MHC I antigen presentation typically involves the endogenous pathway of antigen processing and MHC II antigen presentation involves the exogenous pathway of antigen processing.
What are antigens in the immune system?Antigens are substances present on the surface of cells i.e., viruses, fungi, or bacteria. Antigens can also be non-living substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs, and foreign objects (such as debris). An antigen is a substance that causes the immune system to produce antibodies against it. The immune system recognizes and destroys, or attempts to destroy, substances that contain antigens. This means that the immune system recognize the substance and tries to fight it off. Why is MHC called an antigen and is MHC endogenous or exogenous?The MHC gene (called the H-2 complex in mice) was first recognized in 1937 as a barrier to transplantation in mice. In humans, these genes are often called human leukocyte antigens (HLA). This is because these genes were originally discovered due to antigenic differences between leukocytes from different individuals.Class I MHC molecules (MHC-I) primarily present endogenous antigens. H. Antigens present in the cytosol and subject to cytosolic processing mechanisms, including the conventional MHC-I processing pathway. MHC II molecules associate with exogenous antigens that are internalized by endocytosis. However, exogenous antigens can also enter her MHC-I pathway of her APCs through a process called 'cross-presentation'.To learn more about antigens visit:
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The three-layer fibrous membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are collectively called the?.
The three-layer fibrous membranes surrounding brain and spinal cord are called : meninges.
What do you understand by meninges?Three layers of membranes that are known as meninges protect the brain and spinal cord. The delicate inner layer is called pia mater, middle layer is called the arachnoid which is a web-like structure filled with fluid that cushions the brain and the tough outer layer is called dura mater.
The meninges are three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord and separate them from walls of their skull and vertebral column.
Based on their location, meninges are called the cranial meninges which envelops the brain and spinal meninges which envelops the spinal cord.
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what are the chemical required to start a chemical reaction called
Answer: Reactants
Explanation:
Substances that start a chemical reaction are called reactants.
Answer: Reactants
Explanation:
If a spindle fiber fails to attach to one sister chromatid during m phase and the cell continue through mitosis, what will be true about the genetic information in the daughter cells and why will this be true?.
The genetic information will not be identical because sister chromatids will not separate during anaphase.
The chromatids need to pass on a copy of their genetic information to one another. Sister chromatids are physically held together by a bond, in a protein complex consisting of four core subunits.
The two sister chromatids are joined at a slender region of the chromosome called the centromere. During cell division, spindle fibers attach to the centromere and pull these sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell. After this process, the cell divides in two, resulting in daughter cells with identical DNA.
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If you change the difference in lag times of P and S waves from 00:01:50 to 00:04:00,
how does that change the distance of the earthquake to the seismic station?
The farther a seismic station is from the earthquake epicenter the greater will be the difference in time of arrival between the P and S wave.
As the P and S waves journey out from an earthquake the P waves get regularly farther ahead of the S waves. Therefore, the farther a seismic station is from the earthquake epicenter the more may be the distinction in time of arrival between the P and S wave.
The distinctive waves every travel at different speeds and therefore arrive at a seismic station at specific times. P waves tour the fastest, so they arrive first. S waves, which tour at approximately half the rate of P waves, arrive later.
P and S waves may be used to discover the epicenter of an earthquake. Since P waves are faster than S waves, the larger the appearance time distinction between the 2 waves is, the farther that location is from the epicenter.
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when a speckled nuclear antibody (ana) pattern is observed, what follow-up test for antibodies related to systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) is not beneficial?
The follow-up test related to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) which is not beneficial when a speckled antinuclear antibody (ANA) pattern is observed is: Testing for antibodies to U1RNP+ and dcSSc.
SLE is an autoimmune disease where the immune cells of the immune system attacks a person's self cells or tissues. This disease affects the joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart and lungs. The symptoms may be varying from person to person but the general symptoms are: fatigue, joint pain, rash and fever.
ANA is the antinuclear antibody. These are prevalent in the body when there is an indication of some autoimmune disease. These antibodies guide the immune cells to attack the self-cells.
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how many different genotypes are shown in the 16 squares of the grid? genotypes: what is the genotypic ratio underlying the 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio?
The genotypic ratio underlying the 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio is 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1.
The genetic make-up of an organism is referred to as its genotype, and it reflects each of the alleles, or gene variants, that the organism carries.
A mating experiment between two organisms that are equally hybrid for two traits is referred to as a dihybrid cross. When an organism is heterozygous, it means that there are two distinct alleles present at a specific genetic location or site. When Gregor Mendel saw pea plants that were either yellow or green, spherical or wrinkled, he came up with the concept of a dihybrid cross.
