The type of illness that would most likely sicken this family is cholera.
What are pathogens?
An organism that causes or has the potential to cause disease is typically referred to as a pathogen. Pathogens include viruses, bacteria, unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes, as well as other taxonomically diverse organisms. Pathogens, such as bacteria that are targeted by specialist viruses known as phages, impact every living thing.
When Vibrio cholerae bacteria are present in food or water, it can result in cholera, an acute diarrheal infection. Extremely contagious cholera can result in severe acute watery diarrhea. After consuming infected food or water, a person may not exhibit symptoms for 12 hours to 5 days. If left untreated, cholera can kill both adults and children within hours.
Transmission of cholera is strongly correlated with a lack of access to sanitary facilities and clean water. Peri-urban slums and camps for internally displaced people or refugees are examples of typical at-risk places where the minimum standards for clean water and sanitation are not being maintained.
In the event that the bacteria are present or introduced, the effects of a humanitarian crisis, such as the interruption of water and sanitation systems or the relocation of populations into insufficient and crowded camps, might raise the risk of cholera transmission. There have never been any reports of epidemics being started by uncontaminated dead remains.
The long-term solution for cholera control lies in economic development and universal access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. Actions targeting environmental conditions include the implementation of adapted long-term sustainable WASH solutions to ensure use of safe water, basic sanitation and good hygiene practices in cholera hotspots. In addition to cholera, such interventions prevent a wide range of other water-borne illnesses, as well as contributing to achieving goals related to poverty, malnutrition, and education
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After a substrate binds to an enzyme,
A. the substrate and enzyme are joined permanently.
B. the enzyme can start the process again once the products are released.
C. the enzyme cannot be used in the process again.
D. the enzyme is destroyed in the chemical reaction.
suppose a mutant strain of escherichia coli k12 contains a mutation in the trpe gene and is no longer able to make tryptophan. what is this mutant called?
A mutant strain of Escherichia coli k12 contains a mutation in the trpe gene and is no longer able to make tryptophan such mutant is called as prototroph.
What is mutation?
A mutation is a change in the nucleic acid sequence of a virus, additional chromosomal DNA, or an organism's genome. The viral genome may contain DNA or RNA.
DNA can change in three different ways: through base substitutions, deletions, and insertions.
One of the primary mechanisms driving evolution is mutation, which increases population variability and promotes evolutionary changes.
Therefore, a mutant strain of Escherichia coli k12 contains a mutation in the trpe gene and is no longer able to make tryptophan such mutant is called as prototroph.
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the digestive substance in the small intestine that breaks starch down into more simple glucose chains is: a. pancreatic amylase b. bile c. pancreatic protease d. lipase
The digestive substance within the small gut that breaks starch down into more easy glucose chains is a. pancreatic amylase.
Option A. pancreatic amylase.
Glucose is the number one strength supply of the frame. predominant nutritional resources of glucose include starches and sugars. Digestion of Carbohydrates. dietary carbohydrates are digested into glucose, fructose, and/or galactose, and absorbed into the blood inside the small intestine.
Starch digestion involves the breakdown through α-amylase to small linear and branched malto-oligosaccharides, which might be in turn hydrolyzed to glucose through the mucosal α-glucosidases, maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM) and sucrase-isomaltase.
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What three tests must you pass in order to be eligible for your probationary license?.
Knowledge, vision, and road test are the three tests must you pass in order to be eligible for your probationary license.
What is license?A license is a formal permission or authorization to do, use, or possess something. Licenses are granted by one party to another party as part of the agreement between the parties.In the case of a government-issued license, the license is obtained upon application.License means permission to do something, especially a formal authorization from a government or other agency.The term often refers to proof of this authorization. Cards or Certificates. License agreements generate income called royalties. It does this by allowing another company to use material that is copyrighted or patented by one company. Examples of things that can be licensed include songs, sports team logos, intellectual property, software, and technology.To learn more about license from the given link :
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Which recombination frequency corresponds to perfect linkage and violates the law of independent assortment?.
The frequency at which the law of independent assortment is broken is 0.50, which corresponds to perfect linkage.
To what genotype does XXY correspond?The Klinefelter syndrome type associated with the XXY genotype results in phenotypically male individuals with tiny testes, larger breasts, and reduced body hair. There are more severe varieties of Klinefelter syndrome where the number of X chromosomes can reach five.
