It shows that the common ancestor of birds and mammals must have had a four-chambered heart.
Birds and mammals, however, have a fully separated ventricle with four-chambered heart. this composition also ensures the separation of low-pressure circulation to the lungs, and high-pressure pumping into the rest of the body.
Reptiles contain 3 chambered heart this is because these animals have a slower metabolism rate and they require a lower amount of oxygen per liter of blood to be delivered to the body. Crocodiles have a four-chambered heart and it is an exception in reptiles with a four-chambered heart.
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plants do not have a germ line and gametes are derived from cell lines that are also responsible for the growth of the organism. can the disposable soma hypothesis be applied to plants? group of answer choices yes; trade-offs between reproduction and repair are still possible. yes; plants have a much higher physiological tolerance for the effects of mutations. no; the distinction between somatic cells and germ line is at the heart of the hypothesis. no; plants do not produce eggs or sperm but rather gametophytes that represent an additional generation.
Yes, there can still be trade-offs between repair and replication. when survival rises, fertility falls, and vice versa.
The two most fundamental aspects of fitness—survival and reproduction—are what determine how a life cycle evolves. There is typically a trade-off between them: when survival rises, fertility falls, and vice versa. Trade-offs happen when organisms forgo a fitness benefit, like higher chances of survival later in life, in exchange for a fitness cost, like postponing sexual development. When alleles at a locus affect both attributes involved in a trade-off, a genetic connection is produced (Roff 2002). Another trade-off is the initial reproduction's timing. While later reproduction may enable organisms to produce more often or better offspring or to offer greater care, early reproduction minimizes the risk of dying without progeny.
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the model organism escherichia coli is growing in a nutrient rich environment. if glucose is depleted, what would be the first response of escherichia coli to the change in the environment?
The use of a different carbon source was Escherichia coli's initial response to the environment's shift.
A common model organism is the rod-shaped (bacillus) Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. E is advantageous for use because it can grow quickly on inexpensive media and because molecular tools are readily available to undertake genetic alterations. Escherichia coli, or E. coli for short, is essential to contemporary biotechnology. The model organism, Escherichia coli, is flourishing in a nutrient-rich environment. Scientists use it to manufacture proteins, to test the function of proteins, and to store DNA sequences from other organisms. When glucose levels drop, Escherichia coli uses another carbon source as an initial response to the environment change.
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Tori, a 24-year-old graduate student, had been suffering from a respiratory infection for over a week. She went to the student health center, where the physician prescribed her a broad-spectrum antibiotic. By the end of her round of antibiotics, Tori was no longer suffering from respiratory complications, but she had noticed an increase in itchiness in her genital region. Within a few days, the itchiness was getting worse and was accompanied by a vaginal discharge that had a cheesy consistency and foul odor. Tori returned to the student health center to discuss her condition with the physician. A sample of her discharge was taken and sent to the laboratory for microscopy and plating.
Based on the lab results, which organism is most likely causing Tori’s new symptoms?
A. Sporothrix schenckii B. Gardnerella vaginalis C. Candida albicans D. Trichomonas vaginalis
Tori's medical condition is due to the organism called c) Candida albicans
Candidiasis is an infection caused by a yeast (a type of fungus) called Candida. Candida normally lives inside the body, such as the skin, mouth, throat, intestines, and vagina, and does not cause problems. Candida can cause infection when conditions within the vagina change to facilitate its growth.
Candida can cause infections if it grows out of control or penetrates deep into the body. For example, it can cause infections in the bloodstream and internal organs such as the kidneys, heart, and brain. Candida develops antibiotic resistance and causes disease.
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sequences contained in which libraries would be expected not to overlap at all?
All sequences would be expected to overlap at least partially.
Check all that apply.brain cDNA library and muscle cDNA library
muscle genomic library and muscle cDNA library . all sequences would be expected to overlap at least partially.
Why is it crucial that there be no overlap?The creation of much more than a codon cannot include a single nucleotide.
Why are overlapping sequences required while undertaking genomic sequencing?assembling the genome's sequence in its whole from random pieces.
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what characteristics is a major developments in vertebrate evolution.
As chordates, the vertebrates share the same qualifying features in terms of anatomy and
what is morphology?Words and their constituent components are the subject of morphology. The smallest significant units of meaning are called morphemes, along with prefixes, suffixes, and base words. Morphemes are critical for phonics in reading, spelling, vocabulary, and comprehension.