In a dihybrid cross, the genotypic ratio is 1:2:2:4:1:2:1:2:1 for the F2 generation. A 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio would then result.
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What percentage of the food products currently on u. S. Supermarket shelves contains some form of genetically modified food or ingredients?.
The percentage of processed foods in grocery stores that include at least some genetically modified ingredients ranges from 60 to 70 percent.
How much food has undergone genetic modification?In the US, more than 95% of livestock and dairy cows consume GMO crops. Independent research demonstrates that the safety and health of animals are not affected differently by GMO- and non-GMO-foods. The animal that consumes the GMO food does not get any of the DNA from it.
What proportion of supermarket foods have at least one genetically modified component?At least one ingredient in processed foods sold in American grocery stores is genetically modified.
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two species may successfully mate but the resulting zygote cannot successfully develop or breed. this is an example of a isolating mechanism.
This is an example of a post zygotic isolating mechanism.
What is post zygotic isolating mechanism?Post zygotic isolating mechanism is defined as the process that leads to the production of offsprings or zygotes that are sterile, that is, that can't on their own, develope and be able to reproduce.
A zygote is defined as the developing cell that is formed after the fusion of a male and female gametes.
In the post zygotic isolating mechanism involves the following barriers:
Hybrid Zygote Abnormality,Hybrid Infertility, andLow Hybrid Viability.Therefore, post zygotic isolating mechanism occur when sterile offsprings are formed after the successful of two species.
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Since two species may successfully mate but the resulting zygote cannot successfully develop or breed. this is an example of postzygotic isolating mechanism.
What is the mechanism of post-zygotic isolation?When a hybrid's fitness is persistently lower than that of either of its parents species, regardless of the environment, this is known as an intrinsic postzygotic barrier. Examples of such barriers include hybrid sterility or inviability.
Note that the development of sterile offspring, hybrid inviability, and hybrid disintegration are examples of post-zygotic isolation mechanisms. So, "Hybrid sterility" is the right response.
So, Hybrid sterility, hybrid inviability, and hybrid "breakdown" are examples of postzygotic processes. A group of creatures that are reproductively distinct from one another is referred to as a species.\
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Security systems configured by the same security administrator can potentially have the same misconfiguration or design weakness.
When security settings are not properly defined throughout the setup process, maintained, and delivered, security misconfiguration happens.
What is a system administrator for security?This position is in charge of installing, configuring, and maintaining hardware and software, creating and managing user accounts, supervising or performing backup and recovery procedures, and implementing operational and technological security, to name just a few.
Why is system security so crucial to system management?The security of this bigger system or network is the responsibility of the system administrator. In addition to protecting the network from outsiders trying to access it, it's crucial to guarantee the accuracy of the data stored on the systems there in the system.
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Which are examples of a chemical change occurring? (Select all that apply.)
frying an egg
cutting butter
toasting bread
melting chocolate
Answer:
Frying an egg
Cutting butter
Explanation:
Frying an egg is changing the liquids and forming them into a harder substance. Cutting butter is breaking apart the particles that keep it together. Those are examples of chemical change.
the action of the repressor on the expression of the lac operon is an example of: group of answer choices positive control negative control
The action of the repressor on the expression of the lac operon is an example of negative control.
Operon: A set of genes transcribed under the control of an operator gene. More specifically, an operon is a segment of DNA containing adjacent genes including structural genes, an operator gene, and a regulatory gene. An operon is thus a functional unit of transcription and genetic regulation.Both mechanisms are present in the lac operon. Because expression is often restricted by an active repressor (the lac repressor) that turns off transcription, it is a negative control system. The lac repressor attaches to the operator region and inhibits transcription from taking place.
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are responsible for coating neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath. a. glial cells b. neurotransmitters c. brain waves d. synapses
Glial cells are responsible for coating neural fibres with an insulating fatty sheath.
Thus, the correct answer is A.
What are glial cells?Gliаl cells аre а type of cell thаt provides physicаl аnd chemicаl support to neurons аnd mаintаin their environment. Locаted in the centrаl nervous system аnd peripherаl nervous system, gliаl cells аre sometimes cаlled the "glue" of the nervous system, аs well аs neurogliа or just gliа.
The bаsic аct of leаrning whether one’s environs аre sаfe or not, а behаvior common to аll аnimаls, depends on gliаl cells thаt form the fаtty sheаth cаlled myelin - electricаl insulаtion thаt covers nerve fibres.
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Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
Situation in which the mother and father share authority.
Answer:
Egalitarian
Explanation:
Egalitarian is when both mother and father share authority.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Which best describes Web Bois opinion of the Booker T Washington accommodationist approach?.
