For a locus with two alleles in a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, there isn't an allele frequency where the heterozygote frequency is lower than both of the homozygous frequencies.
The frequency of heterozygotes—people who have one copy of each allele—is equal to the product of the frequencies of the two alleles under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium conditions. This means that neither of the two homozygotes' frequencies can ever be lower than the frequency of heterozygotes (individuals with two copies of the same allele). In other words, there is no allele frequency at which the heterozygote frequency is lower than both of the two homozygous frequencies for a locus with two alleles if a population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Take a locus, for instance, that contains the two alleles A and a. Let q represent the frequency of the an allele and p represent its frequency. For people who have one copy of each allele, or heterozygotes, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation is: pq = heterozygote frequency For those with two copies of the same allele, or homozygotes, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation is: AA frequency = pp Frequency aa = q2. Since p and q are integers between 0 and 1, neither p nor q can be less than 0, and consequently neither p2 nor q2 can be less than 0.It is therefore impossible for either of the two homozygotes to have a frequency lower than 0. It is impossible for the frequency of heterozygotes to be lower than either of the two homozygotes because the frequency of heterozygotes is equal to pq, which is the product of p and q, and because both p and q are greater than or equal to 0. There is therefore no allele frequency at which the heterozygote frequency is lower than both of the two homozygous frequencies for a locus with two alleles in a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
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Which is an environmental factor that can cause a change in the DNA of an organism? A. Toxin
B. mutagen
C. nitrogenous base
D. nucleotide
When it comes to environmental factors that can cause a change in the DNA of an organism, one of the most common and important ones is a mutagen. So the correct option is b.
Mutagens are substances or agents that can cause a change in the genetic material (DNA) of an organism. Mutagens can be either physical, such as radiation, or chemical, such as certain toxins.
In particular, toxins are one of the most potent environmental factors that can cause a change in the DNA of an organism. Toxins are any substances that are capable of causing adverse health effects in a living organism. Many toxins are mutagenic, meaning that they can cause changes in the genetic material of an organism. Some of the most common toxins known to cause mutations include certain pesticides, industrial chemicals, and heavy metals.
Another environmental factor that can cause a change in the DNA of an organism is a nitrogenous base. Nitrogenous bases are molecules that are found in the DNA and RNA of living organisms. They are the building blocks of nucleic acids, the molecules that make up DNA and RNA. Changes in the structure of nitrogenous bases can alter the genetic code of an organism, leading to a change in its DNA.
Finally, a nucleotide is another environmental factor that can cause a change in the DNA of an organism. A nucleotide is a unit of genetic material that consists of a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugar molecule. Changes in the nucleotide sequences of DNA can lead to mutations in the genetic code, which can cause a change in the DNA of an organism.
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Nuclear membrane is formed around the groups of daughter chromosomes during the telophase byA.Endoplasmic reticulumB.LysosomesC.Golgi apparatusD.Microbodies
The endoplasmic reticulum forms the nuclear membrane around the collections of daughter chromosomes during the telophase.
The cell's nucleus, which houses the chromosomes, is encased by the double-layered nuclear membrane. The nuclear membrane serves to keep the chromosomes apart from the cytoplasm and other components of the cell. Certain substances, including nucleic acids and proteins, can selectively flow between the nucleus and cytoplasm thanks to a variety of tiny holes or pores in the nuclear membrane.
Two bilayers of phospholipids make up the nuclear membrane. The outer nuclear membrane (ONM), which faces the cytoplasm, is known as such, and the inner nuclear membrane (INM), which faces the nucleoplasm. The ONM and Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are permanently connected, and both have ribosomes as surface decorations.
During cell division, a membrane remodeling process called nuclear membrane formation occurs around daughter chromosomes.
A tubular Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) network is where the nuclear membrane arises. DNA-binding proteins in the ER carry out the entire process. The endoplasmic reticulum is actively reshaped by chromatin during the development of the nuclear membrane.
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although both dominance and epistasis involve masking of gene expression, they are different from each other. what is the major difference?
Dominance occurs when one allele masks another at the same location, but epistasis occurs when one locus masks another.
The condition is called as "epistasis," and it occurs when the expression of one or more other genes changes (e.g., masks, inhibits, or suppresses) the expression of a certain gene. The pigmentation of mice is an example of epistasis.
The dominant allele of one gene masks the expression of all alleles of another gene in dominant epistasis, whereas recessive epistasis masks the expression of all alleles of another gene. This is the primary distinction between dominant and recessive epistasis.
