A neuron transmits a neurotransmitter to a muscle cell through a synaptic cleft. Chemicals called neurotransmitters allow for neurotransmission.
The neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that can transfer a signal from one nerve cell to target cells, such as, for example, other nerve cells, across biological junctions called "synapses" (e.g., neurons). The process of exocytosis occurs inside the cell when the neurotransmitters are moved into internal vesicles that are joined with the cell membrane to release them in the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters then bind to cell receptors found on the postsynaptic membrane, causing postsynaptic cells to respond. For instance, the neurotransmitter glutamate can stimulate nerve cells by attaching to the N-methyl-D-aspartate transmitter-gated ion channel (NMDA).The signals are transmitted across the chemical synapse via a chemical messenger.
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Please help me with these 3 questions. I don't need an explanation, just the number.
1. Rigo left 62 grams of ice in a closed container. When he came back he found that the ice had melted. How much water would be expected to have in the container?
2. Rust is formed when iron reacts with the oxygen in moist air. Suppose 100 g of iron metal rusts. We weigh the rust and find that the rust has a mass of 143 g. What mass of oxygen reacted with the iron?
3. 15 grams of hydrogen and 7.5 grand of oxygen were placed in a beaker. An explosion happened inside the beaker that produced water. The beaker was never opened. How many grams of water were produced?
Thank you for anyone who has taken the time to answer these questions. I really do appreciate you :)
Answer:
how to construct a scale and vernier
describe two environmental benefits of using algae for biofuel production, rather than corn, palm oil, or sugarcane.
Two environmental benefits of using algae for biofuel production rather than corn, palm oil, or sugarcane are reduced land use and carbon sequestration, as they have the potential to reduce carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
What is the importance of algae in biofuel?Algae biofuel production is environmentally friendly, it requires less land and takes up less space than the vast monoculture plantations of corn and palm oil, and algae can consume up to 10 times more carbon dioxide than traditional crops.
Hence, two environmental benefits of using algae for biofuel production rather than corn, palm oil, or sugarcane are reduced land use and carbon sequestration, as they have the potential to reduce carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
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The _______ of the mitochondrion contains the proteins making up the _______ that carry out electron transport.
A. outer mitochondrial membrane; respiratory chain
B. inner mitochondrial membrane; proton gradient
C. mitochondrial intermembrane space; proton gradient
D. inner mitochondrial membrane; respiratory chain
As is typical of energy-transducing membranes, the mitochondrial membrane is a lamellar array rich in proteins. 90. By fractionating the lamellae and isolating the numerous protein complexes buried within, Thus, option D is correct.
What is the role of mitochondrial membrane?As a result, the inner mitochondrial membrane maintains the proton gradient that powers oxidative phosphorylation and serves as a functional barrier to the passage of tiny molecules between the cytosol and the matrix.
The electron transport chain's components undergo oxidation and reduction reactions, which provide a proton gradient that ATP synthase uses to phosphorylate ADP and produce ATP.
Therefore, The inner mitochondrial membrane of the mitochondrion contains the proteins making up the respiratory chain that carry out electron transport.
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when an infant is born with gene mutations in his cells, the nurse explains to the parents that accidental errors may be a result of: select all that apply.
The nurse may explain to the parents that accidental errors leading to gene mutations can be the result of random errors during DNA replication, environmental factors, or spontaneous mutations. Inherited mutations can also be a cause if present in one or both parents.
As per the question given,
Gene mutations in a newborn infant's cells can occur as a result of various factors, including:
Random errors during DNA replication: When cells divide, they must copy their DNA so that each daughter cell has a complete set of genetic information. However, mistakes can occur during this process, leading to mutations in the DNA sequence.Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental factors, such as radiation or certain chemicals, can increase the risk of gene mutations.Inherited mutations: Mutations can be passed down from parents to their children through the germ cells (sperm and eggs).Spontaneous mutations: Sometimes, mutations can occur without any apparent cause or trigger. These are known as spontaneous mutations.For such more questions on Gene mutations
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Glyphosate is the active ingredient in the herbicide called ROUND-UP. What common blological molecule does glyphosate resemble a. waterb. a nucleotide c. a carbohydrate d. an acyl chain e. an amino acid .
