The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is an interconnected network of membranes present in both plant and animal cells.
Proteins and other materials are transported by it from one area of the cell to another. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum are two different forms (SER). The presence of ribosomes on the RER's outer surface makes it distinctive.
The synthesis of proteins that are thereafter transported via the ER is carried out by these ribosomes.
The SER, on the other hand, is involved in the synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates as well as the modification and packaging of proteins even though it lacks ribosomes.
As it offers a route for the movement of proteins and other materials throughout the cell, the ER is crucial for the health and function of both plant and animal cells.
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With respect to ABO and Rh blood groups, there are __________ different blood types.
With respect to ABO and Rh blood groups, there are 8 different blood types. the eight blood types are: A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, and O-.
The ABO blood group system is based on the presence or absence of two antigens (A and B) on the surface of red blood cells, as well as the presence or absence of antibodies against these antigens in the plasma. There are four main blood types in the ABO system: type A, type B, type AB, and type O.
The Rh blood group system is based on the presence or absence of another antigen (Rh factor) on the surface of red blood cells. Individuals who have the Rh antigen are considered Rh positive (Rh+), while those who do not are considered Rh negative (Rh-).
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What is the name of the 5 carbon sugar in RNA?
RNA (ribonucleic acid) contains the five-carbon sugar ribose, also known as D-ribose, which alternates with phosphate groups to create the "backbone" of the RNA polymer.
What is RNA?A polymeric molecule called ribonucleic acid (RNA) is crucial for many biological processes, including the coding, decoding, control, and expression of genes. RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid are examples of nucleic acids (DNA). Along with lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, nucleic acids are one of the four fundamental macromolecules needed for all recognised forms of life. Unlike DNA, which is a paired double strand, RNA is a single strand that is folded over on itself in nature. Like DNA, RNA is made up of a series of nucleotides. Using the nitrogenous bases guanine, uracil, adenine, and cytosine, represented by the letters G, U, A, and C, messenger RNA (mRNA) is used by cellular organisms to transmit genetic information that instructs the creation of particular proteins. Many viruses employ RNA to encrypt their genetic information.
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a sample of chloroplasts is illuminated until the calvin cycle intermediates reach their steady state levels, and the light is then turned off. how do the levels of ribulose-bis- phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate change with time after the light is turned off? briefly explain your reasoning
After the light is turned off in a sample of illuminated chloroplasts, the levels of ribulose-bis-phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate will decrease over time.
This is because during illumination, the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis generate ATP and NADPH, which are used by the light-independent Calvin cycle to convert carbon dioxide into organic molecules, such as ribulose-bis-phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate. However, once the light is turned off, the ATP and NADPH are no longer being produced, and so the Calvin cycle cannot continue to synthesize these organic molecules at the same rate. As a result, the levels of ribulose-bis-phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate will gradually decrease as they are used up in other metabolic processes or are converted into other molecules. The rate of this decrease will depend on factors such as the initial levels of these intermediates, the metabolic demands of the cell, and the presence of other regulatory mechanisms.
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Went's experiment differed from all previous plant tropism experiments byA. determining the chemical properties and structure of a hormone that influences plant growth.B. demonstrating that plants respond to indirect light by growing toward the light.C. isolating a plant hormone from one plant and using it to change growth patterns in a different plant.D. showing that the coleoptile portion of a plant is essential in responding to light signals.
In contrast to all prior studies on plant tropism, Went's experiment involved extracting a plant hormone through one plant & using it to alter the growth patterns of an entirely different species.
Ingrid Warmolt The 1928 experiment by Dutch researcher Went proved auxin's presence in plants. His focus gradually switched to the effects of the environment on plant growth. He was first researcher at Caltech to investigate the role of hormones on plant growth and development. Went was able to capable of stimulating growth in beheaded shoots by applying the auxin-containing agar to the cut ends of the shoots. Auxin molecules distributed into the agar. The experiment conducted by Went was the second time a hormone had been extracted from a plant.
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a substance moving from outside the cell into the cytoplasm must pass through __________.
A substance moving from outside the cell into the cytoplasm must pass through the plasma membrane or cell membrane. It is a biological barrier that isolates and safeguards the interior of all cells from the external environment.
Living cells physically separate the internal parts from the extracellular medium by enclosing the cytoplasm in a plasma membrane. Additionally, the plasma membrane functions as an anchor for the cytoskeleton, giving the cell structure, and as a point of attachment for the extracellular matrix and neighboring cells, holding the cells together to form tissues. In addition to having a cell wall that supports the cell mechanically and prevents the passage of bigger molecules, fungi, bacteria, the majority of archaea, and plants also have one.