It reinforced segregation and discrimination.
On the other hand, Du Bois openly criticized Washington's approach and underlined the value of intellectual rigor and equality for African Americans in all spheres of American life, without exception. He verbally attacked Washington in his 1903 book The Souls of Black Folk more than anywhere else.
The importance of African Americans being technologically educated was recognized by both Washington and DuBois. DuBois proposed a paternalistic method of advancing the Black race, in contrast to Washington's hands-on exterior strategy.
Presidents McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt respected him for his work and reputation and sought his advice on racial issues.
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What is an important contribution of climate prediction models?.
The use of climate models can help us better understand and predict how the climate will behave on a seasonal, yearly, decadal, and centennial time scale.
To understand the complex systems of the earth, scientists use climate models. They can test theories and make predictions about past and future climate systems using these models. This can assist them in determining if unusual weather occurrences or storms are a result of climatic changes or are merely a result of regular climate variance.
For example, scientists can use climate models to forecast the number of tropical cyclones that may form off the coast and the areas where they are most likely to make landfall during hurricane season.
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2.2 L of hydrogen at 6.5 atm pressure is used to fill a balloon at a final pressure of 1.15 atm. What is its final volume?
The final volume is 12.43 L.
Use the formula P1V1 = P2V2
Here,
P1 = initial pressure, given = 6.5 atm
V1 = initial volume, given = 2.2 L
P2 = final pressure, given = 1.15 atm
V2 = final volume
Put these values in formula P1V1 = P2V2
V2 = 6.5 × 2.2 / 1.15
V2 = 12.43 L
Hence, The final volume is 12.43 L.
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an mrna molecule with the sequence 5'-ccg-acg-3'is being read by a ribosome. during translation which of the following trna anticodons will be the first to productively bind with this mrna?
The anticodon loop of the initial trna, which will complete this mrna, is 3' GGC 5.A transfer RNA triplet of nucleotide bases and a complementary codon in messenger RNA connect to each other to identify the amino acid supplied during protein synthesis at a ribosome.
An amino acid is coded for by a codon, which is a triplet of three nucleotides that can be found on mRNA. An anticodon, which is a three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA, joins with the same sequence on mRNA to form a bondTo determine the whole anti-codon sequence necessary to match a certain strand of mRNA, or to match the complementary nucleotides in the mRNA sequence, each tRNA has a trio of bases known as an anti-codon.Proline-stop Threonine’s codon will be produced by the mRNA sequence 5-CCG-ACG-3’.The genetic code Is understood to be a system of base sequences that designate the amino acids needed for protein production during translation.The code Is made up of codons, each of which specifies an individual amino acid and has a triplet of bases.There are 64 codon sequences, of which 61 define amino acids and 3 specify the point at which translation should stop.
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What phase of the cell cycle are chromosome pairs separated by the retraction of spindle fibers?.
The phase of the cell cycle during which pairs of chromosomes are segregated by the retraction of spindle fibers is Anaphase.
The anaphase stage of cell cycle can be seen in mitosis as well as meiosis. During this phase, the chromosome pairs split and begin to move away from each other, towards the opposite poles of the cell. The Anaphase stage is marked by certain important events such as the splitting of centromeres as well as the segregation of chromatids.
Anaphase takes place after the Metaphase stage of cell division. The chromosomes which are aligned along the metaphase plate by means of spindle fibers to both poles of the cell during Metaphase are separated during Anaphase.
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When a cell prepares to divide, the chromosomes become more tightly compacted. This process decreases the apparent length of the chromosomes and increases their.
When a cell prepares to divide, the chromosomes become more tightly compacted. This process decreases the apparent length of the chromosomes and increases their diameter.
When a cell gets ready to divide, it must duplicate each chromosome. Sister chromatids are the name given to chromosomes that have two copies. The sister chromatids are joined together by cohesion-containing proteins and are similar to one another. At the centromere, a section of the DNA that is crucial for their separation during later stages of cell division, the bond between sister chromatids is strongest. The sister chromatids are still regarded as one chromosome as long as they are joined at the centromere. The moment they are separated during cell division, though, each chromosome is regarded as a separate one. The cell cycle is an organised sequence of cell growth and division events that results in the creation of two new daughter cells. In order to form two identical (clone) cells, cells go through a sequence of carefully controlled and regulated steps of growth, DNA replication, and division. Interphase and the mitotic phase are the two main stages of the cell cycle.
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What type of organism did skou use to study the sodium potassium pump because they had large nerve fibers?.