Glyphosate is the active ingredient in the herbicide called ROUND-UP. What common blological molecule does glyphosate resemble option (e) an amino acid.
Glyphosate, the active component, is the substance that actually eradicates weeds. The active ingredient in Roundup Ultra is described as "Glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine, in the form of its isopropylamine salt," according to the product label.
A weak acid is a type of chemical that includes glyphosate. Weak acids can give other substances a hydrogen ion. When glyphosate is made into a commercial product, a different salt is used in place of the hydrogen ion on the parent weak acid (ion). Although the salt itself lacks herbicidal capabilities, it produces a substance that is more manageable, blends better with other agricultural chemicals, and/or is more efficient than the original weak acid.
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Which of the following are traits that can be used to make a phylogenetic tree?
a. the bone structure differences between species
b. similarities in how organs develop between species
c. the differences of the organs found in each species
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
The correct answers are:
a. the bone structure differences between species
b. similarities in how organs develop between species
Both bone structure differences and similarities in organ development are traits that can be used to make a phylogenetic tree. A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among different species, based on similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics. Bone structure differences and similarities in organ development can provide valuable information about the evolutionary relationships among species. For example, if two species share similar bone structures or patterns of organ development, it may indicate that they share a common ancestor and are more closely related than two species with different bone structures or organ development patterns. By analyzing these traits in a variety of species, scientists can construct a phylogenetic tree that shows the evolutionary history and relationships among different groups of organisms.
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2.Which organelle is the major site of new membrane synthesis in a cell?A. A mitochondrionB. The endoplasmic reticulumC. The Golgi apparatusD. The nucleus
Inside a eukaryotic cell, the endoplasmic reticulum serves as the primary place for the creation of new membranes.
Cell Membranes: How Are They Made? In the ER, proteins that make up membranes and their components are put together. The ER produces lipids, which are then inserted into this organelle's own membranes. This organelle houses the enzymes needed for lipid production. Lipid and protein production are largely regulated by the ER. All of the transmembrane proteins and lipids for the majority of the cell's organelles, such as the ER itself, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, endosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane, are made at this location. The organelle known as the ribosome is where proteins are created. Prokaryotic cells contain them freely, and eukaryotic cells still have them linked to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
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The precise moment when light energy is captured in chemical energy is the point at which
A. light shines on chlorophyll.
B. water is hydrolyzed.
C. chlorophyll is oxidized.
D. chlorophyll is reduced.
E. the CO2 from air is captured in a sugar.
Answer:
it’s E
Explanation:
The precise moment when light energy is captured in chemical energy is the point at which chlorophyll is reduced. Therefore, option (D) is correct.
What is Photosynthesis?The precise moment when light energy is captured in chemical energy is during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, specifically in the process of photosystem II.
During this process, light energy is absorbed by pigments, such as chlorophyll, and this energy is then used to split water molecules into oxygen, protons (H+), and electrons. The electrons are then passed through a series of electron carriers, ultimately resulting in the reduction of chlorophyll, which involves the addition of these high-energy electrons to the chlorophyll molecule.
This reduction is the point at which the light energy is captured and converted into chemical energy. The chemical energy stored in this reduced chlorophyll molecule is then used to power the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, which produce sugar from carbon dioxide.
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What cells produce cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?
CSF is primarily generated by the ventricle's choroid plexus epithelium and ependymal cells and flows into interconnected chambers known as cisterns and subarachnoid spaces.
The CPs found within the ventricles of the brain secrete CSF, with the two lateral ventricles being the principal producers. CSF travels unidirectionally from rostral to caudal throughout the ventricular system.
Ependymal cells are ciliated-epithelial glial cells that arise from radial glia on the surface of the brain and spinal canal ventricles. They are essential for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) balance, brain metabolism, and waste elimination from the brain.
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contains muscle that controls the shape of the lens is called?
Ciliary muscles contains muscle that controls the shape of the lens .