The transport of substances necessary for survival is made easier by the plasma membrane's selective permeability and ability to control what enters and leaves the cell. Active transport requires the cell to use energy to move the material across the membrane, as opposed to passive transport, which occurs without the contribution of cellular energy. The membrane also preserves the potential of the cell. Thus, the plasma membrane functions as a picky filter that only permits particular items to enter or leave the cell.
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What is thermoregulation and the human body's core temperature?
The capacity to regulate one's body temperature is known as thermoregulation. The average body temperature is 98.6°F.
What kind of thermoregulation are there?In mammals, vasodilation, sweating, and panting are examples of thermoregulatory heat loss behaviour, whereas vasoconstriction, shivering, the breakdown of brown fatty tissue, as huddling are examples of thermoregulatory heat production activity.
Definition of thermoregulation Why is it crucial?To maintain their bodies within a narrow temperature range, mammals use thermoregulation. This is essential for optimal health because it allows the body's tissues and biological processes to operate as intended. If a person's body temperature deviates significantly from 98.6°F (37°C), they may develop hyperthermia or hypothermia.
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What is reinforcement in behavior?
Reinforcement in behavior refers to a process that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated in the future.
Reinforcement is a key concept in the field of behaviorism and is used to modify behavior in animals and humans. Reinforcement can be positive, where a desirable stimulus is added after a behavior is performed, or negative, where an aversive stimulus is removed after a behavior is performed. The goal of reinforcement is to increase the frequency of a desired behavior and decrease the frequency of an undesired behavior. For example, a teacher may reinforce a student's good behavior by giving them a sticker, while taking away a toy may reinforce a child's behavior of sharing. The concept of reinforcement has been widely applied in fields such as psychology, education, and animal training, and is a crucial component in shaping and maintaining behavior.
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an anatomy student observes muscle fibers under the microscope. the cells are striated and form y-shaped branches. the muscle tissue observed must be
An anatomy student observes muscle fibers under a microscope. the cells are striated and form y-shaped branches. the muscle tissue observed must be cardiac muscle.
Cardiac muscle tissue which is also called Myocardium is a specialized type of muscle tissue that forms the structure of the heart. This muscle tissue contracts and releases involuntarily.
Myocardium is also responsible for keeping the heart pumping blood around the body. It makes up the middle and thickest layer of the heart wall. This layer lies in between the endocardium layer and the outer epicardium.
Muscle fibers are in turn composed of myofibrils. The component of muscle fiber that quickly transport a muscle impulse from the sarcolemma throughout the entire muscle fibre is called the t- tubule.
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which vessels increase peripheral resistance when they vasoconstrict in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Systemic arterioles increase peripheral resistance when they vasoconstriction in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Arterioles are small blood vessels that regulate blood flow and blood pressure by controlling the amount of blood that flows into the capillary beds of the body's tissues. When the smooth muscle in the walls of systemic arterioles constricts, the vessel diameter decreases, leading to an increase in resistance to blood flow and an increase in blood pressure. This vasoconstriction is mediated by the sympathetic nervous system, which releases norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline) in response to stress or other stimuli.
Option B is the proper response, thus.
The complete question is:-
Which vessels increase peripheral resistance when they vasoconstriction in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine?
A)venules
B)systemic arterioles
C)capillaries
D)muscular arteries
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What is a butterflies body temperature?
The temperature of butterfly should be optimal as only when a sufficient body temperature is provided they are able to fly. Butterflies can fly as long as the air is between 60°-108° F, although temperatures between 82°-100° F are best
butterfly belongs to the order group called Lepidoptera. The life cycle of butterfly includes stages like egg, larval, pupal or adult
if the temperature is low or too cold, then unable to warm their muscles and fly.
butterflies are cold blooded animals, they are ectothermic.
butterfly hibernate during the winters in protected locations. also, they use the peeling bark of trees, perennial plants, logs or fences, they move to warmer areas during the migration.
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during the staationary phase of the bacteriaal growth curve, bacteria may resond to the environmental stress by
The stationary phase of bacterial growth is a period of time during which the bacterial population stops increasing in size and number due to all the given options thus, option (E) is the correct answer.
The stationary phase comes after the exponential or log growth phase of fast population expansion. The number of bacteria that are born and those that are decline are equal during the stationary phase. This is brought on by a deficiency in nutrients as well as other environmental conditions like pH, temperature, and oxygen levels.
