Costal facets are found on the thoracic vertebrae.
What is Costal facets?Costal facets are small, synovial articulations found between the anterior and posterior tubercles of the ribs. They are formed by the junction of the tubercle of the rib and the transverse process of the vertebra. These facets act as gliding joints, which allow the rib to move during respiration. They also provide stability to the thoracic spine, allowing it to support the weight of the thorax and its organs. In addition, costal facets provide a way for muscles to attach to the ribs. This allows for the rib cage to expand and contract during breathing. The costal facets also play a role in providing cushioning between the rib and vertebral joint, helping to increase comfort and reduce the risk of injury.
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which factor likely contributed most to limiting the number of fossils of land creatures?most land creatures were almost entirely made up of softer tissues that decayed too quickly to fossilized.plants and water creatures fossilized in the most common way, while land creatures fossilized in other ways.most land creatures probably died away from watery environments where they would be covered in silt.
The factor that likely contributed most to limiting the number of fossils of land creatures is that most land creatures were almost entirely made up of softer tissues that decayed too quickly to fossilize.
Soft tissues such as muscle and organs decay more quickly than hard tissues like bone, making it less likely for land animals to leave behind fossilized remains. In contrast, many plants and water creatures have harder tissues or shells that are more likely to fossilize. Additionally, land creatures may have been less likely to be rapidly buried in sediment, which is a key process for fossilization to occur. Overall, while there may be multiple contributing factors, the decay of soft tissues is likely the primary factor limiting the number of fossils of land creatures.
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Trace the pathway a drop of blood would take from the time it leaves the aorta, to the time it returns to the left ventricle ready to leave the aorta again, describing the chambers and vessels
A drop of blood would leave the aorta and travel to the systemic circulation, where it would enter the body's tissues to deliver oxygen and nutrients.
What is systemic circulation?All body tissue has a functional blood supply thanks to the systemic circulation. It transports nutrients and oxygen to the cells as well as waste products and carbon dioxide.
The arterial system, which consists of bigger arteries that divide into smaller arterioles, is where blood would first enter from the aorta.
A drop of blood would go through the systemic circulation, the arterial system, capillaries, the venous system, the right atrium, the right ventricle, the lungs, the left atrium, and the left ventricle before returning to the left ventricle and being prepared to leave the aorta once more.
Thus, this is the pathway a drop of that blood would take from the time it leaves the aorta.
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Fluid mosaic model of membrane structure
Which of the following is true of the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure?
A)Membranes behave more like a solid than a liquid.
B)Lipids can flip from one leaflet to another as easily as they can move laterally in a membrane.
C)Proteins can easily move across membranes.
D)Proteins can easily move laterally through membranes.
D) Proteins can easily move laterally through membranes, is the following true of the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure.
Fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane structure is bilipid layer and flexible.
This model was given by Singer and Nicholson, according to which lipids have molecules in the middle and the protein may be intrinsic or extrinsic.
also, considered to be a quasi fluid structure.
lipids which form the structure are phosphoglycerate, sphingolipids and cholesterol.
There are 2 types proteins in plasma membrane - integral and peripheral proteins.
carbohydrates are of 2 types - glycolipids and glycoproteins.
The role includes, interaction of cell with the environment.
sorting membrane protein to several compartments.
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if the trees in that woodlot are associated with emf, what effect might the excess nitrate have on the fungi and/or trees?
If the trees in a woodlot are associated with EMF (ectomycorrhizal fungi), excess nitrate in the soil can have negative effects on both the fungi and the trees.
EMF are a type of fungi that form a mutualistic association with the roots of trees. They help the trees to absorb water and nutrients from the soil, and in turn, the fungi receive carbon compounds from the trees. Nitrate is a form of nitrogen that plants and fungi can use for growth. However, when nitrate levels in the soil are too high, it can disrupt the balance of nutrients and affect the EMF and trees in several ways.