How does morphology in humans work?Human morphology is the analysis of while taking development and vital activities into account. Human histological, anatomy, and embryology are all included in this field of research. Human morphology is being explored through evolution, with the human dental anatomy serving as one example.
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Human cells that lack centrioles cannot?
Human cells that lack centrioles cannot be divided.
Which cell of the human body does not have centrioles?Different cells have different numbers of centrioles. Most oocytes have no centrioles, in mammalian epithelial multiciliated cells, such as the ones of the vertebrate respiratory system, 200 to 300 basal bodies are formed in each cell after differentiation.Without centrioles, the cells' organelles would not stay in their proper places, and microtubules would not be able to function properly, which would leave cells unsupported and liable to lose their shape. Also when a cell had no centrioles, the cell would not be able to move its chromosomes during cell division.Learn more about cell division here: brainly.com/question/29773280
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1) In aerobic respiration the majority of energy is conserved for ATP synthesis by feeding NADH into the electron transport chain: During this process, NADH is oxidized to NAD and Oz is reduced to HzO. Diagram an electron transport chain leading from NADH to Oz that clearly indicates how energy is conserved in this process. Be sure to include the names of enzymes and clearly show the fate of the protons and electrons produced and consumed by these reactions_ 2) In very general terms there are two kinds of electron carriers used in living organisms a) What are they? b) Why is this important? c) Name at least two of each type_ 3) In E. coli the oxidation of NADH coupled to the reduction of O2 usually allows translocation of 8 protons_ a) The actual number of protons translocated ranges from 2 to 8. What enzyme(s) accounts for this difference? Why is the number of protons different? b) In Pseudomonas species 10 protons are translocated during the same process. What enzyme accounts for this difference? How is this difference achieved? 4) In aerobic respiration the majority of energy is conserved for ATP synthesis by feeding NADH into the electron transport chain: During this process, NADH is oxidized to NAD and Oz is reduced to HzO. a) How much energy (ie_AG) is available from the oxidation of NADH coupled to the reduction of 02? b) In one sentence describe how the energy conserved in electron transport converted into ATP? 5) In organism "X "the number of ATP produced per NADH oxidized is 2, while in organism "Y the number is 3. a) Assuming that NADH oxidation in organism "X" results in the translocation of 8 protons, and translocation of 10 protons in organism "Y what accounts for the difference in ATP yield between the two organisms? Your answer must include a molecular explanation of ATP synthesis that numerically accounts for the difference_ b) If 45 kJlmol are required to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi, what is the magnitude of the proton motive force (AP or PMF) required for ATP
The conversion of NADH to its oxidized state, NAD, is necessary for both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism; otherwise, the cell will eventually run out of this coenzyme.
NAD is replenished in aerobic conditions when the electrons from NADH molecules are transferred to the mitochondria and the electron transport chain. Pyruvate molecules are carried to the mitochondria under aerobic circumstances, where they engage in the TCA cycle and ultimately undergo oxidation to carbon dioxide. More NADH molecules are produced during the TCA cycle, which is how ATP is made. The regeneration of NAD and the decrease of pyruvate occur simultaneously in anaerobic circumstances. Fermentation is the term used to describe NAD's anaerobic renewal. Fermentation in mammalian tissues converts pyruvate to lactate by transferring electrons from pyruvate to NADH.
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What is the effect of uneven heating of the earth's surface on the environment
When people speak about convection, they are usually referring to the uneven heating that occurs on the surface of the earth.
Consequences of an inconsistent heating system:
Because of the disparity in temperature distribution, certain areas of the environment are hotter than others, and there are also shifts in volume and tension as a result.
It generates updrafts, which in turn may lead to thunderstorms and other types of severe weather.
The Earth has moved slightly on its axis.
Because the sun's rays are directed directly at the equator, the temperature there is higher than in other parts of the planet.
As you approach farther north or further south of the equator, they drop down in an incline or at an angle.
Because of this, the temperature of the earth is uneven, which in turn shapes the wind and the flow of the sea and makes it possible for life to exist.