In order to survive and adapt to their environment, bacteria may start to create spores during the stationary phase. The population starts to decline during the decline phase after the static phase. Understanding the various stages of bacterial proliferation is essential for developing management and prevention methods for bacterial illnesses as well as for understanding how bacterial populations behave.
The complete question is:
During the stationary phase of the bacterial growth curve, bacteria may respond to environmental stress by______________
(A). producing highly resistant endospores.
(B). growing flagella.
(C). becoming competent,
(D). capable of taking up pieces of DNA
(E). all of these choices
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in mice, the gene (C) for colored fur is dominant over its allele (c) for white. The gene (N) for normal behavior is dominant over ()n for waltzing. Pairs of mice were mated, and the following results obtained. In each case, give the probable genotypes of the parents:
a) colored normal mated with white normal produced 29 colored normal, and 10 colored waltzers.
b) colored normal mated with colored normal produced 38 colored normal, 15 colored waltzers, 11 white normal, and 4 white waltzers
c) colored normal mated with white waltzer produced 8 colored normal, 7 colored waltzers, 9 white normal, and 6 white waltzers
The probable genotypes of parents include:
a) CcNn and ccNn
b) CcNn and CcNn
c) CcNn and ccnn
How to determine probable genes?a) The probable genotypes of the parents in this case would be CcNn and ccNn, where C represents the dominant allele for colored fur, N represents the dominant allele for normal behavior, c represents the recessive allele for white fur, and n represents the recessive allele for waltzing behavior.
b) The probable genotypes of the parents in this case would be CcNn and CcNn, where C represents the dominant allele for colored fur, N represents the dominant allele for normal behavior, c represents the recessive allele for white fur, and n represents the recessive allele for waltzing behavior.
c) The probable genotypes of the parents in this case would be CcNn and ccnn, where C represents the dominant allele for colored fur, N represents the dominant allele for normal behavior, c represents the recessive allele for white fur, and n represents the recessive allele for waltzing behavior.
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which groups of individuals must show the same phenotype in order to produces a 9:3:4 phenotypic ratio from a dihybrid cross (ccdd x ccdd) if the trait is affected by recessive epistasis of c over d?
The homozygous recessive parent outnumbers the homozygous dominant parent. The F1 generation plants developed from a monohybrid cross are heterozygous, similar to a dihybrid cross, and only the dominant trait is seen. The ensuing F2 generation has a 3:1 phenotypic ratio.
A dihybrid cross consists of two persons with two distinct traits, each controlled by two distinct genes. A dihybrid cross was created as a result of Gregor Mendel's study of pea plants that were either round or wrinkled, yellow or green. When it comes to genotype and phenotypic ratios, the offspring of two heterozygous parents are predictable. When crossing heterozygous parents, a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio is anticipated. A link between the two attributes or a non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance for one or both of the traits may be suggested by deviations from these expected ratios.
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kent cycle at a speed of 20km/h how long does it takes for him to cyclew 120 km
Answer:
6 Hours
Explanation:
120/20 = 6
As the speed is given in km/h the answer is 6 Hours
The process where a pair of chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material is called:__________
Recombination, also known as genetic recombination, is the process by which two chromosomes link up and exchange genetic material.
Meiosis, a sort of cell division that creates gametes (sex cells) with half as many chromosomes as the original cell, is when recombination takes place.
Each chromosome in the pair will split during this phase, a process known as crossing-over, and swap genetic material. By transferring genetic material, novel gene and allele combinations can be made, giving rise to children that are singular and possess distinctive traits.
Each individual is distinct thanks to the diversity and heterogeneity brought about by this recombination process. Recombination is crucial for species like humans that have more than two sets of chromosomes because it lessens the amount of alleles that are transferred from parents to children.
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Why are Archaea considered a monophyletic group according to the three-domain hypothesis ? Because this group includes all organisms except eukaryotes. Because this group evolved after the origin of bacteria. Because this group includes an ancestral population and all of its descendants. Because all members of this group lack membrane-bound organelles.
Considering that this group consists of the ancestral population and all of its offspring.
What is monophyletic group?
