Before 1500, the Italian Renaissance had little influence outside Italy. However, ideas eventually spread around Europe. This became known as the Northern Renaissance and influenced life in Germany, England, and other areas of Europe. Write characteristics that apply to each area of the Renaissance and then some that apply to both. Think about artists, writers, patrons, styles, important works, etc

Answers

Answer 1

Before 1500, the Italian Renaissance had little influence outside Italy, a detailed characteristic is shown below

What is Renaissance?

Italian Renaissance (1400-1600):

Focus on classical ideals and humanismEmphasis on the individual and individualismDevelopment of the "Renaissance man" (a person with many talents and interests)Patronage by wealthy Italian families, such as the MediciFamous artists include Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, RaphaelStyles include realism and naturalismImportant works include the Mona Lisa, David, and the Sistine Chapel ceiling

Northern Renaissance (1400-1600):

Focus on religious reform and the revival of northern European artEmphasis on the use of oil paint and the development of landscape paintingPatronage by wealthy merchants and rulers, such as the HabsburgsFamous artists include Jan van Eyck, Albrecht Dürer, and Hans Holbein the YoungerStyles include Northern Gothic and Renaissance stylesImportant works include The Arnolfini Portrait, The Four Apostles, and The Dance of Death

Both:

Spread of knowledge and ideas through humanism and the printing pressAn increased focus on the natural world and the study of the human bodyA renewed interest in classical literature and artDevelopment of new techniques and styles in art and architectureThe emergence of a new class of patrons, including merchants and rulers, who supported artists and writers.

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Related Questions

This literature is one of the major literature

Answers

Most often, the literature majors focuses on specific themes and literary eras throughout history. They also look at different genres, such as historical fiction, magical realism etc.

What does a literature majors means?

A literature major reads and analyzes works of literature. This includes debating texts and comprehending their historical, cultural, and literary significance.

As a literature major, you'll be responsible for comprehending and communicating the significance of texts such as poems, short stories, and novels.

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which of the following terms describes the overseer of the market operations in the historic islamic empire

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Operations must ensure that the product can be produced at its maximum capacity. The role of finance is to offer methods for raising money to enable the full-scale production of the product and to assist in determining the product's potential for profit.

Product operation is a key role in product management since it deals with the continuous product process. The product operation department oversees the whole life cycle of the product, from conception through launch. Product operations, or product ops for short, is a role within a product team that supports product managers by fostering cross-team communication, collecting and managing data, selecting software tools, creating standards and best practices for internal teams, among other tasks that are streamlined. Building materials are classified as materials. are the components or materials that something can be created from. It can also be described as a material or assemblage of materials that constitutes an object. Materials can be either living or non-living, as well as pure or impure. Materials are categorized based on their geological origin, chemical make-up, and biological purpose in addition to their physical and chemical characteristics.

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12. What 3 things thrived during the Han reign?
-
-

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During the Han dynasty, China's trade and territory grew, Confucianism and Buddhism evolved, and China's population increased. Economic and social stability, cultural changes, and the Confucianism ideology all flourished throughout the Han period.

The rise of Confucianism and Daoism, as well as Mahayana Buddhism's acceptance, occurred throughout the Han era.

establishing the Silk Road as a trading route to Europe and promoting Confucianism as the official religion, which forever changed the path of Chinese history. The globe is continuously influenced by the art and technology of the Han Dynasty, such as paper.

The Silk Road passed through regions where Buddhism was the predominant faith. At the end of the Zhou Dynasty's Warring States Period, a portion of the populace had already adopted a kind of Buddhism.

The longest-reigning imperial dynasty in Chinese history was the HAN.

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Which group started off with militia from the Boston area?Continental ArmyContinental CongressNorthern AssemblyRegimental Army

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The militia from the Boston area formed the foundation of the Continental Army.

The siege began on April 19 following in position or time the Battles of Lexington and Concord, when Massachusetts militias obstructed land approach to Boston. The Continental Congress made the Continental Army from the militias complicated in the fighting and named George Washington as Commander in Chief.

