If you lose control of your vehicle and collide with a fixed object, such as a tree, at 60 m.p.h., the force of impact is the same as driving your vehicle off a cliff and falling 127 feet.
When a vehicle collides with a fixed object at high speed, the kinetic energy of the vehicle is transferred into other forms of energy such as deformation of the car, sound, heat, and kinetic energy of the object struck. This transfer of energy can cause a significant amount of damage to the vehicle and the passengers.
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), a 60 mph collision with a fixed object is equivalent to a fall from a height of 127 feet. This is because the force of impact is the same as that produced by a free fall from a height of 127 feet, which is about 39 meters. This emphasizes the importance of safe driving practices and adhering to traffic regulations to prevent such accidents from occurring.
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The complete question is-
If you lose control of your vehicle and collide with a fixed object, such as a tree, at 60 m.p.h., the force of impact is the same as driving your vehicle off a: _________.
chester the turtle has a mass of 111kg. chester is accelerating at .34 m/s^2. . what force is acting on chester
Answer:
The correct option is C
1000
N
Given, acceleration,
a
=
2
m
s
−
2
and mass,
m
=
500
k
g
Let the net force be F.
According to Newton's second law of motion:
F
=
m
a
=
500
×
2
=
1000
N
∴
Net force applied is 1000 N.
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a bungee cord with a spring constant of 800 stretches 6 meters at its greatest displacement. how much elastic potential energy does the bungee cord have? the bungee cord has j of elastic potential energy.
Potential energy is a form of stored energy that is dependent on the relationship between different system components.
The bungee cord has 14400 joules of elastic potential energy.
The elastic potential energy of a spring (or in this case, a bungee cord) is given by the formula:
Elastic potential energy = [tex]1/2 * k * x^2[/tex]
Where:
k = spring constant
x = displacement from the equilibrium position
In this case, we know that the spring constant (k) is 800 and the maximum displacement (x) is 6 meters. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
Elastic potential energy = [tex]1/2 * 800 * 6^2[/tex]
Elastic potential energy = [tex]1/2 * 800 * 36[/tex]
Elastic potential energy = 14400 joules
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ou and your roommates are studying hard for your physics exam. you study late into the night and then fall into your bed for some sleep. you all wake early before the exam and scramble groggily around making breakfast. you can't agree on what to have, so one of you cooks waffles on a 910 watt waffle iron while another toasts bread in a 895 watt toaster. you want to make coffee with a 691 watt coffeemaker, and you plug it into the same power strip into which the waffle iron and toaster are plugged. will the 20 a circuit breaker remain operational?
The 20-amp circuit breaker may not remain operational if the 910-watt waffle iron, 895-watt toaster, and 691-watt coffeemaker are all running at the same time.
In circuit breaker:
The total power consumption of these appliances exceeds the maximum power that the circuit breaker can handle, which is 20 amps multiplied by 120 volts, or 2,400 watts.
To determine the total power consumption of the appliances, we can add up their individual power ratings:
910 watts (waffle iron) + 895 watts (toaster) + 691 watts (coffeemaker) = 2,496 watts
This is greater than the maximum power that the circuit breaker can handle, so if all three appliances are running simultaneously, the circuit breaker will trip, causing a power outage.
To avoid this situation, you can stagger the use of the appliances or plug them into different outlets on different circuits.
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1. water moves every time there is a . 2. we , , and in waves. 3. the distance from crest to crest is the . 4. waves that come by often have a high . 5. how are high frequency waves different from low frequency waves? 6. low frequency waves have a wavelength. 7. high frequency waves have a wavelength. 8. all waves have a shape. 9. energy moves in . 10. we see different wavelengths as different . 11. what are 3 examples of electromagnetic waves? 12. the only difference between different electromagnetic waves is the . 13. radio signals are . 14. x-rays have a lot of and can travel through your skin and bones. 15. earthquakes can travel in . 16. the surface of the earth is floating on molten . 17. earthquake waves are called waves. 18. amplitude is the of the wave. 19. the longer the whistle is the the waves and the the note. 20. waves can carry from one place to another. 21. do all waves move up and down? 22. sonar uses sound waves to find things . 23. what are 2 things that use sonar?