How do XXY and XYY work?Genes found on chromosomes are responsible for traits like eye color and height that are unique to each person. Boys typically have one X and one Y chromosome, or XY, but those with XYY syndrome have an additional Y chromosome, or XYY.
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What is the purpose of embedding the electron transport chain in the membrane of a cell?.
The purpose of embedding the electron transport chain in the cell membrane is to store excess of hydrogen ions (protons) to fuel ATP synthase.
What is electron transport chain?The electron transport chain is said to be a series of four protein complexes that combine redox reactions to produce an electrochemical gradient that leads to the formation of ATP in a complete system called oxidative phosphorylation. Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis occur in mitochondria.
The primary goal of the electron transport chain is to accumulate an excess of hydrogen ions (protons) in the intermembrane space in order to create a gradient in their concentration in comparison to the matrix of the mitochondria. ATP synthase will be fueled by this. We can also say the electron transport chain is embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria during aerobic respiration. An electrochemical gradient is produced in the mitochondrial intermembrane gap as a result of the energy lost as they move from one carrier to another. This gradient is used by ATP synthase to produce stored energy (ATP).
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Why is the the ability of glucose to affect transcription of the lac operon an advantage for the bacterial cell?.
Glucose is the preferred sugar for bacterial cells, Hence it is an advantage for the bacterial cell if glucose affects transcription.
The hypothesis for the Control of Gene expression in prokaryotes was given F Jacob and Monad. This hypothesis is known as the operon model. This theory was given based on a study of lac(lactose) operon in E.coli.
The operon consists of the following
(i) Operator gene
(ii) Promoter gene
(iii) Regulator gene
(iv) Structural gene
In the operon, Lactose acts as an inducer that allows RNA polymerase to perform transcription by binding with the repressor produced by the repressor gene. Glucose acts on lactose by diminishing its metabolism thereby suppressing the transcription of the lac operon. The end targets of glucose are positive regulator, complex receptor protein, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP).Glucose eventually prevents the entry of inducer making the repressor free of inducer .
The levels of glucose increase subsequently which evidently is beneficial for the bacterial cell.
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during rna processing, what happens to a mrna that makes it easier for ribosomes to attach to the 5' end
Exons of the mRNA are removed during RNA processing, which makes it easier for the ribosome to connect to the 5' end.
In some genes, non-coding DNA sequences are found between the DNA segments that code for proteins. Pre-introns mRNA's are cut out during RNA splicing to provide the complete set of instructions for the protein.
The removal of specific sequences known as intervening sequences, or introns, or they're "splicing out" is one of the processes in this processing, known as RNA splicing. Thus, the remaining sequences, known as exons, are joined through splicing to form the final mRNA.
The complete gene, including exons and introns, is transcribed into a pre-mRNA during transcription. Introns are cut out and exons are combined to create a continuous coding region during the RNA splicing process.
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which columns in the table show the extent to which the bison have interbred with cattle? cattle-specific sequence in mitochondrial dna average heterozygosity average number of alleles at each sequence number of sequences with cattle-specific alleles bison-specific sequence in mitochondrial dna
Mitochondrial DNA contains a sequence unique to cattle.
Here is a column of mitochondrial DNA that is particular to cattle, indicating how much cattle and bison have interbred.
The correct cattle-specific sequence, which contains some cattle-specific traits in bison, can be found in its mitochondrial DNA. Show that bison and cattle can breed together.
The combination of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA produces much greater impacts that demonstrate hybridization.
Average heterozygosity
The presence of two distinct alleles of the same gene is known as heterozygosity. The genetic diversity in a natural population is aided by heterozygosity.
In this case, the average heterozygosity provides information about the genetic diversity of the several bison herds.
The rows "cattle specific sequence in mitochondrial DNA" and "Humber of sequence with cattle-specific alleles" demonstrate the degree of interbreeding with cattle since it introduces cattle-specific genetic markers into the bison race.
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derived from bone marrow: a.phagocytic b.polymorphonuclear c.thrombocytopenic d.granulocytopenic e.myeloid
Myeloid (option e) is the one that is derived from bone marrow.