A clade, or monophyletic group, is a collection of organisms that has a common ancestor and all of its offspring. The definition of monophyletic groups is based on their evolutionary links, and they can be located by looking at genetic and morphological evidence. All members of a monophyletic group exhibit a set of derived traits that are unique to that group and reflect their shared evolutionary history. A hierarchical categorization of organisms can be created by nesting smaller monophyletic groups inside of larger monophyletic groups. The relationship between various groups of organisms and their evolutionary history are understood through the notion of monophyly, which is crucial to evolutionary biology.
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how does the classical complement pathway shown in the video differ from the alternative complement pathway?
The alternative complement route can be triggered by C3 hydrolysis, foreign particles, infections, or injured cells, but the conventional complement pathway normally requires antigen—antibody complex (immune complexes) to activation (specific immune response).
Complementary receptor 1 (CR1) on CD35: lectin-based, conventional, and alternative pathways. The transmembrane glycoprotein CD35 works as a co-factor to factor I in the breakdown of C3b and C4b and promotes the decay of C3/C5 step down transformer in both the conventional and alternative pathways. A chain of events that activates the lectin, alternative, and classical pathways results in the membrane assault complex. The immune system includes them. For pathway start, each has its own set of proteins. One of three complements routes that opsonize and eliminate infections is the alternative pathway.
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which layer of meningitis is closest to the brain?
pia mater: The brain and spinal cord are shielded by three layers of meninges, or membranes. The pia mater is the fragile inner layer closest to brain.
What is the Meninge? What is meningitis?In anatomy, the meninges are the three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Mammals have three meninges: the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The protection of the brain and spinal cord is the main function of the meninges. The inflammation of the meninges' tissues is referred to as "meningitis" on the other hand. inflammation of the brain and spinal cord's protective membranes brought on by an infection. Meningitis can also be brought on by bacteria or fungi, but viral infections are more usually to blame. Meningitis of some forms can be avoided with immunisation.
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Do the plants also respire ? Explain in
brief
plants do respite but not nearly in the same way humans do, they absorb oxygen while we just exhale it
What do you call the highest pressure when the heart is contracting?
When the heart beats at its highest pressure it is called systolic pressure and when it relaxes it is called diastolic pressure.
All human tissues and organs receive oxygen-rich blood from the heart, which serves as a pump. The heartbeat is created by the muscles of the heart contracting and relaxing. This cycle's relaxation phase is known as the diastole, while its contraction phase is known as the systole. When the heart contracts, blood is forced from the organ and into the body's large blood vessels. At this stage, blood is delivered to every organ and tissue in the body. During systole, a person's blood pressure increases.
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When factors are in a range in
which an organism CANNOT
survive, which zone is
represented?
A. intolerance
B. sub-optimal growth
C. optimal growth
D. optimal tolerance
(a) intolerance is When factors are in a range in which an organism CANNOT survive,
what is an organism?Any living system that performs as a distinct unit is referred to as an organism in biology. All living things are made up of cells. The idea of an organism is founded on the notion of a basic living entity. or A living creature that has an organized structure, is capable of responding to stimuli, can reproduce, develop, adapt, and preserve homeostasis is referred to as an organism. Therefore, every animal, plant, fungus, protist, bacterium, or archaeon found on Earth would be considered an organism. There are numerous methods to categorize these species. Counting the number of cells that make it up is one method. The single-celled (such as bacteria, archaea, and protists) and multicellular organisms are the two main categories (animals and plants). Biological entities can also be categorized based on their subcellular architecture.
what is intolerance?Intolerance or hypersensitivity, unfavorable immune system responses.
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files have slanting rows of teeth and the teeth on a rasp are____
The teeth on a rasp are individual, while the rows of teeth on files are angled. The rasps can be utilized even though they are made specifically for wood.
What kind of teeth have rasps?A file and a rasp have shapes that are similar, yet they have quite distinct working faces. They are used to shape wood and have individually raised teeth, referred to as stitches, uniformly distributed around the working face. Uses. The cheek teeth's hooks and spikes of sharp enamel are removed.
Decrease in focal overgrowths Detection and potential repair of more severe wear problems. The coarse teeth are ideal for quickly eliminating huge volumes of material, while the fine teeth guarantee a tidy result.
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timothy weighs exactly 100 points. after swimming at the beach all day, will his weight increase, decrease, or stay the same? why?
Answer:
Im 80 decrease 20 increase
Explanation:
i would think he would d3crease some w31ght off by sw1mm1ng so i think its d3creases
The ultimate source of energy for most organisms is
Oglucose
O carbon dioxide
O oxygen
the sun
Answer:
c
Explanation:
What is significant about areas in the DNA that contain repeated segments? A) They are termed SNPs. B) They are the basis for DNA fingerprinting. C) They are the same from person to person. D) They cannot be mapped. E) They disprove the belief that there are variations of the human genome
The correct option is B ; They are the basis for DNA fingerprinting. While certain repeating DNA sequences are necessary for cellular function and genome preservation, others can be detrimental.