The Siege of Boston was the eleven-temporal length of event or entity's existence ending from 19 April 1775 to 17 March 1776 when American militiamen efficiently held British military inside Boston, and subsequently the Battle of Bunker Hill, to the cape of Charlestown.

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Who was at Hungarian immigrant who started a morning newspaper called world then later changed to evening world

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Joseph Pulitzer was a Hungarian immigrant who started a morning newspaper called world and then later changed it to the evening world.

What is immigration?

Immigration is the process by which people move to another country to live permanently. Immigration has traditionally offered states significant social, economical, and cultural resources.

There was various transformation that were happening after the war.  There were various refugees that were finding a place in the United States to live. Joseph Pulitzer was a journalist who documented these changes. He then presented them to the general public.

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which of the following best describes the us reaction to the successful lauch of the soviet satellite sputnik

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The successful launch came as a shock to experts and citizens in the United States, who had hoped that the United States would accomplish this scientific advancement first.

The launch and orbit of Sputnik suggested that the Soviet Union had made a substantial leap forward in technology, which was interpreted as a serious threat to US national security, which spurred the US to make considerable federal investments in research and development, education, and national security. The Sputnik launch marked the start of the space age and the US USSR space race, and led to the creation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

The National Defense Education Act (NDEA) was passed in 1958 in response to Soviet acceleration of the space race with the launch of the satellite Sputnik. Americans reacted with dismay that soviets could have gotten so far ahead of the supposedly technologically superior united states.

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In Baker v. Carr (1962), the Supreme Court ruled that a state legislature would have to redraw their representative districts in order to comply with the Constitution. Which of the following potential difficulties could have resulted from this decision?A) The state legislature could have refused to implement the decision, leading to a crisis in the legitimacy of the Supreme Court's authority.B) The United States Congress could have requested that funding be cut off from the redistricting program.C) The United States Congress could have requested that funding be cut off from the redistricting program.

Answers

The U.S. Supreme Court case that held that federal courts could hear cases alleging that a state's drawing of electoral boundaries, i.e. redistricting, violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. option B is correct .

What is the legal foundation for the decision in Baker v. Carr?

The Supreme Court ruled in Baker's favor. According to their decision, if the state legislative districts have an unbalanced population, federal courts have the power to enforce the 14th Amendment.

                                  Biggers' case should not have been dismissed by the District Court because they deemed they lacked jurisdiction.

What is constitution? 

The guidebook for a state is its constitution. It lays out the guiding ideals that guide state administration. In addition to describing the state's primary institutions, it also outlines their interrelationships (for example, between the executive, legislature and judiciary).

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How would you react if your national identity and all of your personal property were taken away
by the government? Would you resist or fight back? How?

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Answer:

If my national identity and all of my personal property were taken away by the government, I would definitely resist and fight back. I would do this by organizing protests, contacting my representatives, and making sure my voice is heard. I would also contact legal organizations to help me fight the government's actions and make sure my rights are protected. Additionally, I would try to rally public support to put pressure on the government to return my national identity and personal property.

Explanation:

which u.s. group did not share in the prosperity of the 1920s? responses wealthy families wealthy families sports celebrities sports celebrities middle class middle class farmers

Answers

Middle class farmers of the U.S.  group did not share in the prosperity of the 1920 because these were prosperous times for many some groups like African Americans, Native Americans, farmers and workers that is suffered from declining incomes and unemployment in some industries.

After World War I, the Great Depression for the American farmer really began and it was a continual cycle of debt for the farmer which stemming out from falling farm prices and the need to purchase expensive machinery. Farmers miss out on the prosperity of the 1920s because most of the Americans enjoyed relative prosperity.

The distribution of money between the rich and the middle class between agriculture and industry within the United States and Europe. This imbalance of wealth created an unstable economy and the  wealth was unequally distributed in the 1920s and existed on many levels.