Excess nitrate can reduce the availability of other essential nutrients, such as phosphorus, which can limit the growth of the EMF and trees. It can also disrupt the carbon-nitrogen balance between the trees and EMF, which can lead to a decline in the health of both. Additionally, high nitrate levels can lead to the production of harmful reactive nitrogen species, which can cause damage to the EMF and trees.
Overall, excess nitrate in the soil can have negative impacts on the symbiotic relationship between EMF and trees, which can ultimately affect the health and productivity of the woodlot ecosystem.
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what term is used to describe the direction of movement from the occipital lobe to the cerebellum?
The term used to describe the direction of movement from the occipital lobe to the cerebellum is posterior to anterior.
Posterior to anterior is a directional term that describes the orientation of structures or positions in relation to our body's anatomical axes.
Posterior refers to the back or rear of the body, while anterior refers to the front or head end of the body.
The occipital lobe is found in the back of the cerebral cortex, more particularly in the posterior region of the brain.
Just below the cerebrum in the frontal region of the brainstem is where you'll find the cerebellum.
Posterior to anterior can be a useful way to describe the direction of movement between these two brain regions.
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Which group is CORRECTLY paired with its description? Trichonympha - protists that contain symbiotic bacteria that can digest cellulose Ciliates - protists that cause red tides and can produce toxins that kills large numbers of fish Golden algae (chrysophyta) - protists that are the closest relatives of land plants Diatoms (bacillerophyta) - protists that are exclusively animal parasites
Protists called Trichonympha carry symbiotic bacteria that can break down cellulose.
Which species of Trichomonas inhabits the oral cavity more frequently?Trichomonas tenax (T. tenax) is one of these microbes and is a common anaerobic parasite of the oral cavity and submaxillary glands [1]. T. tenax is frequently found in the oral cavity and in those who have periodontal disease and poor oral hygiene.
Which Trichomonas species can't be found in people?Both humans and birds can get sick from trichomonas. Trichomonas tenax and vaginalis are the responsible species when it comes to people. Trichomonas gallinae, Trichomonas gypactinii, and Trichomonas stableri are the responsible species in birds.
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contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles can group of answer choices move the cricoid cartilage. move food from the larynx to the esophagus. close the glottis. constrict the trachea. assist in breathing during exercise.
Contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles can close the glottis Sound generation and the movements of the laryngeal cartilages and folds itself are controlled by the larynx's intrinsic muscles option 3)
The intrinsic laryngeal muscles are in charge of sound generation as well as the motions of the laryngeal cartilages and folds. Its attachments are located between the laryngeal cartilages. These muscles are paired bilaterally, with the exception of the transverse arytenoid muscle.
These muscles work in pairs to expand and close, or extend and shorten, the vocal folds: Adductors and abductors are two types of people. The lateral cricoarytenoid muscles pull the muscular processes anteriorly, rotating the arytenoid cartilages and swinging the vocal processes medially.
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Full Question: Contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles can group of answer choices
move the cricoid cartilage. move food from the larynx to the esophagus. close the glottis. constrict the trachea. assist in breathing during exercise.what is the nitrogen source for the carbamoyl phosphate in pyrimidine synthesis?
L-aspartic acid and carbamoyl phosphate provide the pyrimidine ring atoms (CP). An enzyme known as carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II catalyzes the formation of the latter molecule, which is the first step of the route. As a source of nitrogen, this enzyme utilizes glutamine (L-Gln) (Scheme 1).
What is the use of nitrogen?The chemical industry depends on nitrogen. It is used to make fertilizers, dyes, nylon, nitric acid, and explosives. To produce these products, nitrogen must be coupled with hydrogen to form ammonia. The Haber process is used for this. A chemical element with atomic number 7 and the letter N is known as nitrogen. The lightest element in group 15 of a periodic table, often known as the pnictogens, nitrogen is a nonmetal. It is a typical element in the cosmos, believed to be eighth inside the Milky Way as well as the Solar System in terms of overall abundance.