Iris is located in front of the eye's lens. To allow light to enter the eye, the little black dot in the centre of the pupil, known as the iris, expands and contracts. The lens collects light that comes from the iris and concentrates it so that it creates images that are clear and sharp on the retina. It is possible to replace a cataract patient's clouded natural lens with a clear artificial lens once the clouded lens has been removed.
Ciliary muscles are responsible for shaping the eye's lens. Our eyes' lenses must adapt in form to allow us to focus on objects that are farther or closer away. The ciliary muscles flatten the lens to concentrate on objects when they are more than 20 feet distant. The ciliary muscles of the eye bend and thicken the lens as things get closer, focusing on those items. Because the lens loses its suppleness with ageing, people have trouble seeing up close objects as they get older.
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QuestionWhich one of the following statements with regard to embryonic development in humans is correct?ACleavage divisions bring about considerable increase in the mass of protoplasm.BIn the second cleavage division, one of the two blastomeres usually divides a little sooner than the second.CWith more cleavage divisions, the resultant blastomeres become larger and larger.DCleavage division results in a hollow ball of cells called morula.Hard
Of the options provided, option D is correct. Cleavage division results in a hollow ball of cells called the morula, which is the precursor to the blastula.
During cleavage, the fertilized egg undergoes a series of rapid cell divisions without any increase in the overall size of the embryo. This results in a large number of smaller cells, each containing a smaller amount of cytoplasm than the original egg cell.
As these cells continue to divide, they form a compact ball of cells known as the morula. The cells within the morula then rearrange themselves, forming a hollow ball of cells called the blastula. The blastula contains an inner cell mass that will give rise to the embryo, as well as an outer layer of cells that will form the placenta and other supporting structures.
It is important to note that the other options provided are not accurate statements about human embryonic development. Option A is incorrect because cleavage divisions do not increase the mass of protoplasm, but rather divide the existing mass into smaller cells. Option B is incorrect because both blastomeres typically divide at the same time. Option C is incorrect because as cleavage divisions continue, the resultant blastomeres become smaller, not larger.
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Page(s) 175–1775.3. How Do We Hear?Place in order the steps involved for sound waves to create a perception of the sound in thebrain.Sound waves enter the auditory canal.The eardrum vibrates.The hammer, anvil, and stirrup transfer vibration to the oval window.Pressure waves of the cochlea move the basilar membrane.Stimulated hair cells send information to the auditory nerve.The auditory nerve carries information to the thalamus.The thalamus directs information to the brain’s primary auditory cortex
This sequence of events represents the process by which sound waves are converted into electrical signals that are sent to the brain for processing and interpretation.
The correct order of the steps involved in how we hear is:
Sound waves enter the auditory canal.The eardrum vibrates.The hammer, anvil, and stirrup transfer vibration to the oval window.Pressure waves of the cochlea move the basilar membrane.Stimulated hair cells send information to the auditory nerve.The auditory nerve carries information to the thalamus.The thalamus directs information to the brain's primary auditory cortex.The process begins when sound waves enter the ear and travel through the auditory canal. The eardrum vibrates in response to the sound waves, and this vibration is transmitted through a series of tiny bones in the middle ear called the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. These bones transfer the vibration to the oval window, which is a membrane that separates the middle ear from the inner ear. The pressure waves created by the movement of the oval window cause the basilar membrane in the cochlea to move. The basilar membrane is lined with tiny hair cells that are stimulated by the movement, and these hair cells send electrical signals to the auditory nerve. The auditory nerve carries these signals to the thalamus, which acts as a relay station for sensory information. Finally, the thalamus directs the information to the brain's primary auditory cortex, where the sound is perceived and interpreted.
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What would happen if the inside solution of a cell is hypertonic to the solution outside of the cell ( outside solution is hypertonic )?
Answer:
Please read below:
Explanation:
If the inside solution of a cell is hypertonic to the solution outside of the cell, the cell will lose water due to osmosis and can become dehydrated, causing it to shrink or shrivel. If the outside solution is hypertonic, water will move out of the cell and it will shrivel. The cell may also burst if the water loss is too great.
the collection of microorganisms that live on or on a human host in a mutually beneficial way is called the human ______.
microbiome is the collection of microorganisms that live on or on a human host in a mutually beneficial way .
microbiome is defined as the collection of all microbes which includes bacteria, fungi, viruses, and their genes which naturally live on our bodies and inside us.