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male elephant seals fight each other, sometimes to the death, for the chance to mate. they are often several times larger than females of their species with larger, more imposing teeth. this is an example of: a) intrasexual selection b) intersexual selection c) balanced polymorphism d) polyandry
Elephant seal males engage in combat, sometimes to the death, in an effort to mate. With bigger, more intimidating teeth, they are frequently several times bigger than females of their species. Intersexual selection is demonstrated here.
What is a prime instance of intersex selection?To get the attention of the female, males frequently compete with one another. In species where males create leks, or groups of males gathered together to demonstrate to females, an extreme example of intersexual selection can be found.
What do inter- and intrasexual selection mean?Success in securing a territory through intrasexual selection and success in copulation and fertilization through intersexual selection might have an impact on the same or distinct sexually dimorphic traits.
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consider the following logic: 1. all animals need water. 2. dogs need water. 3. conclusion: therefore, dogs are animals. why do many people judge the conclusion of this syllogism to be valid?
A syllogism similar to the one below is typically used in references to demonstrate deductive reasoning. they assert that deductive reasoning investigates all alternatives after formulating a broad claim
One method for determining if the premises of a syllogism are true is through hypothesis testing. Keep in mind that the conclusion can only be true if the presuppositions are accurate and the logic is sound. Thus, all deductive reasoning involves a hypothesis and generates one. It relates to how you decide what to test next. For example, if we wish to know if all dogs are considered to be animals and we have defined animals as having four legs, we will conclude: 1. Dogs are all forms of life Animals all have four legs. 3. Because of this, all dogs have four legs.
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"which type of stroke is caused by blood vessels rupturing either within or on the surface of the brain?"
Hemorrhagic stroke is caused by blood vessels rupturing either within or on the surface of the brain. This happens in one of two ways: Bleeding inside of your brain (intracerebral).
A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by blood vessels rupturing either within or on the surface of the brain. This type of stroke is usually caused by a combination of two factors: high blood pressure and a weakened blood vessel wall.
When a person has high blood pressure, the blood vessels become more prone to damage and can begin to weaken. Over time, the weakened blood vessels can rupture, leading to a hemorrhagic stroke. This type of stroke is also caused by arteriovenous malformations (AVM) or an aneurysm, which is an abnormal bulge in the wall of a blood vessel.
When a blood vessel ruptures, it causes bleeding in the brain. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including headache, confusion, weakness, loss of balance, slurred speech, and even coma. Treatment for a hemorrhagic stroke typically involves controlling the bleeding, managing the symptoms, and carefully monitoring the affected area for further damage. This happens when a blood vessel inside of your brain tears or breaks open, causing bleeding that puts pressure on the surrounding brain tissue.
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list 20 biomes in Nigeria and Africa
Here is a list of 20 biomes that can be found in Nigeria and Africa:
RainforestDesertSavannaGrasslandWetlandTundraTaigaTemperate deciduous forestTemperate coniferous forestTropical dry forestTropical wet forestMontane forestMangrove forestScrublandWoodlandThicketChaparralMediterranean forestSubtropical forestMountain biomes (such as alpine or subalpine)It's important to note that biomes are large, distinct regions of the world that are characterized by their climate, vegetation, and animal life. These biomes can vary greatly in size and can be found in different parts of the world, including Africa and Nigeria.
Who should sign the health
records of a sheep or goat that is
for sale?
A. Future owner
B. Current veterinarian
C. Future veterinarian
D. Current owner
Answer:
Explanation:
answer is d
Gallop is a finding in which body system O Gait O Respiratory O Cardiovascular O Neuro
To deliver oxygen to the working muscles and expel carbon dioxide from the body, the cardio-respiratory system functions in tandem. The muscles release more carbon dioxide as waste during exercise because they need more oxygen to contract.
There are three primary categories of neurons that are involved in breathing: Ventral respiratory group is in charge of expiration. The respiratory system's dorsal group regulates inspiration. The rate and pattern of breathing are regulated by the pontine respiratory group. the systems involved in breathing. The nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are some examples of these. Sensation, integration, and reaction are the nervous system's three fundamental processes.
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32. A bundle of 70-100, mostly undifferentiated human cells is a
axon.
neuron.
blastocyst.
chondrocyte.
A bundle of 70 200 so bundle off 7200. Mostly undifferentiated human cell is a chondrocyte.