What is source of nitrogen?Nitrogen in atmospheric deposition is mostly produced by the combustion of fossil fuels like coal and oil. In the form of dry particulates, gases, and droplets, atmospheric nitrogen deposition can take one of two wet forms: rain, snow, hail, fog, and freezing rain. The nitrogen cycle is important because nitrogen is a nutrient that is necessary for maintaining life on Earth. The building blocks of proteins, amino acids, and nucleic acids, which make up genetic material, all contain nitrogen as a major component (RNA and DNA).
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What is required for the Calvin cycle?
Chlorophyll pigments, the chloroplast "theatre," and enzyme catalysts are the three prerequisites for the calvin cycle to occur.
The first stage converts light energy into chemical energy, which is currently stored in ATP and NAD molecules.Ph Calvin cycle, is most commonly too nown as the C3 cycle.It is series of many chemical processes that can be used by plants to convert carbon dioxide and other chemicals into glucose.Animals exhale carbon dioxide as part of their breathing process, and plants then take up this gas to carry out photosynthesis. The acceptor molecules and carbon dioxide mix to create glucose, which the plants use to obtain nutrients.The RUBP is a crucial first carbon dioxide acceptor during carbon fixation. RUBP and carbon dioxide both
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if a gene is found only on the x chromosome and not the y chromosome, it is said to be__
A gene is referred to be an x linked trait or a sex-linked trait if it is exclusively located on the x chromosome and not the y chromosome.
An X-linked gene is one that is found on the X chromosome but not the Y chromosome. Genes on non-sex chromosomes inherit differently than X-linked genes (autosomes). Because he contains just one X chromosome, a guy who carries this mutation will be impacted.
Characteristics that are influenced by genes on the sex chromosomes are known as sex-linked traits. Because the X and Y chromosomes are different, males and females may have different inheritance patterns for certain features. Color blindness is an example of a feature that is more prevalent in men and is connected to sex.
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The above question is incomplete. Check complete question below -
If a gene is found only on the x chromosome and not the y chromosome, it is said to be__
A. X linked
B. Autosomal
C. Recessive chromosomes
D. Dominant chromosomes
Muscles are not likely to tear from their bones because perforating fibers of collagen attach the tendons and periosteum to the cortical surfaces of bone
True or False
The statement is true. Muscles are attached to bones through tendons, which are composed of dense regular connective tissue made primarily of collagen fibers.
The tendons attach to the periosteum, which is the outer layer of bone, and the perforating fibers of collagen attach the tendons and periosteum to the cortical surfaces of the bone.
The perforating fibers, also called Sharpey's fibers, are bundles of collagen fibers that extend from the periosteum into the cortical bone. They anchor the tendons to the bone and provide a strong attachment that resists tearing and pulling forces.
When a muscle contracts, it exerts force on the tendon, which in turn pulls on the bone to produce movement. The strong attachment between the tendon and bone provided by the perforating fibers is crucial for allowing this movement to occur without tearing the muscle away from the bone.
In summary, the perforating fibers of collagen fibers that attach tendons and periosteum to the cortical surfaces of bone play an important role in preventing muscles from tearing away from their attachment points.
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A high concentration of calcium salts is normally found within the cytoplasm of a protozoan, while the surrounding environment contains a lower concentration of calcium salts. The higher concentration in the protozoan is most probably the result of 1) diffusion 2) excretion 3) active transport 4) cellular transport
Answer: active transport
Answer:
Active transport
Explanation:
The higher concentration of calcium salts in the cytoplasm of a protozoan is most probably the result of active transport. Active transport is the process by which a cell pumps molecules or ions against a concentration gradient, meaning from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This requires the use of energy, usually in the form of ATP. Active transport is necessary in order to maintain the proper ionic balance within the cell and to regulate the concentration of essential ions like calcium.
if the amount of potassium in the blood decreases, what would a negative feedback control mechanism be expected to do?
If the amount of potassium in the blood decreases, A negative feedback control mechanism activates insulin and aldosterone actions to increase potassium level.