They have the role of protecting our bodies against the outside pathogens and also help in making the immunity for our body.
microbes often interact the environment, some are harmful or some are useful and act as buffer.
each part of body have different microbes, the whole body has varieties of microbes.
environmental conditions can also affect the microbiomes present in human body.
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animals are responsible for pollinating many flowering plants. did animal-mediated fertilization originate with flowering plants, or was this mode of sperm dispersal likely in place before the origin of flowering plants? explain. animals are responsible for pollinating many flowering plants. did animal-mediated fertilization originate with flowering plants, or was this mode of sperm dispersal likely in place before the origin of flowering plants? explain. animal-mediated fertilization likely originated with flowering plants. where hadn't been any animal-mediated fertilization before. animal-mediated fertilization likely originated well before the origin of flowering plants. for example, animal-mediated fertilization of gimnosperms. animal-mediated fertilization likely originated well before the origin of flowering plants. for example, animal-mediated fertilization of green algae which came into existence before land plants.
Animals were probably involved in fertilization long before flowering plants.
What kinds of self-fertilization exist?In autogamy, pollen is transmitted from one flower's anther to another's stigma on the same blooming plant or from a gymnosperm's microsporangium to its ovule. Pollen is moved from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another bloom on the same flowering plant in a process known as geitonogamy.
What does cross-pollination entail?Applying pollen from one flower to the pistils of another flower is the process of cross-pollination. In nature, pollination is aided by both wind and insects. To create offspring with chosen features, such as colour or pest resistance, this process can also be carried out manually.
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exocrine glands group of answer choices release their secretions into the external environment. may make either mucous or serous secretions. all of the statements are true. may work as single cells or as a multicellular organ. may release their secretions through open tubes, called ducts.
Exocrine glands release their secretions into the external environment. may make either mucous or serous secretions. May work as single cells or as a multicellular organ. May release their secretions through open tubes, called ducts.
All of the statements about exocrine glands are true
Exocrine glands secrete secretions into the external environment or into different areas of the body through ducts. These glands vary from endocrine glands in that their secretions, such as hormones, are released directly into the circulation.
Exocrine glands can be unicellular or multicellular in nature. Unicellular exocrine glands are solitary secretory cells found throughout the body. Goblet cells, which generate mucus to protect and lubricate the surface of the respiratory and digestive passages, are examples of unicellular exocrine glands.
Multicellular exocrine glands are made up of clusters of cells that collaborate to create and secrete secretions. These can be found in many different parts of the body, including the skin, digestive system, and reproductive system. Sweat glands, which create and discharge sweat to assist control body temperature, and mammary glands, which make and exude milk for nursing newborns, are examples of multicellular exocrine glands.
Exocrine glands can generate a variety of secretions based on their function and location in the body. Mucous secretions are thick and sticky fluids secreted by cells in the respiratory and digestive systems to protect and lubricate these surfaces. Serous secretions are thin and watery fluids generated by salivary glands, pancreas, and other organs that aid digestion.
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Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissue are?
a. vestigial organs. b. adaptations. c. homologous structures.
Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues are called homologous structures.
Homologous structures are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor and share a similar underlying anatomy, even though they may have different functions in different species. Examples of homologous structures include the wings of bats, birds, and insects, as well as the arms of humans and the front legs of horses. The study of homologous structures is important for understanding the evolutionary relationships between different species and can provide insights into the processes of evolution and adaptation. The presence of homologous structures is also evidence for the theory of evolution and supports the idea that all species are related through common ancestry.
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A student compares the emissions from various energy sources. Which energy source would produce the greatest amount of emissions? O fossil fuels O nuclear fuels O solar energy O wind energy
The most emissions are produced by fossil fuel energy.
Again, the dirtiest fuel is coal. It produces hundreds of times more greenhouse gases than nuclear, solar, and wind energy combined. Although to a lesser extent than coal, oil and gas are also significantly worse than nuclear and renewable energy.