The distance between wave Crest is 2m its Frequency is 3Hz, Wavelength (λ) is 2 m, and wave speed is 6m/s.
Frequency (f) of the water waves = 3 Hz
distance between wave Crest is 2m.
ie,
Wavelength (λ) = 2 m
wave speed is v = fλ
= (3 Hz)(2 m)
= 6 m/s
The pace is measured as the ratio of distance to the time wherein the distance is turned into a blanket. the pace is a scalar quantity because it has the most effective course and no importance. For the size of the pace in vehicles, speedometers are used. pace also can be calculated with the assistance of a graph. the space-time graph allows know-how of the rate of an object.
In regular use and in kinematics, the rate of an object is the value of the change of its position over the years or the importance of the alternate of its function per unit of time; its miles as a result a scalar amount. the spot pace is the limit of the common pace because the period of the time c program language period approaches 0. pace isn't always similar to velocity.
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Complete Question:
If a water wave oscillates up and down three times each second and the distance between wave Crest is 2m.
What is it's
I) Frequency
Ii) wavelength
Iii) speed
a wave tank is 200 m long, 4.0 m wide, and 6.5 m deep. the tank is filled to a depth of 5 m with fresh water and a 0.75 m high, 4.5 sec period wave is generated. calculate the wave celerity, length, group velocity, and energy.
The wave celerity is approximately 4.4 m/s, the wavelength is approximately 16.2 meters, the group velocity is approximately 2.2 m/s, and the energy of the wave is approximately 187 joules
Wave celerity, c = √(gλ/2π)
where g is the acceleration due to gravity, λ is the wavelength.
Wavelength, λ = cT, where T is the period of the wave.
λ = cT = √(gλ/2π) × 4.5
Squaring both sides of the equation,
λ = (9.8 m/s^2 × 4.5^2)/(4π^2) ≈ 16.2 m
The wave celerity is,
c = √(gλ/2π) = √(9.8 m/s^2 × 16.2 m/(2π)) ≈ 4.4 m/s
Group velocity of the wave, v_g = c/2
v_g = 4.4 m/s / 2 = 2.2 m/s
Energy of the wave, E = (ρg/2)A^2ω^2, where ρ is the density of the water, g is the acceleration due to gravity, A is the amplitude, and ω is the angular frequency.
ω = 2π/T = 2π/4.5 ≈ 1.39 rad/s
Energy of the wave,
[tex]E = \dfrac{\rho g}{2} \times A^2\omega^2\\ = \dfrac{1000 \times 9.8}{2} \times (0.75)^2 (1.39)^2 \\=187 J[/tex]
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according to the universal law of gravitation, the force due to gravity is:____.
According to the universal law of gravitation, the force due to gravity is directly proportional to the product of the masses of two objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Explain universal law of gravitation?The force of attraction between two objects caused by their masses is described by the universal law of gravitation, a physical principle put forth by Sir Isaac Newton. This law states that every particle of matter attracts every other particle in the cosmos with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their separation.
The equation provides the law's mathematical expression:
F = G * (m1 * m2) / r^2
Where r is the distance between the centers of the two objects, m1 and m2 are their masses, and G is the gravitational constant.
The gravitational constant is a fundamental constant of nature that has a value of approximately 6.674 x 10^-11 Nm^2/kg^2.
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a 3.0 meter long ideal spring stretches vertically by 0.60 meters when supporting a 10 kg mass. how much is the spring stretched while supporting a 20.0 kg mass?
The spring is stretched by 1.20 meters when supporting a 20.0 kg mass. The spring constant, k, of an ideal spring can be calculated using Hooke's law.
Hooke's law states that the force exerted by a spring is proportional to its extension or compression:
F = -kx
where F is the force applied to the spring, x is the displacement of the spring from its equilibrium position, and the negative sign indicates that the force is in the opposite direction to the displacement.
In this case, we can use the given information to solve for the spring constant:
k = F/x
where F is the weight of the 10 kg mass, which can be calculated using the formula:
F = mg
where g is the acceleration due to gravity, which is approximately 9.81 m/s^2. So,
F = 10 kg x 9.81 m/s^2 = 98.1 N
x is the extension of the spring, which is given as 0.60 meters. Therefore,
k = 98.1 N / 0.60 m = 163.5 N/m
Now we can use Hooke's law to calculate the extension of the spring when supporting a 20 kg mass:
F = mg = 20 kg x 9.81 m/s^2 = 196.2 N
x = F/k = 196.2 N / 163.5 N/m = 1.20 m
Therefore, the spring is stretched by 1.20 meters when supporting a 20.0 kg mass.