The activation of insulin and aldosterone actions and other processes that lower plasma potassium are brought on by an increase in plasma potassium. This is an illustration of a negative feedback system whereby increases in plasma potassium level cause an increase in potassium excretion. A feed-forward system, on the other hand, reacts to potassium intake in a way that is unrelated to changes in the level of systemic plasma potassium. Consuming foods high in potassium causes a considerable rise in urine potassium excretion in sheep without increasing serum potassium level. This feed-forward control is mediated by an unknown signal between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the kidney potassium processing.
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what is the largest type of lymphatic vessel, which deposits lymph into the subclavian veins?
The collecting lymphatics throughout the body eventually merge into bigger lymph trunks, the biggest of which, the thoracic duct and right lymph duct, discharge directly into the subclavian veins.
The right lymphatic duct drains lymph into the right subclavian vein, whereas the thoracic duct links to the left subclavian vein. The biggest lymphatic veins are lymphatic ducts. These two ducts pour lymph into neck veins (the right and left subclavian veins at their junctures with the internal jugular veins).
The efferent vessels that carry lymph from lymphatic organs to nodes and then to the right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct, the body's biggest lymph channel.
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The biological species concept is inadequate for grouping. A) plants. B) parasites. C) asexual organisms. D) animals that migrate. E) sympatric populations.
The biological species concept is generally considered inadequate for grouping A) plants, B) parasites, and C) asexual organisms.
The biological species concept defines a species as a group of interbreeding individuals that produce viable, fertile offspring. However, this definition does not work well for organisms that reproduce asexually or have complex life cycles, such as parasites. For asexual organisms, the concept of interbreeding individuals is not applicable, while for parasites, the concept of species becomes problematic as they may utilize multiple hosts during their life cycle. In plants, hybridization can occur frequently, and in some cases, it may be difficult to determine whether two populations are separate species or merely variations within the same species. D) Animals that migrate and E) sympatric populations do not necessarily pose a problem for the biological species concept, as the ability to interbreed is still relevant for determining whether populations belong to the same species.
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how well an organism survives and reproduces in its environment can be described as its
Any inherited characteristic that aids a plant or animal in surviving and reproducing in its environment is known as an adaptation.
One way to characterize an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment?The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment is referred to as fitness. High fitness is the term used to describe people who have environmental adaptations that allow them to live and reproduce.
How does a living thing thrive in its surroundings?Evolutionary adaptation, or simply adaptation, is the alteration of an organism to its environment in order to maximize its chances of survival.
According to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, animals who have heritable qualities that allow them to better adapt to their environment than other members of their species will be more likely to live, reproduce, and carry more of their genes to the next generation.
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what is the source of glucose that is needed for cellular respiration in humans?
Glycogen, the body's storage form of glucose, and dietary sources provide the glucose needed for the production of ATP during cellular respiration.
What does a high glucose level mean?Because the body doesn't produce enough insulin, hypoglycemia (high blood glucose) occurs if there is too much glucose in the blood. Hyperglycemia, a diabetic condition, can cause vomiting, increased hunger and thirst, a quick heartbeat, eyesight issues, and other symptoms. Serious health issues may result from untreated hyperglycemia.
Why does the body use glucose?The primary form of glucose in the body, glucose serves as the body's cells' principal source of energy. Glucose may be produced by the body from other chemicals or it can be obtained from the meals we eat. The cells receive glucose from the blood. One hormone that controls blood glucose levels is insulin.
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The evolution of cuticle presented land plants with a challenge that threatened their ability to live on land. Describe this challenge, and explain why stomata represent a solution. Compare and contrast stomata with pores found in liverworts.
Although stomata were a crucial adaptation that helped plants to adapt to life on land, the more primitive liverwort pores are a more primitive trait.
A stomate, also known as a stoma, is any of the minuscule pores or openings in the epidermis of leaves and young stems; the plural of stoma is stoma or stomas. Stomata are more common on the underside of leaves. They allow gases to move back and forth between the atmosphere outside and the leaf's branching system of linked air canals. A stomate's two sausage-shaped guard cells that surround it open and close due to internal pressure. The interior wall of a guard cell is thicker than the outer wall. As the guard cell becomes turgid and filled with water, the outer wall of the cell extends outward, pushing the inner wall along with it and widening the stomate.