What is chondrocyte?It is a cell which has secreted to the matrix of cartilage by and become embedded in to it.
So bundle off 7200. Mostly to the undifferentiated by human cells Human says that I've known as on drop by site there's going to be the ch. Oh and the R. O. E. This is the answer why this is Because in this case in the museum primal stem cells by the . Ms. That means it is mason by primal stem says and it is also known as the corona. Sites also known as it is a K. A. Corona. Sites are the different you can say are undifferentiated and it is differentiated. Human says that is meaning that they can given- rise to differentiate cells lives. They can give rise to different cells are the types under the appropriate conditions and at sites of cartilage of formation. At sites of the cartilage what mission. And it is they are referred as they Cron androgenic cells. They have are also known as there are distance and effort by quando genic felt.
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the entire sruface of the barin is thrown into elevated ridges of tissue called tyhat are separated
Their entire surface is divided into elevated ridges of tissue called gyri, which are separated by either fissures or sulci, which are deeper grooves.
What is the name for the high brain ridges?Gyri and sulci are terms used to describe the raised tissue ridges and shallow grooves that make up the cerebral cortex's surface.
What do brain ridges and grooves represent?The grooves are known as Sulci, and the ridges are known as Gyri. Each gyrus has sulci surrounding it, and these sulci work together to enhance the cerebral cortex's surface area and create different parts of the brain. More neurons may be crammed into the cortex by increasing the surface area of the brain, which would increase the cortex's processing power.
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you receive a skeleton in your lab that exhibits a severe fracture to the face. the upper teeth and alveolar bone have separated from the rest of the skull. this injury was likely caused by:
skeleton exhibits a severe fracture to the face with the upper teeth and alveolar bone have separated from the rest of the skull and injury was likely caused by a blow to the lower face
Alveolar fracture can involve one single tooth, two or more teeth, and labial or lingual displacement of the dento-alveolar segment. This causes loss of arch continuity and uncomfortable occlusal interference. It is quite difficult to detect such a trauma in an isolated alveolar bone fracture. Alveolar fractures harm the supporting bone, the blood supply, and, in some cases, the pulp, periodontal ligament (PDL), and surrounding mucogingival soft tissue of the teeth that are implicated.
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agent-induced immunodeficiency does not a.all of the answers are true. be about after radiation treatment. c.accompany transplant treatments. d.lead to an immunosuppressed state. e.get passed on in gametes.
The cancer treatment that has the highest risk of impairing the immune system is chemotherapy. Rapidly dividing cells are the target of chemotherapy drugs.
What does radiation therapy before a transplant accomplish?The regimen will: Ensure that the majority of the remaining sick cells in your body are eliminated. To prevent your body from rejecting the donor cells following a transplant, weaken your immune system.
What additional medical procedures can be used in conjunction with radiation therapy?But the majority of the time, radiation therapy is combined with other cancer treatments like surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. To increase the likelihood that the procedure will be successful, radiation therapy may be administered prior to, during, or following these other procedures.
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Hypotheses are best described as
A) Assumptions
B) Replications
C) Explanations
D) Predictions
Hypotheses are best described as predictions.
What are the hypotheses?
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories.
To declare or indicate in advance. especially: foretelling on the basis of observation, experience, or scientific reason. intransitive verb. : to make a prediction.
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A client with kyphosis has what abnormal findings?
When seen from behind, a typical spine appears straight. The upper back region of a spine with kyphosis, however, exhibits signs of a forward curving of the backbones (vertebrae), giving the body an unnaturally rounded or "humpback" appearance. Hence, there is unusually rounded thoracic curve.
Kyphosis is the term for the abnormal rounding of the upper back caused by an excessive spine bend. Hunchback or round back are other terms for the condition where there is a perceptible bend. Kyphosis typically affects teenagers, though it can occur at any age. Kyphosis typically only causes mild problems and may not even require therapy. Rarely, a patient may need to utilize back braces or engage in exercises to strengthen their spine and improve their posture. However, kyphosis can be painful, cause significant spinal deformity, and make breathing difficult in severe cases. Patients with severe kyphosis may require surgery to decrease the abnormal spinal curve and treat their symptoms.