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the leader of the band of several hundred unemployed men who marched on washington in may 1894 to demand economic relief was

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the leader of the band of several hundred unemployed men who marched on Washington in may 1894 to demand economic relief was Jacob Coxey.

Who is Jacob Coxey?An American politician from Massillon, Ohio named Jacob "Jake" Sichler Coxey Sr., also known as General Coxey, ran for office multiple times in Ohio. After leading a "Industrial Army" of jobless workers to Washington, D.C., to protest the federal government's response to the 1890s economic downturn, Coxey earned the title "General Coxey" and gained widespread renown. The following day, Coxey and other movement pioneers were taken into custody for loitering on the US Capitol's turf. The march and protest's popularity dropped off quickly. The march is significant as the first protest march in Washington, D.C., even if it was ultimately ineffective.Jacob Coxey led the group of several hundred jobless men that marched to Washington in May 1894 to demand economic help.

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In chapters 7,8 and 9of the book Give Me Liberty by Eric Foner (brief 6th edition) explain in three paragraphs two major arguments in support of the constitution given by the federalists represented by Alex Hamilton and two major arguments against the constitution put forth by the anti federalists represented by Thomas Jefferson. Cite the text book chapter as your source

Answers

Who is an American? is a topic that has inspired, divided, and sparked fervent arguments, Author Eric Foner tackles it in the sixth edition of "Give me Liberty".

"Give me Liberty" By Eric Foner.

Give Me Liberty! explores how, from colonial times to the early twenty-first century, freedom has taken on different meanings, existed in different social contexts, and had different borders.

When considered collectively, I think these modifications strengthen the aim of Give Me Liberty!, which is to give students a clear, succinct, and thematically rich introduction to American history. Americans' views on history have always been polarised

The major arguments against the constitution put forth by the anti federalists represented by Thomas Jefferson.

While the Federalists favoured a strong government with a strong executive branch, the anti-Federalists wanted a weaker central government. The Federalists rejected the idea of a bill of rights because they thought the new constitution was sufficient. The anti-federalists demanded a bill of rights.

Hamilton believed that the "Constitution" found the perfect balance between liberty and authority. He believed that the constitution already had safeguards in place to prevent abuses of power. However, many people—known as "Anti federalists"—continue to disagree with Hamilton, claiming that the new government will be led by creditors, capitalists, and other such entities. They were considered to be against the interests of the typical American.

Anti Federalist criticised the absence of unprotected rights such free speech and jury trials. Themes about what people expected from their governments are interesting. However, Hamilton won support by promising to enact a bill of rights. Madison followed his promise and created the "Bill of Rights," which gave its citizens protection.

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The U.S. Constitution defines or recognizes powers associated with which of the following levels of government? The federal and state levels Which system allows a national government to maintain authority within its borders while cooperating with the independent sovereign governments that form it?

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The federal government was granted extensive power under the constitution, including the ability to raise taxes, regulate trade, control the currency, assemble an army, and declare war.

What is meant by federal system of government?

Federalism is a form of government in which power is shared between a central and regional authority; in the United States, both the federal government and the state governments have a significant amount of sovereignty.

There are three distinct tiers of governance in the United States: the federal government, the state governments, and the local governments.

Under the constitution, the federal government was given broad authority to levy taxes, control trade, manage the currency, build an army, and declare war. In order to fulfill its obligations, the Constitution might also pass laws that were appropriate and necessary.

With the passage of the Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, a third level of government known as Panchayati Raj was established in each of India's states.

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which of the following concepts expressed in the northwest ordinance would later appear in the bill of rights?

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The concept of religious freedom expressed in the northwest ordinance later appeared in the bill of rights.

Taking into account the Northwest Ordinance's excerpt, the concept of religious freedom is one that is later represented in the Bill of Rights.

The excerpt's statement that "No person degrading himself in a peaceable and orderly manner shall ever be assaulted on account of his style of worship or religious emotions in the designated region" makes this clear.