The unit of spring constant is newtons per meter (N/m). The spring constant is a characteristic property of the spring, and it is determined by the material properties of the spring, such as its geometry, cross-sectional area, and Young's modulus.
In the problem given, the spring is stretched by 0.60 meters when supporting a 10 kg mass, and we can use Hooke's law to calculate the spring constant, k, as explained earlier.
Once we have the spring constant, we can use Hooke's law again to find the extension of the spring when supporting a 20 kg mass. The force required to support the 20 kg mass can be calculated using the formula F = mg, where m is the mass and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
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A motorcycle traveling at 87.3 mi/hr for 0.85
hours, what is the acceleration if the final-
velocity is 120 mi/hr?
A motorcycle traveling at 87.3 mi/hr for 0.85 hours, the acceleration of the motorcycle is 38.47 miles per hour squared (mi/[tex]hr^2[/tex]) if the final- velocity of a motorcycle is 120 mi/hr.
What is the calculation of the acceleration?The acceleration of the motorcycle= (final velocity - initial velocity) / time
(initial velocity=at the beginning of the time interval, final velocity= velocity at the end of the time interval, time= the duration of the interval)
Here, initial velocity =87.3 mi/hr, the final velocity = 120 mi/hr, and the time interval = 0.85 hours.
acceleration = (120 mi/hr - 87.3 mi/hr) / 0.85 hours
acceleration = 32.7 mi/hr / 0.85 hours
acceleration = 38.47 mi/[tex]hr^2[/tex]
Hence, the acceleration of the motorcycle is 38.47 miles per hour squared (mi/[tex]hr^2[/tex]) if the final velocity is 120 mi/hr.
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A skateboarder fell during a jump. She got up after 5 seconds, returns to a velocity of 5 m/s. What is her acceleration
Answer:
Acceleration= Velocity/time
Acceleration=5m/s\5s
Acceleration=1m/s2
The Hoover dam produces about 4,200,000,000 kWh of energy each year, using flowing water to rotate fan like blades and turbine generators. Which of the following summarizes the production of energy at Hoover dam? 
The option that summarizes the production of energy at Hoover Dam is A. Mechanical Energy of the flowing water is transformed into electrical energy by rotating coils in a magnetic field, producing an alternating current.
How does the Hoover Dam produce electricity ?The Hoover Dam is a hydroelectric dam, which means it generates electricity by harnessing the mechanical energy of flowing water. The dam has a system of turbines that are turned by the flow of water, which then rotates coils of wire in a magnetic field.
This interaction produces an alternating current (AC) electrical signal, which is then transformed into usable electrical energy that can be distributed to power homes and businesses.
In this way, Hoover Dam and other hydroelectric dams generate electricity without producing any greenhouse gas emissions, making them an important source of clean and renewable energy.
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Options for this question are:
Mechanical Energy of the flowing water is transformed into electrical energy by rotating coils in a magnetic field, producing an alternating current.Mechanical energy of the flowing water is transformed into thermal energy by rotating coils in a magnetic field, producing a direct current.Thermal energy of the flowing water is transformed into electrical energy by rotating coils in a magnetic field, producing an alternating current.Thermal energy of the flowing water is transformed into mechanical energy by rotating coils in a magnetic field, producing a direct current.If we think about it carefully, isn’t the entire Universe nothing more than a bunch of matter interacting as it transfers energy around?
Answer:
Yes, that's a good way to think about it. The entire universe can be described as a vast collection of matter and energy that interact with one another in complex ways. Energy is transferred from one object to another through various processes, such as radiation, conduction, and convection. These interactions result in the movement and transformation of matter and energy, which in turn shape the physical and chemical characteristics of the universe as a whole. So, in a sense, the entire universe can be seen as a dynamic system of energy transfer.
Explanation:
when a spring with a spring constant of 10 n/m has a 0.90 kg block attached to it and is then set into simple harmonic motion, how long does it take for the block to return to its starting position?