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Please answer my question quickly
Answer: rr
Explanation: Because when the first line is crossed with R and r, the result is Rr and rr respectively.
and on the second line the same happens
According to the Ohno's hypothesis, what is the role of gene duplication in the process of evolution?
(This part I answered but I put it for context)
What evidence supports this hypothesis?
Select the four correct answers.
The existence of variable genes of heavy and light chains of immunoglobulins.
Duplication of the SRGAP2 gene in primates.
The existence of gene families.
There are genes encoding the digestive enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin.
There are genes encoding the respiratory molecules myoglobin and various forms of hemoglobin.
There are genes encoding the enzyme complexes of electron transport chain.
"Gene duplication has been vital to the genesis of new genes" is the answer that is accurate. The "2R hypothesis," where 2R stands for two repetitions, is another name for "Ohno's theory."
According to this notion, new genes are generated after two rounds of duplication. Part B
1. SRGAP2 gene duplication in primates.
Second, there are gene families.
3. Genes encode the enzyme complexes of the electron transport chain.
4. Genes encode the digestive enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin.
Ohno's idea is supported by these four points.
From parent to child, the essential genetic component was passed on. DNA sequences make up genes, which are arranged sequentially at certain locations on chromosomes in the cell nucleus.
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cortisol is a type of lipid hormone. which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as? view available hint(s)for part f cortisol is a type of lipid hormone. which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as? steroid phospholipid triglyceride
Yes, cortisol is a steroid hormone synthesized from cholesterol
What is cortisol ?In the group of hormones known as glucocorticoids, cortisol is a steroid hormone. It is referred to as hydrocortisone when it is taken as medicine. Numerous animals produce it, primarily the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland. Other tissues only create a small amount of it.
The main stress hormone, cortisol, raises blood sugar levels (glucose), improves how well your brain uses glucose, and increases the availability of compounds that help tissues heal. Additionally, cortisol suppresses bodily processes that would be unnecessary or dangerous in a fight-or-flight scenario.
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does passive transport move with the concentration gradient?
Yes, passive transport move with the concentration gradient.
The molecules travel against the concentration gradient in active transport, while they travel in the concentration gradient's direction in passive transport.
Passive membrane transfer is one of the most direct types. The movement is accomplished through passive transport, a naturally occurring phenomena that doesn't require the cell to expend any energy.
Substances travel by passive transfer from a high concentration area to a low concentration area. A concentration gradient is a pattern of different levels of one chemical present in physical space.
Small molecular weight compounds are transported across membranes passively by diffusion and osmosis. Areas of high concentration of substances permeate into areas of low concentration.
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In humans, which part of the brain contains 80 percent of its weight?
In humans, the cerebral cortex of the brain contains 80 percent of its weight.
The cerebral cortex is the external subcaste that lies on top of your mind. Your mind is the largest area of your brain. Your mind divides your brain into two halves called components. The components are attached by a pack of whim-whams filaments called the corpus callosum.
The cerebral cortex contains three types of functional areas motor areas, sensitive areas, and association areas. Motor areas control motor conditioning, while sensitive areas admit sensitive information through sensational filaments via thalamic capitals.
The cerebral cortex( cortex of the brain) is the external slate matter subcaste that fully covers the face of the two cerebral components. It's about 2 to 4 mm thick and contains an aggregation of whim-whams cell bodies. This subcaste is thrown into complex crowds, with elevations called gyri and grooves known as sulci.
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_____sac that stores water, nutrients, or waste products.
A sizable, round sac bag called a vacuole is located in the cytoplasm. Water, food, waste, and other substances that the cell needs are kept there.
Certain protist, animal, bacterial, plant, and fungus cells all contain vacuoles, which are membrane-bound organelles. Vacuoles are water-filled chambers where both organic and inorganic molecules, including enzymes, are found. However, in some circumstances, vacuoles may also include solids that have been engulfed. Vacuoles are essentially just bigger versions of membrane vesicles because they are created by the fusing of many of them. The size and shape of the organelle are not fixed; instead, they change depending on the needs of the cell.
Vacuoles serve different purposes and have different biological significance depending on the type of cell they are found in. They are far more prominent in plant, fungal, and some protist cells than in animal and bacterial cells. The vacuole serves a variety of purposes, including:
1) Plant cells that contain water.
3) Retaining waste products.
2) Isolating substances that might be dangerous or a hazard to the cell.