Other ideas from the Northwest Ordinance that would subsequently be included in the Bill of Rights include trial by jury, habeas corpus, and due process.

Therefore, it may be said that the Northwest Ordinance had an impact on the creation of the Bill of Rights in this particular circumstance.

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What does Tim mean when he says that the Industrial Revolution was "earth-shaking "?

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When someone says that the Industrial Revolution was "earth-shaking," they are using a metaphor to convey that the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution were significant and had a profound impact on society and the world. The term "earth-shaking" is often used to describe events or developments that are transformative and have far-reaching consequences. In this context, it means that the Industrial Revolution brought about major changes in the way goods were produced and distributed, and the way people lived, worked, and interacted with one another. It had a tremendous impact on the economy, society, and culture, and it marked the beginning of a new era in human history.

the decree's statement regarding the change in the situation of the ottoman empire, as described in the first paragraph, is a viewpoint that would most likely have been shared by members of which of the following governments in the nineteenth century?

Answers

The decree's statement regarding the change in the situation of the ottoman empire is a viewpoint that would most likely have been shared by members of the qing empire in the aftermath of the signing of unequal treaties in the nineteenth century. Option (b) is correct.

By 1700, the Ottoman Empire had undergone a political transformation, replacing the sultan's monopoly on power with a multi-polar system in which political power was informally shared among many different people and factions.

In 1550, the Ottoman Empire was a patrimonial state in which the sultan held all power exclusively. This process developed steadily, but it wasn't without opposition.

Therefore, Option (b) is correct.

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Your question is incomplete, the complete question will be;

The decree's statement regarding the change in the situation of the Ottoman Empire, as described in the first paragraph, is a viewpoint that would most likely have been shared by members of which of the following governments in the nineteenth century?

a. The Russian Empire in the aftermath of its victory in the Napoleonic War.

b. The Qing Empire in the aftermath of the signing of the unequal treaties.

c. The Japanese Empire in the immediate aftermath of the Sino-Japanese War.

d. The Mughal Empire in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion against the British.

How did the Roman (Byzantine) Empire come to overlap with the Middle World? What were the consequences of this? Explain.

Answers

The Byzantine-Islamic relations were not always peaceful, and there were several conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic Caliphates, including the Byzantine-Arab Wars. The Byzantine Empire was also weakened by the frequent wars with the Islamic states and by the economic and territorial losses. The Byzantine Empire was eventually conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 CE.

What is the Roman (Byzantine) Empire?

Generally, The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE.

The Byzantine Empire and the Middle East overlapped in terms of geography, as the empire controlled territories in modern-day Turkey, Greece, Egypt, and the Levant.

Consequences of this overlap included the spread of Christianity in the Middle East and the development of a distinct Byzantine culture that combined elements of Roman and Eastern traditions.

The Byzantine Empire also played a major role in the politics and culture of the Middle East, as it controlled important trade routes and was a major military power in the region. The empire also influenced the development of the Islamic Caliphates that emerged after the Arab conquests of the 7th century.

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What do these terms have in common? How is each different?
Hebrew, Israelite, Jew

Answers

Answer:

Hebrew Israelites should not be confused with Black Jews or Jewish individuals of color. SPLC no longer refers to these groups as solely Black Hebrew Israelites were Always together

Explanation:

John Adam played many roles in the Second Continental Congress. Which of the following is not one of his roles? He wrote the rough draft of the Constitution.

Answers

At the Second Continental Congress, John Adam had a variety of responsibilities. Although it was not one of his functions, he wrote the rough text of the Constitution.

Who accompanied John Adams in the Second Continental Congress and in what capacities?

As a delegate for Massachusetts, Adams attended both the First and Second Continental Congresses. He participated in the five-person committee that was tasked with writing the Declaration of Independence, which also included Thomas Jefferson, and was a fervent supporter of American independence from Great Britain.