Any tissue from or derived from bone marrow is referred to as myelogenous tissue. In these senses, the terms are typically used synonymously, as is the case with chronic myeloid/myelogenous leukaemia. Myeloid tissue is tissue of bone marrow, of bone marrow cell lineage, or resembling bone marrow.
Myeloid or myelogenous cells in hematopoiesis are blood cells that develop from the common myeloid progenitor, which is CMP or CFU-GEMM, or, in a more restricted definition that is also frequently used, particularly from the lineage of the myeloblast (the myelocytes, monocytes, and their daughter types). Thus, myeloid cells in the strictest sense of the word can be distinguished from lymphoid cells, or lymphocytes, which are derived from the same lymphoid progenitor cells that give rise to B cells and T cells, even though all blood cells, including lymphocytes, are typically born in the bone marrow in adults. Before they migrate to lymphatic organs like the spleen and thymus for antigen challenge training, those cells' differentiation is not finished. As a result, the term myeloid for leukocytes refers to the innate immune system, while lymphoid refers to the adaptive immune system. The term "erythroid" is frequently used to distinguish "erythrocyte-related" from both lymphoid and the sense of myeloid that refers to nonlymphocytic white blood cells.
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Are the neurons that carry information from the eyes and ears to the cns motor or sensory neurons?.
Sensory neurons carry information from the sense organs (such as the eyes and ears) to the brain.
Sensory neurons transmit information to the brain from the sense organs (such as the eyes and ears). Motor neurons control voluntary muscle activity like speaking and transport messages from nerve cells in the brain to the muscles. Sensory neurons are nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment. For example, if you touch a hot surface with your fingertips, the sensory neurons will fire and send signals to the rest of the nervous system about the information they have received.
Sensory neurons (also known as afferent neurons) are nerve cells that transport nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system and brain.
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Accuracy in the translation of mrna into the primary structure of a polypeptide depends on specificity in the _____.
Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the primary structure of a polypeptide depends on specificity in the binding of the anticodon to the codon and the attachment of amino acids to tRNAs. Here option B is the correct answer.
The anti-bonding codons to the codon and the amino acid's attachment to tRNA influence how precisely translation is carried out.
In live cells, protein synthesis occurs through the processes of transcription and translation. DNA is transcribed into mRNA during transcription, which happens in the nucleus. After decoding the genetic instructions in the mRNA, the mRNA was then carried into the cytoplasm's ribosomes, where it was translated and made proteins.
The nucleotide sequence of the mRNA is now translated into a chain of amino acids by the cell, which just transcribed this mRNA strand from its DNA.
Complete question:
Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the primary structure of a polypeptide depends on specificity in the _____.
a. binding of ribosomes to mRNA
b. binding of the anticodon to the codon and the attachment of amino acids to tRNAs
c. binding of the anticodon to small subunit of the ribosome
d. attachment of amino acids to rRNAs
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if you were running an experiment and interrupted the interaction between thin and thick filaments, what would be the most likely result of sarcomere contraction?
The sarcomere would not be able to contract therefore the H zone and I band would remain the same in size.
Sarcomere when in resting phase is stretches in ideal resting length, thick and thin filaments may not overlap unto the greatest degree, as a result fewer cross-bridges are form.
Thick and thin filaments overlap to form the different parts of the sarcomere , when the Thin filaments are pulled by the thick filaments toward the center of the sarcomere until it approaches the Z discs . The overlapping zone increases as the thin filaments moves inwards.
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Canis lupus (wolf), canis latrans (coyote), and canis familiaris (domestic dog) are examples of dog-like animals. Canis refers to the genus, while lupus, latrans, and familiaris all refer to different species within the genus. What kind of naming scheme is this?.
Binomial nomenclature is the naming system that is mentioned in the question.In the biological system used to name organisms, the name is made up of two components.
Here, the first term illustrates the genus of the creature, while the second term illustrates the species.As a result, Canis in the question refers to the genus, while Lupus, Latrans, and Familiaris are used to denote the species.Therefore, binomial nomenclature, option d, is the appropriate response.In addition to the traits of the species in which they are found, these groupings also have unique morphological traits that set them apart from one another.The Canis lupus species, which includes both dogs and wolves, is a zoological subspecies.In addition to significant physiological and anatomical distinctions, the domestication process that gave origin to dogs is mostly to blame for this division into subspecies.As a result, we can infer that dogs belong to a subspecies of wolves called Canis lupus familiaris, where “familiaris” refers to domestic dogs. Canis lupus is the species that includes both dogs and wolves.