Skou proposed in the late 1950s that an enzyme is responsible for the transport of molecules across a cell's membrane. His research on the membranes of crab nerve cells led to the discovery of Na+-K+ ATPase.
What are Sodium and Potassium?
Electrolytes like potassium and sodium help your body function normally by maintaining fluid and blood volume. Consuming too little potassium and too much sodium, on the other hand, can raise your blood pressure.
The terms "salt" and "sodium" are frequently used interchangeably, but they do not mean the same thing. Salt (also known by its chemical name, "sodium chloride") is a natural crystal-like compound. Sodium is a mineral that is found in salt as one of the chemical elements.
The majority of the potassium we consume comes from vegetables, fruits, seafood, and dairy products. The majority of the sodium we consume, on the other hand, is added to packaged and restaurant foods.
If you have high blood pressure, increasing your potassium intake can help lower it. Increasing potassium intake can lower your risk of heart disease and stroke by lowering blood pressure. Consuming too much sodium, on the other hand, can raise your blood pressure.
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In selecting recombinant bacteria, cells are chosen that are resistant to a specific antibiotic. How are the bacteria made resistant?.
In selecting recombinant bacteria, cells are chosen that are resistant to a specific antibiotic, The antibiotic resistance gene is encoded on the donor insert.
What is antibiotic?Antibiotics refer to a class of antibacterial substances that act against bacteria.This is the main type of antibacterial agent used to fight bacteria. These drugs usually inhibit the formation of the bacterial cell wall or its cellular contents. Bacteriostatic agents prevent the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics are drugs that fight infections in humans and animals caused by bacteria by either killing them or making it difficult for them to grow and multiply. Vancomycin 3.0 is one of the most powerful antibiotics ever developed. Used to treat conditions such as meningitis, endocarditis, joint infections, bloodstream infections, and skin infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.To learn more about antibiotic from the given link :
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which of the following is incorrect about the nitrogen cycle? a. nitrate and nitrite reductases in denitrifying bacteria convert ammonia to nitrogen gas. b. diazotrophs provide the nitrogenase enzyme for nitrogen fixation. c. glutamate synthase assimilates fixed ammonia into glutamate. d. nitrifying bacteria produces nitrites and nitrates that can be absorbed by plants.
The incorrect statement about the nitrogen cycle is option A: nitrate and nitrite reductases in denitrifying bacteria convert ammonia to nitrogen gas.
The biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen is changed into ammonia, and the nitrogen-fixing bacteria are known as diazotrophs. Fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification are significant nitrogen cycle processes. Ammonia is converted to nitrites and then to nitrates which are absorbed by plants with the help of their roots. Therefore, option A is incorrect.
Through bacteria that fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, nitrogen enters the living world. Soil bacteria convert this nitrogen and nitrogenous animal waste back into gaseous nitrogen, supplying the organic nitrogen required by terrestrial food webs.
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What is needed for cell proliferation?.
Cell proliferation occurs by combining cell growth with regular "G1-S-M-G2" cell cycles to produce many diploid cell progeny.
A proliferating cell must duplicate every component of its biological makeup in order to undergo mitosis and create two healthy daughter cells. This places a heavy demand on lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides. During growth, glucose is utilized to make ATP and biomass.
Cell growth and regular "G1-S-M-G2" cell cycles are combined to produce numerous diploid cell progeny, which is the process of cell proliferation. Cell proliferation in single-celled organisms is mostly influenced by the presence of nutrients in the surrounding environment.
Cell growth and the cell cycle are combined to produce numerous diploid cell progeny during cell proliferation, the process by which a cell develops and splits to produce two daughter cells.
The external growth factors and the intracellular gene regulatory network tightly regulate this process.
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What process immediately
and typically follows
telophase and completes the
cell cycle?
A. cytokinesis
B. omegaphase
C. resting phase
When telophase is complete, cytokinesis (the division of cytoplasm) occurs at the metaphase checkpoint. The two daughter cells will then be moved into the G-0 or G1 phases.
What happens after telophase right away?Cytokinesis and Telophase
Telophase is followed by cytokinesis, or the division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells. This procedure results in the production of daughter cells, which are genetically identical to the parent cells.
The telophase is what stage?During telophase, the chromosomes begin to decondense, the spindle disintegrates, and the nuclear membranes and nucleoli reorganize. Each of the two daughter cells produced by the mother cell's cytoplasm division has the same number and kind of chromosomes.
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the production and conduction of action potentials in the heart produces a recordable tracing of the electrical activity of the heart called a(n) .
The production and conduction of action potentials in the heart produces a recordable tracing of the electrical activity of the heart called an ECG.