What prevented John Adams and Thomas Jefferson from convening the Constitutional Convention?

When the founding fathers met in Philadelphia, Jefferson was absent because he was in Paris acting as the ambassador to France. Because he was a minister for the British government, John Adams was also on the road.

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Review: Major Overland Trails
Pioneers and traders traveled West on overland trails such as the:
[ fill in ] Trail.
[fill in ] Trail.
[fill in ]Trail.
[fill in ] Trail.
[fill in]Overland Trail.

Answers

Pioneers and traders traveled West on overland trails such as the:

California TrailGila River TrailMormon TrailOld Spanish TrailOregon TrailSanta Fe TrailThe Oregon Trail is the most well-known and popular of all the trails.

In the middle of the 1800s, a large number of American pioneers traveled the nearly 2,000-mile Oregon Trail from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon City, Oregon.

Pioneers most frequently moved west in search of improved living conditions. They moved at a 15-mile-per-day pace.

A slightly bigger group of 100 pioneers traveled 2,000 miles to Oregon in 1842.

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what was lincoln’s primary goal immediately following the civil war?

Answers

Answer:to save the Union, slavery or not.

Explanation:

Which of the following was a reason why the French posed a challenge to English colonial dominance in North America? A. They sustained strong ties with indigenous people whose lands bordered English colonies. B. They led uprisings that threatened the economy and the social order in the English colonies. C. They engaged in simultaneous negotiations with several European powers to protect their access to lands around the Great Lakes. D. They built forts and missions with the support of Spanish missionaries to increase their influence, and to protect themselves from English invasion.

Answers

They sustained strong ties with indigenous people whose lands bordered English colonies is the reason why the French posed a challenge to English colonial dominance in North America

What is English colonial dominance in North America?British forces seized control of the province of New Netherland in 1664, renaming it New York. England made the strongest inroads into North America of any European nation. Similar to other European nations, England was inspired in part by the promise of wealth and the Northwest Passage. Attempts by England to establish long-term colonies in the North in the late 16th century marked the beginning of colonization initiatives.In Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607, the first English colony was founded permanently. At the time, the area was home to some 30,000 Algonquian people. To maintain economic control over their colonies, the British placed limitations on how they might spend their money.The French presented a threat to English colonial dominance in North America because they maintained close ties with the native populations whose territories bordered English colonies.

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The Greek philosopher Aristotle was important for the development of Behaviorism because he introduced the:

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The introduction of the "laws of association" by the Greek philosopher Aristotle was crucial to the growth of behaviorism.

Explain the contribution of Greek philosopher Aristotle in behaviorism.

A subset of behaviorism from a psychological perspective is called teleological behaviorism.

It maintains that psychological insights can best derived by the objective observation of externally observable human activities, in accord with the core principles of its branch. Teleological behaviorism is both a traditional and contemporary psychology theory. Because it evolved from the works by Greek philosopher Aristotle, who wrote in the third century BC, it has its roots in antiquity. The idea of telos, or the "ultimate cause," is one of Aristotle's most important contributions to philosophy.

Thus, this is accepted to be the basic goal-oriented explanation for "movement," a phenomenon that the Behaviorist would refer to as "behavior."

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In psychological research, repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced is

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In psychological research, repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced is replication.

What is replication in research?

Any result from a study known as a replication is regarded as diagnostic proof of a claim made in earlier research. This concept places more emphasis on the interpretation of potential results than it does on the operational aspects of the investigation.

A research is replicated by following the same steps and checking to see if the previous results hold true under comparable circumstances. When the outcomes of the first study are similarly connected to the recently acquired data, the study has been reproduced.

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Was Jefferson a good or bad president and why? Was he effective or ineffective and why? In what ways can those two questions be answered opposite of each other?

Answers

Jefferson does not meet the criteria for greatness if we measure it by how far a president advances the country down its historically established path toward the centralized interventionist state.

What is Jefferson?