The time it takes for a 0.90 kg block to return to its initial position after being coupled to a spring with a spring constant of 10 n/m and put into simple harmonic motion is 1.88 seconds.
The time it takes for a block attached to a spring to complete one full oscillation (i.e., return to its starting position) in simple harmonic motion is given by:
[tex]T = 2\Pi\sqrt{(m/k)}[/tex]
here,
T is period of oscillation,
m is mass of the block, and
k is spring constant.
In this case, m = 0.90 kg and k = 10 N/m.
Reserving values :-
[tex]T = 2\pi\sqrt{(0.90 kg / 10 N/m)}[/tex]
[tex]T = 2\pi\sqrt{(0.09 m)}[/tex]
[tex]T = 2\pi * 0.3 m[/tex]
T = 1.88 s
Therefore, it will take approximately 1.88 seconds for the block to return to its starting position.
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how much solar wind kinetic energy per second would be intercepted by the sun-facing half of a 15 re sphere
A total of 1.3x10³⁶ particles are ejected from the Sun every second by the solar wind.
The solar wind is a jet of charged particles that the Sun's corona, or upper atmosphere, releases into space. Electrons, protons, and alpha particles with kinetic energies ranging from 0.5 to 10 keV make up the majority of this plasma. The solar wind plasma is made up of a variety of substances that are also present in the solar plasma, including traces of heavy ions and atomic nuclei like C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, and Fe. Other nuclei and isotopes including P, Ti, Cr, 54Fe and 56Fe, 58Ni, 60Ni, and 62Ni are also present in smaller amounts. The interplanetary magnetic field is superimposed with the solar-wind plasma.
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Explain how you can tell from the shape of
the graph when the girl travelled fastest.
Over which stage did this happen?
A 4.7 kg cart is rolling down a ramp. Neglecting any friction and drag from impending motion, what is the magnitude of the normal force acting on the cart?
A. 45.1 N
B. 9.58 N
C. 46.1 N
D. 0.98 N
The magnitude of the normal force acting on the cart is 46.1 N.
option C
What is the force acting on the cart?The normal force is a contact force that acts perpendicular to the surface of contact between two objects. It arises due to the electrostatic repulsion between the atoms or molecules in the two surfaces in contact.
The magnitude of the normal force acting on the cart is calculated as;
Fn = mg
where;m is the massg is acceleration due to gravityFn = 4.7 kg x 9.8 m/s²
Fn = 46.1 N
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what is the accleration of free fall on a planet with four times the mass of the earth, but eight times the volume?
39.2 ms² is the acceleration of free fall on a planet with four times the mass of the earth, but eight times the volume.
Gravitational Acceleration: When a very big object, such as a planet, exerts a gravitational pull on a much smaller item, the planet's gravity causes the smaller object to fall downhill at a specific pace. Its pace is independent of the object's mass (provided that the object is significantly less massive than the planet).
The mass rises linearly while the radius shrinks exponentially, yielding
A = 4 × g
= 4 × 9.8 ms²
= 39.2 ms².
Gravity's acceleration is exclusively determined by the planet's mass and radius (distance from the center of the planet to its surface). The following equation may be used to calculate the acceleration due to gravity (g) given the planet's mass and radius (M and R).
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a bit of the sunlit side of the moon shows with the light side being on the left called___
A bit of the sunlit side of the moon shows with the light side being on the left called as the darkside.
What is darkside?
The dark side of the moon is an idiom which refers to the unknown, mysterious and perhaps dangerous aspects of life. It describes the things that are hidden from us, the things that are hard to understand, and the things that can cause us harm. The phrase has been used to refer to the hidden depths of the human psyche, the unknown forces of the universe, and the unknown aspects of a person's life. It can also refer to a person's hidden and perhaps darker motivations and desires, as well as the unknown risks associated with decisions that people make. The phrase is a reminder that life is unpredictable and sometimes dangerous, and that people should be aware of the potential consequences of their decisions.
Therefore, A bit of the sunlit side of the moon shows with the light side being on the left called as the darkside.
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Humans can visibly perceive light from about ____ to ____ nanometers.
a. 400, 400
b. 700, 400
c. 400, 700
d. 700, 700
where grounded conductors of different systems are installed in the same raceway, cable, or enclosure, each neutral conductor shall be identified to distinguish the systems by .
