×[tex]10^{6}[/tex]J

When an external pulling force is applied to an object, the object moves from one place to another or we can simply say that it changes its position. The amount of work required to move the object from its initial position to the final position is directly proportional to the force applied to the object.

Work done depends on two main components that is force and displacement of an object. The displacement of an object must happen along the line of action of the force in order for the force to do work on the object.

Work has units of energy because it is defined as an amount of (transferred) energy, so work usually has units of J (joules).

To calculate work the formula that we use is;

W = F × d, where W = work done, F = Force  and d = distance

W = 7500N × 2000m

W =  15×[tex]10^{6}[/tex]J

Therefore 15×[tex]10^{6}[/tex]J of work is done on the ship.

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The volume in liters of a 1.29 mol/ L iron(ii) bromide solution that contains 0.275 moles of iron(ii) bromide  is 213 mL.

given that :

molarity of iron(ii) bromide solution = 1.29 mol/L

moles of iron(ii) bromide in solution = 0.275 mol

the molarity expression is as follows :

molarity = moles / volume in L

volume in L = moles / molarity

                   = 0.275 / 1.29

                   = 0.213 mL = 213 mL

the volume of iron(ii) bromide solution is 213 mL.

Thus,  The volume in liters of a 1.29 mol/ L iron(ii) bromide solution that contains 0.275 moles of iron(ii) bromide  is 213 mL.

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sodium is much more apt to exist as a cation than chlorine  this is because choline has a higher tendency of gaining electrons than sodium as they have a different ionization energy

chlorine is a halogen { group 17} in period 3 with valence electrons which requires less energy to gain electrons while sodium is a group 1 element b and a period 3 element with 1 valence electron which is loosely attached with its energy structure.

The removal of this 1 valence electron in sodium is easier than in chlorine with 7 valence electrons this difference is brought about by the  differences in ionization energies in both of the elements

ionization energy is the  minimum energy which is required by an element to gain or lose a valence electron

It is easier for chlorine to gain electron to attain stability in its energy configuration

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Ionization energy increases with increase in electronegativity. The ionization energy of aluminium is less than that of magnesium because it is easier to remove an electron from the p orbital than that from an s orbital.

Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove a valence electron from the atom.  Thus it depends on the orbital and electronegativity of the atom.

In the case of magnesium the valence electrons are in s orbital and that of aluminium is p orbital. It is easy to remove an electron p orbital than that from a s orbital. Thus Mg has higher ionization energy than Al.

In the case of phosphorous, the valence shell is half filled making it highly stable and thus higher ionization energy. Out of the four valence electrons in p orbital  of sulphur, one can be easily removed and thus has lower ionization energy.

In the case of Be the same can be applied,as in Mg, that removing its valence electron from s orbital is hard than to remove an electron from the p orbital of boron.

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Answer:

hydrogen

Explanation:

Protozoans, fungi, algae, lichens, mosses and ferns are the example of a simple organisms.

An organism is a collection of molecules working to together form a mostly stable whole that demonstrates the characteristics of life. With phrases like "any sense of life, such as with a plant, animal, fungus, or bacterial, capable of growth & reproduction," dictionary definitions are very general.

A living creature with a organized approach, is capable of responding to stimuli, can reproduce, develop, adapt, and preserve homeostasis is referred to as an organism. Therefore, every animal, plant, fungi, protist, microbe, or archaeon found on Earth would be considered a life.

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The appropriate scatter plot that depicts the correct division for using Divide center to draw trend line is the plot D.

Scatter plots are used to show how much one variable affects another by plotting data points on a horizontal and vertical axis. Each row in the data table is represented by a marker, the position of which is determined by the values of the columns set on the X and Y axes. Scatter plots are graphs that show the relationship of two variables in a data set. It is a two-dimensional plane or a Cartesian system that represents data points.

In order to draw a trend line correctly, divide the points using the divide center method. The dividing vertical line must be drawn at the midpoint (a position where the number of data points to the left and right of the vertical line is equal).

Only option D has a vertical line dividing the 6 data points into two equal portions when the options are evaluated based on this condition.

The diagram is attached.

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Answer:

c

Explanation:

The concentration of hydrochloric acid = 48 m

Concentration is the component's abundance divided by the total volume of the mixture. There are several types of mathematical descriptions: Mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, volume concentration.

M₁V₁ = M₂V₂

M₁ = concentration of hydrochloric acid

V₁ = Volume of hydrochloric acid (50.0 ml)

M₂ = concentration of hydrochloric acid (6.00 m)

V₂ = volume of water (400.0 ml)

M₁V₁ = M₂V₂

0.05 M₁ = 0.4 × 6.00

M₁ = 2.4/0.05

M₁ = 48 m

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Answer:

ldk

Explanation:

ldk

The pressure is 68.3 L.

P1V1 = P2V2

Here, P1 = initial pressure, given = 205 kPa

         V1 = initial volume, given = 4 L

         P2 = final pressure,  

         V2 = final volume, given = 12 L

Put, these values in P1V1 = P2V2

P2 = P1V1 / V2

P2 = 205 kPa × 4 L / 12 L

P2 = 68.3 L

Therefore, The pressure is 68.3 L.

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