Jefferson, however, deserves to be counted among the greatest presidents if greatness is determined by how successfully a leader upholds.

The real and original ideals of the federal Constitution as well as the economic and civil liberties for which Americans fought the Revolution.

He deserved to be listed among the most disappointing, though, as there were numerous things he could have done and was expected to accomplish.

Therefore, Jefferson does not meet the criteria for greatness if we measure it by how far a president advances the country down its historically established path toward the centralized interventionist state.

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e John Greene thinks that resistance by slaves was mostly unsuccessful because of the lack of successful armed uprisings. Select one: True False Market Revolution I Jump to... Finish attempt 6.4 The Election of 1860 and the Road to Disunion ►​

Answers

Answer:

True

Explanation:

Hope it helped:)

Why did labor unions made a comeback during the pandemic?

Answers

Answer:

Companies from airlines to retail to tech are seeing employees seek unionization. Political environments, communication across company lines, and the Covid-19 pandemic played significant roles in spurring a national labor movement.

Explanation:

Hope it helps;)

Which statement best summarizes the evolution of free speech in the United
States during the 20th century?
© A. Courts decided that no reasons were compelling enough to justify
limits on free speech.
B. Free speech rights were expanded by a series of constitutional
amendments.
C. Speech that expressed protest or promoted violence was
increasingly protected.
© D. The clear and
present danger test was reinforced as the standard
for evaluating free speech.

Answers

Answer:

C. Speech that expressed protest or promoted violence was

increasingly protected.

Quote :

Serbia felt a natural and justifiable impulse to do what so many other countries had done in the nineteenth century--to bring under one Government all the discontented Serb people."

Question :

Which main cause of World War I does this quote address?

A) militarism

B) alliances

C) nationalism

D) imperialism

Answers

Serbia felt a natural and justifiable impulse to do what so many other countries had done in the nineteenth century-" The quote addresses: C) nationalism

Which main cause of World War I does this quote address?

According to the statement, Serbia was motivated by a strong sense of nationalism to consolidate all dissatisfied Serbs under one rule. The lead-up to World War I saw a notable impact of nationalism, characterized by a firm connection and dedication to one's own ethnic group or nation.

The war was triggered by the tensions and conflicts that arose due to the ambitious desires of different nationalist movements, which sought self-determination and ethnic group unification.

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What were the political and economic factors that led to the United States' acquisition of American Samoa, and how did these factors shape the development of the territory over the course of the 20th century?

Answers

The  America got Samoa after the  Second Samoan Civil War. The Samoa provided a strategic location for a U.S. military base.

What is war?

A war is a conflict between two or more social groups, states, or nations that mainly involves military forces.

The wars have been fought since the beginning of man development sometimes for cattle or land or economy. Sometimes one nation tries to colonize the other nation by involving in war.

After the  Second Samoan Civil War, the  America got Samoa.  The Samoa provided a strategic location for a U.S. military base.

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Template:

Sources Analysis



The French Revolution Era, 1792. - A chained member of the Third Estate rises up against the clergy and nobility.

How does the source depict the identity and character of individuals during this era?







What perspective do you think the cartoonist had? How might the cartoon have been drawn differently if they had the opposite perspective?



Had France remained at peace, her peaceful citizens, her idle warriors would have observed the [emperor], would have judged him, and would have communicated their judgments to him. Truth would have passed through the ranks of the people. Usurpation* would not have long withstood the influence of truth. Thus [Napoleon] Bonaparte was compelled to distract public attention by [war]. War flung onto distant shores that part of the French nation that still had some real energy. It prompted the police harassment of the timid, whom it could not force abroad. It struck terror into men's hearts and left there a certain hope that chance would take responsibility for their deliverance: a hope agreeable to fear and convenient to [the current government]. How many times have I heard men who were pressed to resist tyranny postponing this, during wartime till the coming of peace, and in peacetime until war commences!