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Select the nuclear membrane closeup. How is the nuclear membrane similar to the cell membrane?.
Nuclear membrane similar to the cell membrane as they both are made up of lipid bilayer.
These both layers are made up of lipid bilayer , they are important for protection and transport .
Main function of nuclear membrane is to protect the cell and act as a barrier to to sperate the content of nucleus to cytoplasm . Nuclear membranes are phospholipid bilayers, which are permeable only to small nonpolar molecules. While cell membrane is the lipid bilayer surrounding the entire cell.
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To calculate an allele frequency, you should divide the number of copies of that allele by the?.
An allele frequency is calculated with the aid of using dividing the range of instances the allele of hobby is located in a populace with the aid of using the entire range of copies of all of the alleles at that unique genetic locus cell the populace.
An allele frequency is calculated with the aid of using dividing the range of instances the allele of hobby is located in a populace with the aid of using the entire range of copies of all of the alleles at that unique genetic locus withinside the populace. Allele frequencies may be represented as a decimal, a percentage, or a fraction.
The general range of dominant A alleles in our populace equals 600, that's the sum of: - the range of AA people instances 2 (the range of A alleles in keeping with individual) = one hundred eighty x 2 = 360 - the range of Aa people (instances 1, the range of A alleles in keeping with individual) + 240 600 The general range of all alleles of the gene ...
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What hormone is responsible for the fight or flight response in the alarm stage of a stress response?.
Answer: The answer to that would be epinephrine (also known as adrenaline).
Explanation: I hope this helps!!!!
What part of the brain is most important for yenay to recognize and name the new food?.
Answer: anterior temporal lobes
Explanation: The anterior temporal lobes are on part of the human brain that helps recall names of things
which is not a characteristic of proteins? a. can self-replicate b. can act as a hormone c. acts in cell membrane trafficking d. can bind foreign materials
The characteristics which do not belong to proteins is option A: can self-replicate.
DNA is the only molecule capable of self-replication. It is a nucleotide and not a protein. Characteristics other than option A are all those of proteins. Proteins act as a hormone, for eg Insulin. They can act in cell membranes trafficking. For example, SNARE proteins. They can also bind foreign materials, as antibodies.
The body uses the large, complex molecules known as proteins for a number of essential processes. They are crucial for the structure, operation, and control of the body's tissues and organs and carry out the majority of their job inside cells. Proteins are basically made up of amino acids, linked together to form long chains.
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The human body has specialized organs called glands which collect and process substances from the blood. The concentrated substances are then secreted as hormones to regulate body processes. These specialized organs are part of which body system?.
The specialized organs listed in the aforementioned extract are part of the circulatory system.
Where are glands in your body?Its hormone system is composed of several glands. Your hypothalamic, adrenal, and pineal glands are located in your brain. The pituitary or parathyroid glands are located in your neck. The thyroid is positioned above your lungs, the pancreas is now under your stomach, and the adrenal glands remain on the top of your kidneys.
What gland means?an organ that produces one or more things, such as saliva, milk, perspiration, tears, hormones, or digestive juices. The compounds are released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands. The compounds are released by exocrine glands into a duct or aperture that leads either within or outside the body.
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which hormone increases sodium excretion?
Answer: The correct answer to that should be Aldosterone.
Explanation:
The hormone that increases sodium excretion is Aldosterone. Principal cells respond to aldosterone by absorbing sodium and excreting potassium into the lumen. The correct option is B
What are hormones?Hormones affect a variety of bodily functions, including growth and development, metabolism—the process through which your body converts food into energy—sexual function, reproduction, and mood.
A drop in blood pressure causes aldosterone to secrete more. Aldosterone secretion would decrease with higher blood pressure, and more sodium would pass through the urine.
The chemical messengers of the body, hormones communicate with tissues and the bloodstream. Aldosterone is the hormone that raises sodium excretion. In response to aldosterone, principal cells take in sodium and release potassium into the lumen.