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two processes used to maintain homeostasis by transporting substances into and out of the cell are
The two processes used to maintain homeostasis by transporting substances into and out of the cell are: Passive transport, Active transport.
Passive transport: Passive transport is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, without the input of energy. Passive transport can occur through two main mechanisms: diffusion and facilitated diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules down their concentration gradient, while facilitated diffusion involves the use of a protein channel or carrier to assist in the movement of molecules across the membrane.Active transport: Active transport is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, with the input of energy in the form of ATP. Active transport can occur through different mechanisms, including primary active transport, which uses ATP directly to transport molecules, and secondary active transport, which uses the energy stored in an electrochemical gradient to transport molecules.To learn more about homeostasis refer to this link
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does protein expression begin with transcription or translation?
These proteins are produced by cells by the transcription and translation of certain genes from their DNA into molecules of messenger RNA (mRNA), chain of amino acids, and finally fully functioning proteins.
Making messenger RNA is the initial stage, after which it exits the nucleus and moves into the cytoplasm to join a ribosome. At this time, the second stage of translation starts, during which a particular protein molecule is created by reading the genetic instructions contained in the mRNA molecule. Transcription and translation take place simultaneously. Translation is the mechanism used to create new proteins. A messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule formed during transcription of DNA must next be translated into a protein to complete the biological process.
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What are the 7 carbon transfers (fluxes)? (Will give brainly to 1st correct answer)
Answer:1. photosynthesis
2. respiration
3. decomposition
4. combustion
5. burial and compaction
6. carbon sequestration
7. weathering
Explanation:
Which of these observations about two wild
animals would be the strongest evidence that
they are members of the same species?
A They both have backbones.
B They both breathe with lungs.
C They live in the same habitat.
D They mate with each other and reproduce.
1 A. how is DNA Replicated
DNA replication occurs in three major steps which are the opening of the double helix and the separation of the DNA strands, the priming of the template strand, and the assembly of the new DNA segment.
What is DNA replication?DNA replication is defined as the biological process of making two identical copies of DNA from a single original DNA molecule that occurs in all living organisms, serving as the most essential part of biological inheritance.
DNA replicates in the S phase of the cell cycle and begins at specific regions in the DNA called DNA replication 'origins'. Many proteins participate in DNA replication and the process is subject to a check by cell surveillance mechanisms called cell cycle checkpoints.
Thus, DNA replication occurs in three major steps which are the opening of the double helix and the separation of the DNA strands, the priming of the template strand, and the assembly of the new DNA segment.
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in eukaryotes, atp synthase is located in the _____________
Answer:
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Explanation:
In prokaryotic cells, ATP synthase lies across the plasma membrane, while in eukaryotic cells it lies across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
movement from low concentration to high concentration will require ?
In active transport, substances are moved against the concentration gradient from a low-concentration area to a high-concentration one.
Does switching from a high to a low concentration level use up energy?Natural processes like passive transport take place without the cell using energy to move. Diffusion is the process by which chemicals travel passively from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Does assisted diffusion require ATP?It is not necessary to use high energy molecules like ATP for facilitated diffusion. Channel proteins and carrier proteins are used in this sort of diffusion to move molecules across the plasma membrane.
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Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies detect all of the following except...
A) oxygen levels
B) blood pressure
C) pH
D) carbon dioxide
E) both A and D
B) blood pressure is not detected by the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies
What are chemoreceptors?Chemoreceptors are specialized sensory cells or neurons that respond to chemical stimuli in the environment or in the body. They can be found in different parts of the body, such as the nose, tongue, and blood vessels, and play important roles in detecting and signaling changes in the chemical composition of their surroundings.
For example, chemoreceptors in the nose help us sense and identify different odors, while chemoreceptors in the blood vessels help regulate blood pressure and pH by detecting changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other chemicals in the blood.