Numerous repetitive DNA sequences have been connected to human disorders including Huntington's and Friedreich's ataxia. An unknown person's remains can be identified via DNA fingerprinting. refers to phenotypic variation within a species that is spatially patterned.
Acclimatization to high altitude happens during growth and development in high-altitude indigenous . The evolutionary history of the species H.
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How do you calculate left atrial pressure?
This measurement should be obtained by deducting the maximum systolic gradient between the left atrium and left ventricle (LV) from central systole blood pressure (BP).
How is left atrial pressure measured?By determining the systolic pressure differential between the left atrium and the left atrium using the maximal MR velocity, the left atrial systolic pressure may be calculated. The LV peak pressure can be taken for granted to be the blood pressure in individuals without substantial LVOT with Aortic valve blockage.
We gauge left atrial pressure for what reasons?Monitoring of the left atrial pressure (LAP) is done to get hemodynamic understanding of the left-sided cardiac structures. When there is worry about left atrial hypertension, LV preload, or LV function (systolic and diastolic), LAP may be useful .
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1. Which defensive strategy makes the insect hard to see?
Venom Glands
Aposematic Coloration
Crypsis
Batesian Mimicry
Crypsis is a defensive strategy that obscures an insect's vision.
The bug accomplishes this by using camouflage, which is the skill of being able to blend into one's surroundings through the use of colours, forms, and patterns.
For instance, a leaf-imitating bug may have hues, patterns, and forms that are similar to leaves, making it challenging to tell it apart from its surroundings.
In order to disrupt their shape and make themselves more difficult to discern, insects may also adopt disruptive colouring, which entails having various colours on different areas of their bodies.
Crypsis is an extremely efficient defence tactic because it allows an insect to avoid being spotted by predators.
Complete Question:
Which defensive strategy makes the insect hard to see?
Venom Glands
Aposematic Coloration
Crypsis
Batesian Mimicry
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a woman with type ab blood marries a man with type o blood. what abo blood types would be possible for any children they might have? are there any blood types that would not be possible, and if so, what are they?
You would anticipate that the children of an AB blood type male and an O blood type lady will have type A or B blood. This is due to the fact that the woman would not contribute any because she is an O blood type, while the man could only provide an A or a B (but not both).
The classification of blood-based on the presence or absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic compounds on the surface of red blood cells is known as a blood type, or blood group (RBCs). Depending on the blood group system, these antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids. These antigens are present on the surfaces of numerous other cell types found in diverse organs. One allele can give rise to many red blood cell surface antigens that make up a blood group system (or different gene).
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What is the correct order of the exocytosis or secretion pathway?
A. rough ER, endosome, Golgi, smooth ER
B. rough ER, Golgi, smooth ER, plasma membrane
C. smooth ER, rough ER, exocytosis, Golgi
D. rough ER, Golgi, transport vesicle, plasma membrane
E. rough ER, Golgi, endosome, plasma membrane, transport vesicle
The correct order of the exocytosis or secretion pathway is option D
D. rough ER, Golgi, transport vesicle, plasma membrane.
The entry of proteins into the ER serves as a key junction point for protein flow within eukaryotic cells. The ER is the initial target for proteins that are intended for secretion or integration into the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, or plasma membrane. Most proteins in mammalian cells are translated on membrane-bound ribosomes before being moved into the ER. Proteins that will remain in the cytosol or that will be incorporated into the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, or peroxisomes, on the other hand, are made on free ribosomes and released into the cytosol after their translation is finished.
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what is behavioral geneticists are primarily interested in
One goal of behavioural geneticist research is to determine how much hereditary and environmental factors contribute to behavioural variation in the group under study.
What is behavioral genetics?A field of science called behavioural genetics, often known as behaviour genetics, uses genetic methods to investigate the nature and root causes of behavioural variances among people. Even though the term "behavioural genetics" implies a focus on genetic influences, the field more broadly investigates how much genetic and environmental factors influence individual variations and the development of research techniques that can eliminate the confounding effects of genes and environment. In the late 19th century, Francis Galton founded the scientific area of behavioural genetics; however, due of its associations with eugenics organisations before and during World War II, it has since lost credibility.
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