*Note that in this context, “usurpation” means “wrongfully taking power”

The Napoleonic Era, Benjamin Constant, excerpt from The Spirit of Conquest and Usurpation, 4th ed. (1814)

How does the source depict the identity and character of individuals during this era?






What do you think Benjamin Constant thought of Napoleon and why?


The Bourbon Restoration, July Revolution / Porte St. Martin France, July Revolution, 27-29 July 1830. Uprising of middle and working classes against the Bourbon royal family.

How does the source depict the identity and character of individuals during this era?





Does this artist seem to support the renewed revolution against the Bourbons in 1830? How might an artist of the opposite perspective have depicted this scene differently?


Step 2

Reflection question: Which part of the French Revolution do you think was the worst?

• The chaos before and after the Reign of Terror

• The governmental terrorism of the Reign of Terror

• The Napoleonic Wars

Whichever you select, explain why in one paragraph below, and refer to specific aspects of the event from the lesson in your explanation.


PLEASE HELP ASAP

Answers

Answer:

Sources

Analysis

The French Revolution Era, 1792. - A chained member of the Third Estate rises up against the clergy and nobility.

How does the source depict the identity and character of individuals during this era?

It shows each character's role during this era. Also showing that the war was unnecessary.

What perspective do you think the cartoonist had? How might the cartoon have been drawn differently if they had the opposite perspective?

I think the cartoonist had an exaggerated perspective. This could help the person looking understand the concept. If the cartoonist had the opposite perspective the cartoons would’ve looked more formal.

Had France remained at peace, her peaceful citizens, her idle warriors would have observed the [emperor], would have judged him, and would have communicated their judgments to him. Truth would have passed through the ranks of the people. Usurpation* would not have long withstood the influence of truth. Thus [Napoleon] Bonaparte was compelled to distract public attention by [war]. War flung onto distant shores that part of the French nation that still had some real energy. It prompted the police harassment of the timid, whom it could not force abroad. It struck terror into men's hearts and left there a certain hope that chance would take responsibility for their deliverance: a hope agreeable to fear and convenient to [the current government]. How many times have I heard men who were pressed to resist tyranny postponing this, during wartime till the coming of peace, and in peacetime until war commences!

*Note that in this context, “usurpation” means “wrongfully taking power”

The Napoleonic Era, Benjamin Constant, excerpt from The Spirit of Conquest and Usurpation, 4th ed. (1814)

How does the source depict the identity and character of individuals during this era?

The author says that Napoleon was wrongfully taking power. He believes that he was only used as a distraction. He wasn’t fit for the war.

What do you think Benjamin Constant thought of Napoleon and why?

In the beginning Constant supported Napoleon. This is because he was a member of the Tribunat. However, as Napoleon was going downhill, Constant opposed him. He was then exiled from France because of this.

The Bourbon Restoration, July Revolution / Porte St. Martin France, July Revolution, 27-29 July 1830. Uprising of middle and working classes against the Bourbon royal family.

Does this artist seem to support the renewed revolution against the Bourbons in 1830? How might an artist of the opposite perspective have depicted this scene differently?

No it doesn’t look like the artist supported  the renewed revolution against the Bourbons in 1830. If an artist had the opposite perspective, then the picture wouldn’t be in a dark setting, with dark colors. For example, I could’ve seen the sun out.

Step 2

Reflection question: Which part of the French Revolution do you think was the worst?

·         The chaos before and after the Reign of Terror

·         The governmental terrorism of the Reign of Terror

·         The Napoleonic Wars

Whichever you select, explain why in one paragraph below, and refer to specific aspects of the event from the lesson in your explanation.

I think the governmental terrorism of the Reign of Terror was the worst. It was the bloodiest. Both majesties were killed in the same year. ‘The king was beheaded on the guillotine on January 21, 1793.’ The queen was also killed later on October 16, 1793. The next year didn’t get any better, as some leaders were guillotined ‘out of fear that new radical leaders would ascend to power.’

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