Answers
Explanation:
Haloalkanes and other compounds with the halogen atom bonded to either sp3-hybridized or sp2-hybridized carbon atoms (aryl and vinyl halides) react with magnesium metal to yield organomagnesium halides called Grignard reagents. Grignard reagents are usually prepared in diethyl ether (CH3CH2O─CH2CH3). An ether solvent is essential for the reaction. The French chemist Victor Grignard discovered this reaction in 1900, and it has been studied and used extensively ever since.
Grignard reagents form easily from 1°, 2°, and 3° alkyl halides, although their reactivities differ. Aryl and vinyl halides react somewhat more slowly, and the cyclic ether tetrahydrofuran (THF) is required to prepare Grignard reagents of these compounds. The higher boiling point of the cyclic ether provides more vigorous reaction conditions, but the rate of the reaction also increases because THF solvates the Grignard reagent better than diethyl ether.
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Molecular model of a complex of methyl-magnesium chloride, a Grignard reagent, in which two molecules of tetrahydrofuran, THF, are bound to magnesium. The model is based on the crystal structure.
The order of reactivity of the halogens in haloalkanes is I > Br > CI > > F. Organofluorides are so unreactive that they are never used to prepare Grignard reagents. Organohalogen compounds containing bromine and chlorine are readily available, and are commonly used to prepare Grignard reagents. Grignard reagents are used synthetically to form new carbon–carbon bonds. A Grignard reagent has a very polar carbon–magnesium bond in which the carbon atom has a partial negative charge and the metal a partial positive charge.
The polarity of the carbon–magnesium bond is opposite that of the carbon–halogen bond of haloalkanes. Because the carbon atom in a Grignard reagent has a partial negative charge, it resembles a carbanion, and it reacts with electrophilic centers such as the carbonyl carbon atom of aldehydes, ketones, and esters. We will discuss this chemistry extensively in later chapters.
Grignard reagents react rapidly with acidic hydrogen atoms in molecules such as alcohols and water. When a Grignard reagent reacts with water, a proton replaces the halogen, and the product is an alkane. The Grignard reagent therefore provides a pathway for converting a haloalkane to an alkane in two steps.
Related Questions
407 grams of al2o3 to moles?
Answers
Answer:
3.99 moles Al₂O₃
Explanation:
The molar mass (g/mol) is used to convert between grams and moles. This value is calculated by taking the individual element molar masses from the periodic table, multiplying them by the corresponding subscripts, then adding them together. Al is 26.98 g/mol and has a subscript of 2. O is 16.00 g/mol and has a subscript of 3. So, the molar mass of Al₂O₃ is 101.96 g/mol.
2(26.98 g/mol) + 3(16.00 g/mol) = 101.96 g/mol
Since it is 101.96 grams PER one mole, the 101.96 is beside grams in the ratio. When setting up the conversion, you want grams in the demoninator (molar mass ratio) to cancel out the grams in the numerator (given value). Since the given number has 3 significant figures, the answer should also have 3 significant figures.
407 grams Al₂O₃ 1 mole Al₂O₃
-------------------------- x -------------------- = 3.99 moles Al₂O₃
101.96 grams
The jet stream is one of the key winds that moves air masses. in which direction does the jet stream in the united state generally move air masses?
Answers
The jet stream is one of the key winds that moves air masses at the direction from west to east it moves.
What are jet streams?Jet streams are strong winds which are flow in the form of narrow bands in the upper part of the atmosphere. On the earth these winds are flows near the altitude of the tropopause. These winds carries weather systems and blows toward the colder northern air and due to the rotation of earth, its direction is from west to east.
Hence jet streams move winds from west to east direction.
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Answer: From west to east.
Explanation:
Label the equivalence point on the graph of pH versus volume of the titration of a strong acid and strong base shown below
no bots please!
a. What volume of base was needed to neutralize the acid?
b. What is the pH at the equivalence point?
c. How does the number of moles of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions compare at the
equivalence point?
Answers
A pure sample of a monoprotic acid is dissolved in water. the sample is titrated with sodium hydroxide solution. at the point where 20.0 ml of the naoh solution has been added, the ph is 4.15. the phenolphthalein endpoint of the titration is observed when 50.0 ml of naoh have been added. what is the pka of the acid
Answers
Answer:
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Explanation:
Which phrase describes a dipole moment? (1 point)
the separation of positive and negative charges
the vibration of a molecule
the imbalance of positive and negative charges
the releasing of energy from a molecule
Which statement best summarizes the presence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere? (1 point)
The atmosphere is mostly non-greenhouse gases, so the small amount of greenhouse gases have little impact on climate
The atmosphere has recently changed and is mostly greenhouse gases, but they have little impact on climate
The atmosphere is mostly non-greenhouse gases, but the small amount of greenhouse gases have a large impact on climate
The atmosphere has recently changed and is mostly greenhouse gases, which have a large impact on climate
Which observed consequence is due to increased production of greenhouse gases? (1 point)
more glaciers
global cooling
melted ice caps
fewer floods
Are greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect ever beneficial? Why or why not? (1 point)
No, greenhouse gases are a result of air pollution, which is detrimental to the environment.