The complete question is:
A client with kyphosis has which abnormal finding?
a. Exaggerated lateral spinal curvature
b. Unusually rounded thoracic curve
c. Abnormally concave lumbar spine
d. An S curved spine
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obacco plants have had a gene from fireflies inserted into them which makes them glow. these tobacco plants would be considered:
Tobacco plants have had a gene from fireflies inserted into them which makes them glow. these tobacco plants would be considered as transgenic tobacco. Transgenic tobacco plants are also ideal model organisms for the study of basic biological functions, such as plant-pathogen interactions, environmental responses, growth regulation, and senescence. Tobacco is the most commonly used plant for the expression of transgenes from a variety of organisms.
1. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): A GMO is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. In this scenario, the tobacco plants have had a gene from fireflies inserted into them, which makes them glow.
2. Transgenic Organisms: Transgenic organisms are organisms that have had genes from one species inserted into the cells of another species. In this case, the gene from the fireflies has been inserted into the tobacco plants, which makes them glow.
3. Glowing Tobacco Plants: The tobacco plants with the fireflies gene inserted into them are now glowing. This is because the gene from the fireflies is responsible for producing a chemical called luciferase, which causes the plants to emit light.
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Calculate the solute potential of a 2.0 M sucrose solution at 20oC under standard atmospheric condition. Take into account that sucrose doesn't ionize in water, so its ionization constant (i) is 1.
Solute capability may be calculated the usage of the method Ѱs = -iCRT. The value is -4.87 bars solute potential.
The solute capability is a bad fee so long as there are solutes in solution. “i” is the wide variety of ions the solute dissociates (or breaks up) into. The extra ions the solute can cut up into, the decrease the solute capability.
Here we have the values as ;Concentration= 2.0 MT = 20 ° C so We will convert this to K as 273 + 20 =293 K.i= 1.Then the Ѱs = -iCRT is used.Ѱs = -iCRT = - 1 * 2.0 * 8. 314 * 293.Ѱs = -4.87 bars.Read more about solute;
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drooping of the upper eyelid, and double vision are potential symptoms of damage to the olfactory nerve.
False, drooping of the upper eyelid, and double vision are not potential symptoms of damage to the olfactory nerve.
Our sense of smell depends on the olfactory nerve, which is the first cranial nerve. Like all cranial nerves, the olfactory nerve is paired and only has afferent sensory nerve fibres. The olfactory nerve, along with the optic nerve, are the only two cranial nerves that do not converge with the brainstem. It is also the shortest cranial nerve. Because the olfactory nerve is a forebrain derivative embryologically, it is regarded as a part of the central nervous system. Instead of being myelinated by Schwann cells, the olfactory nerve is wrapped by olfactory ensheathing glia. The cell bodies of bipolar olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium are where the olfactory nerves begin to develop.
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What do we call the transparent, protective layer that light passes through as it enters the eye? a. Pupil. b. Iris. c. Cornea. d. Lens. e. Fovea.
The transparent, protective covering that allows light to enter the eye is referred to as the cornea.
What is the function of cornea?Safeguarding internal eye structures, assisting with refractive power, and concentrating light on the retina with the least amount of scattering and optical deterioration are just a few of the important roles played by the cornea in the eye.
What causes the cornea to fail?Failure can happen for a variety of causes, but the most frequent one is endothelial rapidly oscillating, which can happen because of transplant rejection or "endothelial exhaustion," in which enough epithelial cells perish to cause edema in the cornea. The cornea becomes hazy as a result, and vision deteriorates.
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when a person performing intense physical exercise begins to feel fatigue and a burning pain in the muscles, the muscles respond by synthesizing more . a. galactate b. fatty acids c. lactate d. glucose e. citric acid
When a person engages in vigorous activity, their muscles get fatigued and painful, and they produce more lactate as a response.
Lactic acid is produced by muscles during vigorous activity. It is a metabolic byproduct that hinders exercise performance and leads to muscular tiredness and pain after exercise. When exercising hard, there might not be enough oxygen available to finish the process, hence lactate is produced. The body uses lactic acid to create energy without the need of oxygen, but lactic acid can accumulate in the circulation more quickly than it can be burned off. Following a period of mental or physical exertion, fatigue is a state marked by a diminished ability for work and a decreased efficiency of achievement, typically.