The neutral conductors of different systems should be identified to distinguish the systems by using different colors, by using a tag, or by using other effective means.
What is conductors ?The neutral conductors of different systems should be identified to distinguish the systems by using different colors, by using a tag, or by using other effective means. This is to ensure the correct neutral conductor is connected to the correct system and to prevent any confusion when wiring. For example, if a neutral conductor from a 120V system and another from a 240V system are installed in the same raceway, cable or enclosure, they should be identified as such to prevent any wiring mistakes.
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If a gas and a liquid undergoes the same amount of heating, the gas will
expand ---------- times more than the liquid
If a gas and a liquid undergoes the same amount of heating, the gas will expand many times more than the liquid. This is because gases have lower densities and occupy more space than liquids, which allows them to expand more readily when heated. The amount of expansion will depend on the specific gas and liquid being considered, as well as the conditions under which they are being heated.
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Answer:
If a gas and a liquid undergo the same amount of heating, the gas will generally expand significantly more than the liquid. This is because gases have much lower density and higher thermal expansion coefficients than liquids, and therefore, they expand much more for a given temperature change.
The exact amount of expansion depends on the specific gas and liquid, the temperature change, and the pressure conditions, but it is typically several orders of magnitude greater for a gas than for a liquid. This difference in expansion behavior is one of the key characteristics of gases and liquids, and it has important implications for a variety of scientific and engineering applications.
Explanation:
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ALLEN
which of the following is the best example of kinetic energy? ? a bird flying through the air ? a compressed spring ? a hammer set on a table ? a woodpecker about to hammer a tree
The best example of kinetic energy is a bird flying through the air. Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses through motion.
What is kinetic energy?
Kinetic energy is the power a moving item uses to move. It is the energy of an object caused by its movement.It is the energy that an object has due to its movement. It is calculated by multiplying the object's mass by the square of its speed. The kinetic energy is directly proportional to the mass of the body and the square of its speed. Kinetic energy is a form of energy in motion, such as B. a moving car, a flying ball or a walking person. It is a form of energy associated with the movement of an object.
Kinetic energy is an important concept in physics because it is used to explain many phenomena and in many calculations.
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Why is it difficult to make models of objects in the solar system?
Creating models of objects in the solar system is challenging due to the large distances, complex motions, interactions with other objects, and unknown properties of these objects.
The vast distances between the objects in the solar system can make it difficult to obtain accurate measurements of their positions and movements. The complex motions of the objects, including gravitational interactions with other objects, make it challenging to predict their positions and trajectories over long periods of time.
Additionally, some objects have properties that are not well understood, such as their composition and internal structure, making it difficult to model their movements accurately.
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find odd one out
stigma ,anther ,style ,ovary.
Answer:
style
Explanation:
a sphere made of rubber has a density of 1.08 g/cm3 and a radius of 8.00 cm. it falls through air of density 1.20 kg/m3 and has a drag coefficient of 0.500. what is its terminal speed (in m/s)?
The terminal speed of the falling rubber sphere is approximately 2.43 m/s.
Terminal speed is the constant velocity that a falling object eventually reaches when the resistance of the medium through which it is falling (such as air or water) prevents further acceleration.
[tex]v = \sqrt{\dfrac{2 \times m \times g}{\rho \times A \times C_d}}[/tex]
where ρ is the density of air, v is the velocity of the sphere, A is the cross-sectional area of the sphere, and [tex]C_d[/tex] is the drag coefficient.
The mass of the sphere can be calculated from its density and volume:
[tex]m = \dfrac{4}{3} \times \pi \times r^3 \times\rho[/tex]
where r is the radius of the sphere.
Mass = [tex]m = \dfrac{4}{3} \times \pi \times (0.08 m)^3 \times 1.08 \times \dfrac{1 kg}{1000 g}[/tex]
Mass = = 0.144 kg
Area is,
[tex]A = \pi \times r^2\\ = \pi \times (0.08)^2 \\= 0.0201 m^2[/tex]
The terminal velocity is,
[tex]v = \sqrt{\dfrac{2 \times 0.144 \times 9.81}{1.20\times 0.0201 \times 0.500}}[/tex]
= 2.43 m/s
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Phases and Energy
Phase changes must either ______. or _______ energy.