4) Preserving an internally acidic pH.
5) The central vacuole's pressure enables plants to support structures like leaves and flowers.
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homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles during _____.
Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles during Anaphase.
Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles during Anaphase of Meiotic cell division. Anaphase is the third stage of meiosis and is divided into two sub-stages Anaphase I and Anaphase II. During Anaphase I, the homologous chromosomes, which are identical in shape and size but carry different genes, are pulled towards the opposite poles by the spindle fibers. This is done by the separation of the sister chromatids at the centromere. This separation ensure that each pole receives one complete set of chromosomes, one from each parent, thus ensuring that each of the resulting cells will have the correct number of chromosomes and the correct genetic information.
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professor rhodus is lecturing about selective permeability of neurons. what would he tell the class?
As a professor discussing the selective permeability of neurons, Dr. Rhodus may provide the following information: Neurons are specialized cells that transmit electrical signals throughout the body. They have a selectively permeable membrane, meaning that only certain molecules can pass through it.
The selectively permeable membrane of neurons is composed of a lipid bilayer. The lipids in the bilayer are arranged in such a way that only certain molecules can pass through, while others are blocked.
The selectively permeable membrane of neurons is important for maintaining the electrical potential across the membrane, which is necessary for the transmission of electrical signals.
The selectively permeable membrane of neurons is selectively permeable to ions like sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca2+). For example, the membrane allows more positively charged potassium ions to flow out of the cell than positively charged sodium ions to flow in, which helps to establish a charge difference across the membrane called the resting potential.
Certain proteins are embedded within the selectively permeable membrane, called ion channels, which can open or close to allow ions to pass through, creating the electrical impulses that travel along the axon. The selectively permeable membrane of neurons also plays a role in communication between neurons.
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what term best describes the relationship of the bones in the forelimbs of penguins and seals, and what term best describes the flippers of penguins and seals?
(1) Homologous is the best describes the relationship of the bones in the forelimbs of penguins and seals.
(2) Analogous is the best describes the flippers of penguins and seals
Analogous organs have comparable functions, while homologous tissues share a similar embryonic origin. For instance, the bones in a human arm and a whale's front flipper are anatomically similar. The constructions here are not comparable. The wings of a butterfly and a bird are similar but not identical.
Analogous structures or analogous organs are any two structures or organs that have different structural characteristics but execute the same functions. Homologous organs are the opposite of similar organs. Organs that are structurally identical to one another but have diverse purposes are known as homologous organs.
The question is incomplete, it should be:
Both ancestral birds and ancestral mammals shared a common ancestor that was terrestrial. Today, penguins (which are birds) and seals (which are mammals) have forelimbs adapted for swimming. What term best describes the relationship of the bones in the forelimbs of penguins and seals, and what term best describes the flippers of penguins and seals?
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8) beyond providing energy as atp, what do catabolic pathways provide to anabolic pathways that enables them to build biomolecules?
Beyond providing energy as ATP, catabolic pathways provide to anabolic pathways diverse cofactors including NADH, NADP or FADH which enable to build new biomolecules.
What is the relative role of cofactors in anabolic pathways?The relative role of cofactors such as NADH in anabolic pathways is based on the requirement of these molecules for diverse cellular processes such as cellular respiration and thus the production of more ATP.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the relative role of cofactors such as NADH in anabolic pathways is based on the generation of new molecules of ATP.
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when cells are grwon ain labortary which of the follwin gis a facotr that can stop normal cells from divicding
Normal cells require the correct environment and nutrients to divide and grow. Damage to the DNA can prevent normal cells from dividing and growing, making it a key factor that can stop normal cells from dividing.
Normal cells need the right environment and nutrients to divide and grow. Damage to the DNA is one of the key factors that can stop normal cells from dividing. This can be caused by various factors such as exposure to toxic substances or radiation, or mutations that occur due to errors in replication. Lack of nutrients, excessive heat, and infection can also prevent normal cells from dividing and growing, but damage to the DNA is the most significant factor.
Normal cells require the correct environment and nutrients to divide and grow. Damage to the DNA can prevent normal cells from dividing and growing, making it a key factor that can stop normal cells from dividing.
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Cancer consists of too muchO cell division.O apoptosis.O DNA replication.O toxin production.O translation.
Cancer consists of too much cell division. Mutated genes do not work properly as the instructions in their DNA gets mixed up. This causes cells that should be resting to divide and grow out of control, which leads to cancer.