Nuclear power and contemporary renewable energy sources are significantly safer and cleaner than fossil fuels, which are the dirtiest and most dangerous energy sources. The variations are substantial. The main components of fossil fuels are carbon and hydrogen. When fossil fuels are burned, oxygen reacts with both carbon and hydrogen to create CO2 and water (H2O). We use the heat produced by these reactions as energy.
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two living species can share similar traits not inherited by a common ancestor. t/f
A homoplasious characteristic is a similarity between organisms that was not passed down from their shared ancestor. Three processes can lead to homoplasies (though the lines between these categories are often blurry).
A physical trait that distinguishes two or more species, such as a complicated bone structure or a body plan, may have been passed down from a common ancestor. A common ancestor's evolutionary history causes physical characteristics to be homologous.
We have overwhelming evidence that all species are linked, or that they have a common ancestry. Darwin discovered proof of these connections more than 150 years ago in the startling physical similarities between various species, both extant and alive.
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Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis all involvea. the export of macromolecules.b. invagination of the plasma membrane.c. the intake of large particles.d. the intake of specific fluids by the cell.e. the presence of receptor proteins.
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis all involves
option b. invagination of the plasma membrane.
Endocytosis is the process by which particles that are too large to pass passively through the cell membrane are taken inside. Pinocytosis is the ingestion of liquid particles, whereas phagocytosis is the ingestion of large food particles. Large particles are transported across the cell membrane via receptor-mediated endocytosis, which employs specialised receptor proteins.
Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell extends its membrane and internalises a large particle, such as a bacterium. Similar processes, such as pinocytosis, involve the cell engulfing extracellular fluid droplets and absorbing any dissolved chemicals within them. Because the chemicals transported into the cell are specific ligands that could bind to the endocytosed receptors, receptor-mediated endocytosis is more selective.
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What is a tube that carries air from the larynx to the lungs?
The trachea (windpipe) is the section of the lungs that continues below the larynx (LAIR-inks). The trachea's walls are coated with tough cartilage rings, which keep it open. To keep liquids and other items from entering the lungs, cilia that line the trachea pull them out of the airways.
the passageway that joins the bronchi with the voice box (larynx) (large airways that lead to the lungs). also referred to as a windpipe. It is an important respiratory system component. The trachea (windpipe) is the section of the lungs that continues below the larynx (LAIR-inks). The trachea's walls are coated with tough cartilage rings, which keep it open. To keep liquids and other items from entering the lungs, cilia that line the trachea pull them out of the airways.When you breathe in, air enters your lungs from your larynx. It then passes through your trachea and into your bronchi.
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the condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is group of answer choices copd. anoxia. respiratory distress syndrome. pulmonary embolism. pneumothorax.
The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is respiratory distress syndrome. option 3)
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening illness where the lungs cannot provide the body's important organs with enough oxygen. It is frequently the result of a major pre-existing medical condition. This means that most people are already in the hospital when they acquire ARDS.
What is the cause of RDS?A lack of surfactant in the lungs causes RDS. During the third trimester, which begins after the 26th week of pregnancy, the lungs of a fetus begin producing surfactant.
Surfactant is a frothy material that keeps the lungs fully extended after birth so that babies may breathe in air. Without it, the newborn's lungs collapse and he or she must struggle hard to breathe. This can result in the baby's organs not functioning properly.
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Full Question: The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is group of answer choices
Copd. Anoxia. respiratory distress syndrome. pulmonary embolism. pneumothorax.vegetables that require cooler climates include cabbage, broccoli, potatoes, and cauliflower. group of answer choices true false
Vegetables that require cooler climates include cabbage, broccoli, potatoes, and cauliflower. This statement is True.
Temperature requirements are based on the minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures during the day and night during the plant's growth period. The requirements differ depending on the type and variety of crop. Vegetables are classified as cool-season or warm-season based on their optimal temperature ranges. Cool-season veggies flourish where the average daily temperature does not exceed 70° F (21° C). Artichoke, beet, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, celery, garlic, leek, lettuce, onion, parsley, pea, potato, radish, spinach, and turnip are all members of this family. Frost is not tolerated by warm-season vegetables, which require a mean daily temperature of 70° F or higher. Bean, cucumber, eggplant, lima bean, okra, muskmelon, pepper, squash, sweet corn (maize), tomato, and watermelon are among them.