Therefore, the correct option is B, Aldosterone.
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The question is incomplete. Your most probably complete question is given below:
Estrogen.
Aldosterone.
Serotonin.
Adrenaline.
Why are haploid cells important in reproduction?.
The haploid cells are very important in reproduction because Haploid cells are required for sexual reproduction.
What are haploids cells?Haploid is defined as the presence of a single set of chromosomes in the cells of an organism. Sexually reproducing organisms are mostly diploid i.e. having two sets of chromosomes getting one from each parent. In humans, the egg and sperm cells are haploid whereas body cells are diploid.
Examples of haploid gametes are Sperm and egg cells which is the reproductive cells of humans, Spores which is the reproductive cells of fungi, algae, and plants, and Pollen the reproductive cells of male plants.
Human cells are considered diploid because they transfer two sets of chromosomes, the total is 46, 23 from the female and 23 from the male. The only exceptions are reproductive i.e. egg and sperm cells are known as haploid cells because they contain 23 chromosomes.
So we can conclude that Haploid cells are required for sexual reproduction so that's why haploid cells are very important in reproduction.
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using the plate for the cross-section leveling of the honolulu-kailua highway 1. draw, not-to-scale, the cross section at station 3 00 2. if the -sight at station 2 00 was 8.4 instead of 7.4 ft, what would the elevation at 30 ft to the left of the center line be at this station?
When (-) Sight at station 2+00 is 7.4 When (-) Sight at station 2+00 is 8.4 instead of 7.4.
When (-) Sight at station 2+00 is 7.4,
The cross-section at the station.
Elevation at 2+00 = Height of instrument - Foresight
Elevation at 2+00 = 98.23 - 7.4 = 90.83
When (-) Sight at station 2+00 is 8.4 instead of 7.4,
Elevation at 2+00 = Height of instrument - Foresight
Elevation at 2+00 = 98.23 - 8.4 = 89.83.
LEGENDS Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation (-) Sight (-) Sight (-) Sight (-) Sight (-) Sig
Elevation at a point = Elevation at center point + (Sight at center point - Sight at the required point)
When (-) sight at station 2+00 is 7.4,
Elevation at a point 30 ft to the left of the center line = Elevation at center point + (Sight at center point - Sight at point 30 ft to left of center line).
Elevation at a point 30 ft to left of center line = 90.83 + (7.4 - 8.2) = 90.03
When (-) sight at station 2+00 is 8.4 instead of 7.4, Elevation at a point 30 ft to the left of the center line = Elevation at center point + (Sight at center point - Sight at point 30 ft to the left of center line)
Elevation at a point 30 ft to left of center line = 89.83 + (8.4 - 8.2) = 90.03
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Example of two plants mentioning different environmental factors for each.
Temperature, food, pollutants, population density, sound, light, and parasites are a few examples of environmental influences.
What do you mean by environmental factors?In relation to genetics, environmental influences include things like insecticides or toxic pollution we are exposed to where we reside or work, unhealthy lifestyle choices like smoking or eating poorly, and stressful events (such as racism).
How does environmental factors affect health?Toxins in the environment can aggravate ailments like cancer, heart disease, and respiratory problems. People with lower incomes are much more likely to live in dangerous areas and also have access to tainted water. Additionally, children and pregnant women are more at risk for pollution-related health problems.
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In animals, the inability to make the pigment melanin results in albinism, a recessive condition. Two unaffected parents, who have decided to have three children, have a first child that has albinism (genotype aa). What is the probability that the second or third children will also have albinism?.
In animals, the inability to make the pigment melanin results in albinism, a recessive condition.1/16
Melanin is a substance in your body that produces hair, eye and pores and skin pigmentation. The greater melanin you produce, the darker your eyes, hair and pores and skin will be. the amount of melanin to your body relies upon on some different factors, which includes genetics and what sort of sun publicity your ancestral populace had.
Melanin is a type of pigment that gives coloration to the hair, skin, and eyes in people and animals. similarly to supplying pigmentation for the cells, melanin also absorbs harmful UV rays and protects in opposition to cellular harm from UV mild publicity.
Melanin is a sort of pigment that offers shade to the hair, pores and skin, and eyes in humans and animals. similarly to providing pigmentation for the cells, melanin additionally absorbs dangerous UV rays and protects towards cellular damage from UV light exposure.