What happens in cancer?Uncontrolled cell growth is cancer. Gene mutations can increase the pace of cell division or suppress natural mechanisms that keep the body in check, like cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death. A tumor can form as a collection of malignant cells enlarges.
Cancer cells frequently proliferate rapidly without having time to develop. The cells don't function correctly since they aren't fully developed. They also have a larger possibility of picking up more genetic errors because they divide more quickly than usual.
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Connecting the Concepts: Carbon Cycling and Human Activities Can you place these terms in the appropriate categories? Drag each label into the correct bin to identify whether it represents a process involved in releasing carbon to the atmosphere, a process involved in taking up carbon into organisms (carbon uptake), or a carbon reservoir.
Carbon is the chemical backbone of life on Earth.
What is carbon cycling and human?Human activities have a tremendous impact on the carbon cycle. Burning fossil fuels, changing land use, and using limestone to make concrete all transfer significant quantities of carbon into the atmosphere.
Humans play a major role in the carbon cycle through activities such as the burning of fossil fuels or land development. As a result, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is rapidly rising; it is already considerably greater than at any time in the last 800,000 years.
Changes in the carbon cycle: Human causes
Human causes of changes in the carbon cycle.Combustion of fossil fuels.Land-use change.Farming practices. Deforestation.Burning fossil fuels, releasing chemicals into the atmosphere, reducing the amount of forest cover, and the rapid expansion of farming, development, and industrial activities are releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and changing the balance of the climate system.
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what bony landmark can be located by sliding off the acromion, inferiorly and laterally, approximately one inch
Bony landmark can be located by sliding off the acromion, inferiorly and laterally, approximately one inch is the coracoid process.
What is coracoid process?The coracoid process is a small, hooked bony structure that projects from the shoulder blade (scapula). It is located on the anterior (front) portion of the shoulder blade, near the top.
The coracoid process provides attachment points for certain muscles and ligaments of the shoulder. It also serves as an anchor point for the shoulder joint, allowing the shoulder to move in multiple directions. In addition, the coracoid process helps to stabilize the shoulder joint and prevent dislocation.
The coracoid process is also an attachment point for muscles that move the shoulder joint, including the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, and coracobrachialis muscles. It is important for activities such as throwing, reaching, and lifting.
Damage to the coracoid process, such as fracture or dislocation, can limit the range of motion of the shoulder joint and cause pain. Treatment for coracoid process injuries may include rest, physical therapy, and surgery.
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yusuke works in a lab studying the rabies virus, which can infect both humans and animals. as he experiments with different solutions to treat rabies in the common racoon, yusuke hopes that this will unlock the key to a better treatment for humans who are exposed to the virus. in what aspect of veterinary science would you say that yusuke most likely works?
Yusuke most likely works in Veterinary Virology, which is the study of viruses that affect animals and the treatments to combat them. In particular, he is likely researching the rabies virus and attempting to find a better treatment for humans who are exposed to it. This research could involve studying the virus itself, as well as testing different solutions to treat the virus in raccoons, in order to unlock the key to a better treatment for humans.
The results of this research could help to create more efficient treatments for humans who have been exposed to the virus. Additionally, Yusuke may be researching possible preventative measures, such as vaccinations, which could help to reduce the spread of rabies in animals and humans. Furthermore, Yusuke may be researching the ways in which the virus is transmitted, in order to better understand how to stop the spread of the virus. Ultimately, Yusuke’s research could help to create a safer and more effective way of treating and preventing the spread of the rabies virus.
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is familial hypercholesterolemia dominant or recessive
Familial hypercholesterolemia is acquired as an autosomal dominant characteristic, which implies that only one parent needs to pass on the defective gene for you to develop the condition.
A chromosomal 19 abnormality causes familial hypercholesterolemia. An autosomal dominant genetic condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia is caused by a mutation in the LDL receptor (LDLR) gene, which is more frequently the cause than the gene for its ligand, apolipoprotein B 100. (APOB).
LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9 gene mutations, which have an impact on how your body manages and eliminates cholesterol from your blood, can result in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). One of these three genes has been shown to be mutated in about 60–80% of individuals with FH.
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prior to the hershey-chase experiment, what were the two main candidates for the possible heredity molecule
proteins and nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) isolated from dead mice were the two main candidates for the possible heredity molecule prior to the hershey-chase experiment.