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Which cell can transfer the most DNA?A) F+ cellB) R cell C) Hfr cellD) B cellE) F- cell
C) Hfr cells transfer the most DNA
How do HFR cells function?When one bacterial cell mates with another, it tries to transfer a copy of a F factor as well as a chunk of or an entire chromosome to a recipient bacterium since the F factor is integrated into the recipient bacterium's genome.
What distinguishes a F+ cell from a Hfr cell?The main distinction between F+ strains & Hfr would be that F+ strains contain free-floating F plasmids inside the cytoplasm, whereas Hfr strains contain F plasmids integrated onto their chromosome.
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Construct an explanation to describe the cycling of matter and energy that occurs during photosynthesis. Use the chemical equation to provide evidence.
Photosynthesis helps sequester carbon dioxide and converts solar energy to chemical energy.
PhotosynthesisDuring photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is sequestered into carbohydrates by reacting with water in the presence of solar radiation. The reaction happens through a series of reactions whose summary is given by a single chemical equation below:
[tex]6CO_2 + 6H_2O + sunlight --- > C_6H_1_2O_6 + 6O_2[/tex]
This process helps in the cycling of matter and energy for the following reasons:
It helps to sequester carbon into carbohydrates, an organic matter. Carbons in organic matter are returning to the soil during decomposition or to the atmosphere during respiration. It help fixes solar energy from the sun into chemical energy in the carbohydrates. The carbohydrate produced is broken down by living organisms during respiration and the energy in it is converted to usable energy form for metabolism.More on photosynthesis can be found here; https://brainly.com/question/26494694
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plants were the first organisms to use the process of photosynthesis to convert energy from the sun into useable energy by the cell.
Plants are multicellular, green, eukaryotic organisms that use the process of photosynthesis to transform solar energy into chemical energy.
What is photosynthesis ?
Green plants and certain other animals use a process called photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy. The process of turning water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen- and energy-rich organic compounds is known as photosynthesis, and it takes place in green plants.
The role of photosynthetic processes in sustaining life on Earth cannot be overstated. Food and other organic materials on Earth would quickly become scarce if photosynthesis stopped. In time, the majority of creatures would vanish, and the atmosphere of Earth would eventually be almost entirely devoid of gaseous oxygen. Only chemosynthetic bacteria, which can use the chemical energy of specific inorganic substances and are not dependent on the conversion of light energy, would be able to survive in such a setting.
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06.7 . During many epidemics health-care professionals emphasize the importance of community mitigation strategies, such as wcaring masks, frequent hand-washing and social distancing; Why it important for people to adopt these strategies? These stralegies are only effective with full compliance. everyone must be encouraged t0 practice them . These strategies are tne best way to reduce the length of lire Ihal person able t0 transmit disease These strategies help reduce transmission; even when drug-based treatments and vaccines are unavallable These strategies help the population achieve herd immunity: which doesn"t require that everyone is immune
The correct answer option(c) These strategies help reduce transmission; even when drug-based treatments and vaccines are unavallable.
Surveillance strategies include rapid diagnosis, screening, reporting, case management reporting, contact investigations, and the monitoring of trends. It is clear that surveillance is necessary to quickly identify and respond to a pandemic influenza outbreak.
Proper hand washing is the most effective way to prevent the spread of infections in hospitals. If you are a patient, don't be afraid to remind friends, family and health care providers to wash their hands before getting close to you. Other steps health care workers can take include: Covering coughs and sneezes.
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how tightly the nucleons in a nucleus are bound together is indicated by the nucleus's
The correct response is e) binding energy. The nucleons in a nucleus are bound together by the binding energy, this is indicated by the nucleon.
The minimal amount of energy needed in physics and chemistry to separate a particle from a system of particles or to break a system of particles down into its component pieces is known as the binding energy. While the word separation energy is used in nuclear physics, the former meaning is more common in condensed matter physics, atomic physics, and chemistry. The energy level of a bound system is often lower than that of its unbound components. Relativity theory states that a drop in a system's total energy of E leads to a corresponding decrease in its total mass of m, where mc2 = E. In particle physics, the term "binding energy" describes the energy an atom receives from electromagnetic interaction as well as the quantity of energy needed to break an atom down into free nucleons.
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How tightly the nucleons in a nucleus are bound together is indicated by the nucleus's.
a) neutron number
b) nucleon number
c) pack-density number
d) half-life
e) binding energy
f) mass number