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If a drug that specifically prevented the interaction of cytochrome c with other proteins was added to respiring mitochondria in a test tube, what effects would be observed?.
The cell won’t be able to completely oxidise glucose if an additive molecule that hinders the electron transport chain is applied. As a result, less oxygen is consumed.
When complex I is inhibited by antimycin A, electron transport from complexes or flavoproteins containing FADH2 to cytochromes is prevented.In this instance, the initial Complex Ill constituents are completely reduced and the subsequent constituents are oxidised. The final complex of eukaryotic oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria is called cytochrome c oxidase. This process combines the reduction of electron carriers during metabolism with the reduction of molecular oxygen to water as well as the transfer of protons from the inner matrix of the mitochondria to the intermembrane gap.Adenosine triphosphate, an energy-carrying molecule, is present in the cells of all living things (ATP). ATP stores the chemical energy produced by the disintegration of food molecules before releasing it to drive other cellular processes.Cells often require chemical energy for three types of tasks: driving metabolic activities that wouldn’t occur naturally; transferring required materials across membranes; and doing mechanical work, like flexing muscles.
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Which was Venter’s contribution to science? discovered the existence of single-celled organisms invented the light microscope discovered the structure of DNA invented a synthetic cell
The Venter’s contribution to science is invented a synthetic cell. Option D.
They destroyed the DNA in those cells and replaced it with computer-designed, lab-synthesized DNA. It was the first organism with a fully synthetic genome in the history of life on Earth. Scientists at the University of Cambridge have created the first organism with fully synthetic DNA. This is E. coli, a radically redesigned soil and stomach bacterium.
Two of Ebright's contributions to the scientific community were building a device that showed that the spots on the wings of monarch butterflies produced the hormones necessary for butterfly growth. His other important contribution was the study of how cells read DNA. First discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, this cell has a rich and interesting history that ultimately gave way to many of today's scientific advances.
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a silent mutation occurs when the nucleotide changes, but the resulting amino acid is the same. the protein that is made from this new dna will have no functional difference from the original. what if a mutation occurred in the human insulin gene and the first triplet was changed to c c g? is this a silent mutation? explain how you know.
Yes, it is a silent mutation even if the amino acids are the same even when the first triplet is changed to CCG.
Silent mutations, which can be either substitutional or point mutations, occur when the amino acid sequence is unaffected by a change in the DNA sequence of the gene. The protein produced from this additional DNA won't operate any differently than the original protein. As an illustration, AAA (which codes for the amino acid lysine, Lys) can change to AAG (which also codes for Lys). As CCG codes for proline, the Amino acid remains the same even when the sequence of bases is altered.
Two chains, often referred to as A and B and each having 21 and 30 amino acids, make up the 51 amino acids that make up human insulin. Three disulfide bridges connect the chains.
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the bones function as levers in coordination with what other body system? question 1 options: cardiovascular muscular integumentary digestive
The bones function as lever in coordination with muscular body system.
Bones are the type of tissues that provide the body its actual shape and structural framework. They are hard and calcareous on the outside but have a soft inner spot. The bones are comprised of calcium and phosphorus minerals. There are a total of 206 bones inside an adult human.
The muscular system of the body is comprised of the muscle tissues. There are three categories of muscles: skeletal, smooth and cardiac. The smooth and cardiac muscles can maintain their own movement but skeletal muscles are attached with the bones to facilitate their movement.
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orientation tuning curves show the response pattern of neurons to stimuli (e.g. bars of light). what recording methodology was used to create these curves?
Single cell recordings methodology used for orientation tuning curves show the response pattern of neurons to stimuli.
Single-cell recording is a method for tracking changes in current or voltage within a single neuron. It is still conceivable to register a neuron in a living animal, despite the fact that this is a traditional in vitro procedure. Since many years ago, single-cell electrophysiology in vivo has been used. Kuffler initially applied it to the sensory systems (1953). This makes it possible to ascertain the types of stimuli that a given cell reacts to. You might try your hand at an experiment using this graphic, evaluating the response of one eye cell, a ganglion cell.
Hence, Single cell recordings is primary option for tuning curves
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