While biologists had known about DNA since 1869,[2] many scientists still assumed that proteins carried the information for inheritance at the time because DNA appeared to be an inert molecule, and because it was located in the nucleus, its role was thought to be phosphorus storage. Hershey and Chase demonstrated that when bacteriophages, which are made up of DNA and protein, infect bacteria, their DNA enters but most of their protein does not. Hershey and Chase's discoveries, as well as subsequent ones, all served to demonstrate that DNA is the hereditary material.
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what does the sympathetic nervous system control? responses the mind-body connection the mind-body connection the secretion of dopamine the secretion of dopamine the fight-or-flight response the fight-or-flight response the release of endorphins
The sympathetic nervous system control the fight-or-flight response
What is sympathetic nervous system ?The sympathetic nervous system gets the body ready for the "fight or flight" reaction in the event of a threat. The parasympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, prevents the body from overworking and returns it to a condition of calm and composure.
The pituitary and adrenal glands are stimulated by these hormones as a result of the sympathetic nervous system. Adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol are among the catecholamines that are released as a result. This series of events causes an increase in respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate.
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why are endocytosis and exocytosis considered active transport mechanisms if they do not necessarily move molecules against a concentration gradient?
Because it necessitates the cell to expend energy, endocytosis is regarded as an active transport process.
Eukaryotes use the bulk transport systems endocytosis and exocytosis. These transport procedures are referred to as active transport procedures since they need energy. It is an active mode of transportation because cells need energy. Endo is Greek for inside. A cell uses the cell membrane to engulf an object that is present outside the cell during endocytosis. The cell must use the energy since this procedure involves effort (ATP). Exocytosis is the movement of components from a cell's interior to its outside. Given that it requires an energy expenditure, this is an active mode of transportation. Transporters that convey biological molecules from across cell membrane are membrane-bound vesicles.
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The next part of the application form describes a situation in which a student is
asking a peer coach for help with communication strategies to use in a particular
setting. The student is asking about a scenario in which someone underage is at a
party, is offered a bottle of beer, and does not want to drink it.
Conduct Your Own Research
Review Study 1. 4. 2: Communication Strategies, and then conduct research on
further communication strategies that could be used in this scenario.
1 List three different sources you used during your research
The three different sources we used during your research Website, Book, Journal article.
Communication is considered as the backbone of every organization. It enables the organization to exchange information between different parties and streamline the functioning of the organization.
This very process of sending and receiving data from one person to another, within and outside the business organization is called ‘Business Communication’. It is an exchange of business related views, ideas, opinions, etc between business related people.
Communication is an interactive process in which ideas, thoughts, opinions or messages are passed on by using signs, symbols and verbal and non-verbal expressions that are known to both sender and receiver. It requires more than two people.
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if this onion would complete the process of sexual reproduction, how many chromosomes would be in the zygots that are produced?
In the case of onions, the number of chromosomes in a gamete would be half the number of chromosomes in a somatic cell.
Onions belong to the genus Allium, which is in the family Amaryllidaceae. The chromosome number of Allium species varies between 2n=12 and 2n=16. For the purpose of this exercise let's assume that the onion in question has a chromosome number of 2n=16, which means that a somatic cell would have 16 chromosomes.
Therefore, the number of chromosomes in a gamete cell would be 8. During sexual reproduction, two gamete cells, one from the male reproductive organ (stamen) and one from the female reproductive organ (pistil) fuse to form a zygote. When the male and female gametes fuse, their nuclei also fuse, and their chromosomes combine to form a new cell with a complete set of chromosomes. Since the number of chromosomes in a gamete cell is 8, the number of chromosomes in the zygote that is produced would be 2n = 8 + 8 = 16.
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Which of the following is an example of gene splicing?
A.
a mutation that occurs during meiosis results in a chromosomal abnormality
B.
two human chromosomes pair up during meiosis and exchange parts of their DNA
C.
a segment of human DNA is inserted into the DNA sequence of a bacterium
D.
a genetically identical copy of an entire organism is produced through cloning
Statement C. a segment of human DNA is inserted into the DNA sequence of a bacterium is an example of gene splicing.
What is the gene splicing process in genetic engineering?The gene splicing process also called recombinant DNA is a methodology to ligate different gene sequences in order to create a chimeric protein that may be used with diverse objectives such as the production of human insulin.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the gene splicing process in genetic engineering is a fundamental technology based on the ligation of distinct sequences.
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how much would adding 21 nucleotide bases to the dna sequence at the center of a gene's intron extend the amino acid chain produced by that gene?