Someone please help its a fill in the blank!
Phase shifts must either emit or absorb energy. When the system receives enough energy or loses enough energy, these changes take place.
What are the energy phase changes?While freezing, condensation, and deposition are exothermic processes, fusion, vaporization, and sublimation are endothermic processes. Phase changes, also known as phase transitions, include changes in state.
What two energy systems are involved in phase change?Form of latent heat when energy is transferred from solid to liquid during phase change. The transition from solid to liquid is endothermic, which means that the system absorbs energy. When the direction of the change goes from a liquid to a solid, the shift is exothermic (the system releases energy).
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According to the universal law of gravitation, the force due to gravity is directly proportional to the product of the source and test masses and inversely proportional to the square of the separation between the centers of the source and test masses. True/False?
True, The universal law of gravitation, formulated by Sir Isaac Newton, states that the force of gravitational attraction between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses.
What is Universal Law of Gravitaion?
The Universal Law of Gravitaion is a fundamental law of physics that describes the force of gravitational attraction between two objects with mass. It was first formulated by Sir Isaac Newton in the 17th century and is still widely used today in various areas of science and engineering.
The law states that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. This means that the force of attraction between two objects increases as their masses increase, and decreases as the distance between them increases.
Mathematically, the Universal Law of Gravitation can be expressed as:
F = G * (m1 * m2) / r^2
where F is the force of gravitational attraction between two objects, m1 and m2 are the masses of the two objects, r is the distance between their centers, and G is the gravitational constant. The value of G is a constant that is the same for all objects in the universe, and its value has been experimentally determined to be approximately 6.67 x 10^-11 N*m^2/kg^2.
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A meteor when enters into the earth atmosphere burns what happens to its energy?
Answer: Heat by Friction
Explanation: When traveling they have a lot of kinetic energy however upon entering the earth's atmosphere the kinetic energy transforms into heat by friction causing it to burn and some of that energy is turned into light.
Is 0.8 electronegativity polar or nonpolar?
In the case of 0.8 electronegativity, a molecule or bond is polar based on this value.
Polarity depends on the difference in electronegativity between atoms in a bond or molecule. If the difference in electronegativity between atoms is small or zero, the bond or molecule is generally considered nonpolar, whereas if the difference in electronegativity is large, the bond or molecule is generally considered polar.
Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons towards itself when participating in a chemical bond. However, electronegativity values are not used to determine the polarity of a molecule or bond directly.
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what units are used to measure mass in gravity calculations?
The S.I. unit to measure mass in all calculations including gravity related is kilograms.
What is kilogram?The kilogram is the SI unit of mass and it is the almost universally used standard mass unit.
Always remember that mass does not vary. If you measured the mass of an object here on Earth and on the Moon, you would find it was exactly the same. This is in line with common sense. If you take an object to the Moon, it is the same object, it looks exactly the same, and will have exactly the same reluctance to change its motion.
The simplest way to measure mass is not to compare the response of different objects to a force (so to gauge the mass in terms of their inertia or reluctance to accelerate). It is easier to compare two things with a beam balance than to measure their accelerations. If the masses are the same, the gravitational force on each will be the same and the beam will balance.
Concluding the concept of mass and the unit of conserved throughout the calculations which is kilogram here!
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Electromagnetic radiation consists of particles called ______, each of which has a discrete amount, or quantum, of energy. However, since electromagnetic radiation also has wave properties, each particle is also characterized by a specific ________ (m) and frequency (s-1).
Electromagnetic radiation consists of particles called photons, each of which has a discrete amount, or quantum, of energy. However, since electromagnetic radiation also has wave properties, each particle is also characterized by a specific wavelength(m) and frequency (s-1).
What is wavelength?
A periodic wave's wavelength is the distance that its shape repeats. It is a feature of both travelling and standing waves, as well as other spatial wave patterns. It is the distance between two successive points on a wave that belong to the same phase, such as two nearby crests, troughs, or zero crossings. The spatial frequency is the reciprocal of wavelength. Lambda (λ), a Greek letter, is typically used to represent wavelength. The term wavelength is occasionally used to refer to all modulated waves, their sinusoidal envelopes, or waves created by the interference of several sinusoids.
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