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) measures the electrical signal coming from the heart to look for different cardiac diseases. Electrodes are positioned on the chest to capture the electrical impulses that drive heartbeat. On a connected computer monitor or printer, the signals are shown as waves.
The heart's many muscle contractions are coordinated by natural electrical impulses to maintain proper blood flow. These electrical impulses are captured by an ECG to provide information about the heart's rate, rhythm (steady or irregular), and the strength and timing of the electrical impulses as they pass through the various heart chambers.
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Which of the following is true of predators affecting prey populations? predator and prey populations can repeatedly and dramatically fluctuate prey populations that reach their carrying capacity are large enough to avoid predation a prey population cannot be impacted by both intraspecific competition and predation peak prey abundance usually lags behind peak predator abundance
Option B is true that Predator and prey populations can repeatedly and dramatically fluctuate.
An organism that consumes another organism is a predator. The organism that the predator consumes is the prey.
The number of predators and prey varies, and this varies depending on the number of predators. The prey population would decrease if the predator population increased, which would increase predation on prey. Predators will also decrease if the prey population remains low for some time. as a predator relies on its prey for food. As a result, depending on their number, both the predator and the prey display frequent and dramatic changes.
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(complete question)
Which of the following is true of predators affecting prey populations?
a. A prey population cannot be impacted by both intraspecific competition and predation.
b. Predator and prey populations can repeatedly and dramatically fluctuate
c. Peak prey abundance usually lags behind peak predator abundance
d. Prey populations that reach their carrying capacity are large enough to avoid predation.
The highlighted structure is called ___ and it is proportionally _in human compared to the similar structure in the sheep brain.
The highlighted structure is called Olfactory bulb and it is proportionally smaller in human compared to the similar structure in the sheep brain.
The neuronal component of the vertebrate forebrain responsible for olfaction, or the sense of smell, is known as the olfactory bulb (Latin: bulbus olfactorius). It delivers olfactory data to the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and hippocampus for further processing, where it plays a role in emotion, memory, and learning. The main olfactory bulb and the accessory olfactory bulb are two separate components that make up the bulb.
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There are five elements of a universal systems model: goal, inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback. Which of the following describes the "processes" portion of this model?
A.
information collected from the outputs
B.
the money, time, and resources used on the model
C.
what is done to the inputs
D.
the results of the system
Option C. what is done to the inputs is the "processes" portion of the universal systems model.
Strategies ways To treat something, or To deal with facts. so right here we method the inputs to get a result.
The universal systems model suggests To treat something, or To cope with statistics". so here we process the inputs to get an end result. The time-honored systems version (Fig. 1) is a standard conceptualization of how a technique can be represented.
There are 4 basic elements to the version of the system: output, process, enter, and comments. The method represents the operations that arise to transform the inputs into the desired outputs.
The commonplace systems version is an attempt to graphically depict methods of every type. Viewing something through the scheme of the prevalent systems model is an try and simplify something that is relatively complicated.
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which of the following are true statements? multiple select question. endocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood. ducts transport hormones from the endocrine glands to the blood. endocrine glands must be close to the target cells on which they exert effects. a target cell has receptors for specific hormones.
The correct option is Endocrine glands must be close to the target cells on which they exert effects.
What are endocrine glands?
Endocrine glands are also known as the ductless glands because of the fact that their secretions are released directly into the blood, not to any tubes or ducts. The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems. Local chemical messengers, not generally considered part of the endocrine system, include autocrines, which act on the cells that secrete them, and paracrines, which act on a different cell type nearby. The endocrine glands belong to the body's control system. The hormones which they produce help to regulate the functions of cells and tissues throughout the body.
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which of the following is a medical complication normally associated with bulimia nervosa? question 9 options: shrinking of the heart osteoporosis kidney failure stress fractures lanugo
The following is a medical complication normally associated with bulimia nervosa shrinking of the heart osteoporosis kidney failure stress fractures lanugo.
Bulimia nervosa, also called bulimia, is an eating disorder. eating problems are mental fitness situations that may be probably life-threatening. when you have an ingesting disorder, you could have an obsession with meals and weight. This obsession can harm your bodily and emotional nicely-being.
Bulimia nervosa, frequently known as bulimia, is a sort of eating disorder. human beings with bulimia eat big amounts of food at one time, then attempt to dispose of the food or weight benefit by way of throwing up, taking laxatives, fasting (now not eating anything), or workout lots greater than ordinary.
Bulimia can permanently damage your stomach and intestines, causing other troubles like constipation, diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome. Hormonal troubles. Reproductive problems, together with abnormal durations, overlooked periods, and fertility problems are not unusual aspect outcomes if you have bulimia.
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