0 Amino acids would be extended by adding 21 nucleotide bases to the dna sequence at the center of a gene's intron.
Amino acids are chemicals that combine to form proteins. The building blocks of life are amino acids and proteins. When proteins are digested or degraded, amino acids are left behind.
The human frame makes use of amino acids to make proteins to assist the frame: Break down food.
Amino acids act to adjust a couple of procedures associated with gene expression, inclusive of modulation of the characteristic of the proteins that mediate messenger RNA (mRNA) translation.
The collection of amino acids determines every protein's precise three-dimensional shape and its particular characteristic. Amino acids are coded with the aid of using combos of 3 DNA constructing blocks (nucleotides), decided with the aid of using the collection of genes.
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Complete question:
Based on the material covered in the videos, how much would adding 21 nucleotide bases to the DNA sequence at the center of a gene's intron extend the amino acid chain produced by that gene?
A. 7 amino acids
B. 21 amino acids
C. 0 amino acids
D. 63 amino acids
what structure is formed by the invagination of the larynx into the anterior wall of the laryngopharynx?
The structure formed by the invagination of the larynx into the anterior wall of the laryngopharynx is the piriform recess.
The pharynx is a tube that lies behind the mouth and nasal passages and connects them to the trachea. The pharynx is divided into three parts namely the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx.
The laryngopharynx is the part of the tube that sits below the throat near the larynx. The laryngopharynx regulates the entry of air into the lungs and regulates food and liquid entering the esophagus. At the bottom of the pharynx is the pyriform sinus or recess formed by the invagination of the larynx into the anterior wall of the laryngopharynx. Recess as a pair of side branches of the vocal tract.
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which order shows the levels of organization from largest to smallest?organism, organ system, cell, organ, tissueorganism, tissue, organ system, organ, cellorganism, organ, organ system, cell, tissueorganism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell
Answer: Organism, Organ system, Organ, Tissue, Cell
Give an example of how an animal could respond to the environment and change how it interacts with other animals. chapter 16 revcuew
Animals may engage in behaviors including hibernation, migration, defense, and courting in response to environmental cues. Some animals will hibernate as a response of the cold, winter weather (stimulus).
Hibernation, which is employed to conserve the body's food reserves, is a state of considerably reduced bodily activity. There are only three ways for animals to respond to climate change: they can move, adapt, or perish. In an effort to avoid the warming temperatures, many animals are travelling to higher altitudes and latitudes, but most species may not be able to outrun the changing environment in time. There are four primary types of two-way interactions between species in ecological webs: mutuality, commercialism, and competition.
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Match the vocabulary word with the proper definition.
Definitions
_____ 1. provide a mechanical barrier at body openings
_____ 2. disease-causing agents
_____ 3. a type of white blood cell
_____ 4. living organisms that help protect the body
_____ 5. the most important mechanical barrier
_____ 6. a slimy substance that traps pathogens
_____ 7. the process in which leukocytes engulf pathogens
_____ 8. destroy pathogens on the outer body surface, at body openings, and on inner body linings
_____ 9. the first reaction of the body to tissue damage or infection
_____ 10. physically block pathogens from entering the body
_____ 11. protects the body from worms, germs, and other agents of harm
_____ 12. sweep mucus and pathogens toward body openings
Terms
a. biological barriers
b. chemical barriers
c. cilia
d. immune system
e. inflammatory response
f. leukocyte
g. mechanical barriers
h. mucous membrane
i. mucus
j. pathogens
k. phagocytosis
l. skin
Mucous membranes provides a mechanical barrier at body openings
Pathogens are disease-causing agents
Leukocyte is a type of white blood cell
Biological barriers are living organisms that help protect the body
Skin is the most important mechanical barrier
Mucus is a slimy substance that traps pathogens
Phagocytosis is the process in which leukocytes engulf pathogens
Chemical barriers destroy pathogens on the outer body surface, at body openings, and on inner body linings
Inflammatory response is the first reaction of the body to tissue damage or infection
Mechanical barriers physically block pathogens from entering the body
The immune system protects the body from worms, germs, and other agents of harm
Cilia sweep mucus and pathogens toward body openings
What are pathogens?An organism that infects its host with a disease is referred to as a pathogen, and the intensity of the disease symptoms is known as virulence.
The body fights infection by pathogens by means of the immune system. A cell of the immune system known as a leukocyte fights infection by pathogens by means of phagocytosis.
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