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classify each protein example according to its highest level of protein structure.
The greatest level of protein structure may be used to categorise the following protein examples: Insulin is a tiny, globular protein that is kept together by disulfide connections between two polypeptide chains.
The tertiary structure, which is the overall three-dimensional form of the complete protein molecule, is the highest level of protein structure.
Four polypeptide chains and a heme group make up the huge, complex protein known as haemoglobin. The quaternary structure, which is the grouping of numerous polypeptide chains in a certain spatial arrangement, is the highest level of protein structure.
Three polypeptide chains are twisted together to create a triple helix in collagen, a fibrous protein. The quaternary structure, which is the grouping of numerous polypeptide chains in a certain spatial arrangement, is the highest level of protein structure. It is crucial to comprehend the many levels of protein structure since doing so aids in comprehending the behaviour and function of various proteins in living things.
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According to their highest degree of protein structure, how would you categorise the following protein examples?
Insulin\sHemoglobin
Collagen
The major type of cell found in fibrous connective tissue is the:_________
The major type of cell found in fibrous connective tissue is the fibroblast.
Elongated, spindle-shaped cells called fibroblasts are essential for the development and upkeep of fibrous connective tissue. They are in charge of creating and arranging the extracellular matrix, which is made up of proteins like glycoproteins and fibers like collagen and elastin.
Additionally, fibroblasts play a role in tissue regeneration and wound healing. They proliferate and move to the site of harm when there is damage, where they produce proteins and other compounds that aid in healing and tissue regeneration. They also contribute to the regulation of the extracellular matrix by dissolving and eliminating worn-out or broken fibers and generating fresh ones.
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Read this document. Then, explain how natural resources are identified and why natural resources are unevenly distributed. Be sure to use information from the reading to support your answer.
Edge 2021 Earth Science
The identification of natural resources involves a thorough understanding of geology, which includes the study of rock formations, and minerals among other factors. The uneven distribution of natural resources is largely due to geological processes that occur over time.
The identification of natural resources is a critical aspect of Earth Science, as it enables us to understand the availability of resources and how they can be utilized sustainably. Earth scientists analyze the geology of a region to identify the natural resources that may be present, such as fossil fuels, metals, and minerals. These processes can create deposits of minerals and metals in specific areas, resulting in an uneven distribution of natural resources. For example, certain minerals are only found in specific geological formations, and these formations may be located in only a few regions around the world. This creates a situation where some regions have abundant resources, while others have few or none.
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please help!!!! (k12)
The substances that participate in a reaction are called __________________, whereas the substances that form as a result of a reaction are ____________________
Substances that participate in a reaction are called reactants, and substances formed in a reaction are called products.
Why should reactants and products be balanced?Reactants are starting materials and are on the left side of the equation. The product is the final result of the reaction and is on the right side of the equation. To obey the law of conservation of mass, which states that matter is neither created nor destroyed, chemical reactions must be in balance. A balanced chemical equation gives a rough idea of the number of reactants needed for a reaction
What is the role of reactants and products in chemical reactions?A reactant is the substance that initiates a chemical reaction, and a product is the substance that results from the reaction. Chemical reactions can be represented by common chemical formulas. Reactant → Product. Bonds are broken and reformed during chemical reactions. The reaction also occurs in the opposite direction.
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Without autonomic nervous system input resting heart rate would be approximately?Answer choices:a. 70−80 beats/min b. 50−60 beats/minc. 100−120 beats/min d. 200−220 beats/min
Answer:
10000/76 x 76 = 100089
Explanation:
bnnygghh
A small child and a teenager are at the top of a hill on skateboards. What could the child do to decrease his gravitational potential energy?
Answer: Do nothing.
Explanation: Considering they are on top of the hill on skateboards, and not going down the hill, the best thing for them to decrease there gravitational potential energy, is by doing nothing.