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The largest type of lymphatic vessel, which deposits lymph into the subclavian veins, is called a collecting
duct
thoracic duct
capillaries
In the human body, the thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic channel. The right upper limb, right breast, right lung, and the right side of the head and neck are the only parts of the body where lymph does not exit through the thoracic duct, which is responsible for approximately 75% of all body lymph.
What does the subclavian vein drain into?The right subclavian trunk continues to produce the right lymphatic duct, which enters at the right venous angle, while the left subclavian trunk straight empties into the thoracic duct (junction of the internal jugular vein and subclavian vein). The deep vein known as the subclavian vein returns oxygen-poor blood from the upper body to the heart. Your body has one on each side. Right subclavian vein receives blood from right upper chest. Your left subclavian vein is the vein that carries blood from your left upper chest.
Why subclavian vein is central line?The subclavian veins are a frequently chosen location for central venous access, including access for emergency and acute treatment, tunneled catheters, and subcutaneous ports for chemotherapy, extended antimicrobial therapy, and parenteral feeding. Placement of a central venous line is indicated in a variety of situations, such as fluid resuscitation, blood transfusion, drug infusion, monitoring of the central venous pressure, pulmonary artery catheterization, emergency venous access for patients for whom peripheral access is not possible, and transvenous pacemaker implantation.
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the skin plays a role in regulation of body temperature, when environment is cool and body heat must be conserved, arterioles serving the skin so that blood bypasses the dermal networks temporarily?
Option B is correct. Skin blood flow decreases when exposed to cold environments due to cutaneous vasoconstriction.
As a result, there is fewer convective heat flow from the center to the surface and less thermal management from the skin's surface. As the body continues to cool, shivering starts.
The extensive blood supply of the skin aids in temperature regulation by allowing for heat loss through dilated vessels and heat retention through constricted vessels. With the help of its blood supply, the skin controls body temperature. Homeostasis is aided by the skin. Our bodies reduce blood supply to the skin in an effort to stop heat loss in an effort to maintain body temperature. We also produce more heat internally thanks to a number of mechanisms. One illustration is shivering, which is the quick contraction of muscles, which can generate a lot of heat inside the body very quickly. These include inducing sweating to allow the water to evaporate on the epidermis to cool it's own surface and increasing blood flow to the body's surface to enable for the heat to be dissipated through the skin.
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Complete Question-
The skin plays a role in regulation of body temperature, when environment is cool and body heat must be conserved, arterioles serving the skin ___so that blood bypasses the dermal ____ networks temporarily?
A. dilate, papillae
B. dilate, capillary
C. constrict, capillary
D. constrict, papillae
what is endocytosis called when liquids are taken in by the cell?
Pinocytosis is endocytosis called when liquids are taken in by the cell.
A specific type of endocytosis called pinocytosis includes the cell's ingestion of tiny droplets of fluid. The term "cell drinking" also applies to this procedure.
Pinocytosis is the process by which fluid droplets are encircled by tiny invaginations of the plasma membrane and then absorbed into the cell. Pinosomes are tiny vesicles created when the invaginations pinch off from the plasma membrane. After that, these pinosomes combine with lysosomes, which have enzymes that degrade the contents of both.
Pinocytosis is crucial for the delivery of materials including nutrients, ions, and tiny molecules into the cell. Additionally, it controls the fluid balance within the cell as well as the elimination of waste products.
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How does the body maintain thermoregulation?
Body maintain thermoregulation by a part of brain called hypothalamus that examines our current body temperature and compares it to our normal body temperature. When body temperature is too low, hypothalamus causes body to generate and retain heat.
What are the steps in the process of thermoregulation?Thermoregulation includes the body's ability to dissipate heat and the body's ability to gain heat and reduce heat loss. There are four ways to transfer heat: conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation.
What are main ways the human body maintains body temperature homeostasis?The cardiovascular, integumentary (skin and related structures), respiratory, and muscular systems work together to help the body maintain a stable internal temperature. If body temperature increases, blood vessels dilates, allowing more blood to flow near the surface of the skin.
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