Yes, industries need to consume greenhouse gases to help people keep their standard of living
No, too many greenhouse gases cause the planet to retain too much heat.
Yes, the greenhouse effect keeps the planet warm enough to support life.
Which molecule acts as a greenhouse gas? (1 point)
nitric oxide (NO)
oxygen (0₂)
nitrous oxide (N₂O)
nitrogen (N₂)
Answers
Answer:
1. the imbalance of positive and negative charges.
Explanation
The electric dipole moment is a measure of the separation of positive and negative electrical charges within a system, that is, a measure of the system's overall polarity.
2.The atmosphere has recently changed and is mostly greenhouse gases, which have a large impact on climate
Explanation.
They cause climate change by trapping heat, and they also contribute to respiratory disease from smog and air pollution. Extreme weather, food supply disruptions, and increased wildfires are other effects of climate change caused by greenhouse gases.
3.melted ice caps
explanation
A stronger greenhouse effect will warm the ocean and partially melt glaciers and ice sheets, increasing sea level. Ocean water also will expand if it warms overexcessively.
4.Yes, the greenhouse effect keeps the planet warm enough to support life.
Explanation
The greenhouse effect is a good thing. It warms the planet to its comfortable average of 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius) and keeps life on earth, well, livable. Without it the world would be a frozen, uninhabitable place, more like Mars.
5.nitrous oxide.
Explanation
There are several different types of greenhouse gases. The major ones are carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and nitrous oxide. These gas molecules all are made of three or more atoms. The atoms are held together loosely enough that they vibrate when they absorb heat.
The phrase which describes a dipole moment is the separation of positive and negative charges,the statement best summarizes the presence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere , the atmosphere is mostly non-greenhouse gases, but the small amount of greenhouse gases in an ecosystem have a large impact on climate.
What is an ecosystem?
Ecosystem is defined as a system which consists of all living organisms and the physical components with which the living beings interact. The abiotic and biotic components are linked to each other through nutrient cycles and flow of energy.
Energy enters the system through the process of photosynthesis .Animals play an important role in transfer of energy as they feed on each other.As a result of this transfer of matter and energy takes place through the system .The more glaciers is the consequence is due to increased production of greenhouse gases.The greenhouse effect keeps the planet warm enough to support life. Nitrous oxide molecule acts as a greenhouse gas.
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Can animals detect radio waves
Answers
Answer:
No.
Explanation:
No organism can detect X-rays or radio waves
Answer:
no
Explanation:
Many animals, including vampire bats and certain fish and snake species, are able to sense infrared radiation, but this only goes up to wavelengths of 1mm. Longer wavelengths carry much less energy and can't be detected without some kind of resonator to amplify the signal.
What is a bifurcation?
Answers
[tex]\qquad \qquad \huge \pink {\sf{☁Answer☁}} \\ \\ [/tex]
A division into two branchesAny place where one thing divides into two.[tex]\rule{70mm}{2.2pt}[/tex][tex]\sf{\:мѕнαcкεя\: ♪...}[/tex]
Consider the following balanced equation:
2KCIO3 → 2KCl + 302
How many grams of O2 will be obtained by decomposing
98.1 grams of KClO3?
Оа
38.4 grams
b
17.1 grams
Ос
25.6 grams
76.8 grams
Answers
Answer:
A. 38.4 [gr].
Explanation:
all the details are provided in the attachment, the answer is marked with orange colour.
Pumice is a volcanic rock that contains many trapped air bubbles. A 225- gram sample is occupied 236.6ml.
a. What is the density of pumice (answer is 0.951g/ml)
Answers
density of the pumice.
solution:density= mass/ volume (d= m/v)
= 225/236.6
= 0.951g/ml
so, the density of pumice is 0.951g/ml.
[tex]{\boxed{{ formula :}}} [/tex]
[tex] →\bold{Density = \frac{mass}{volume} }[/tex]
[tex]{\boxed{{ Given :}}} [/tex]
[tex]→\bold{Mass = 225 g }[/tex]
[tex]→\bold{ Volume = 236.6 ml}[/tex]
[tex]{\boxed{{ Solution :}}} [/tex]
[tex]→\bold{Density = \frac{mass}{volume} }[/tex]
[tex]→\bold{ Density = \cancel{ \frac{225 g}{236.6 ml}} = 0.951 g/ml}[/tex]
The density of pumice is 0.951 g/ ml .
Which statement is true about a reversible reaction?
A. It has equal mass of all reactants.
B. It produces salts from acids and bases.
C. It has equal number of products and reactants.
D. It results in an equilibrium mixture of reactants and products.
Answers
Answer:
D. it results in an equilibrium mixture of reactants and products
Explanation:
took the test
Given the following equation: NaOH + HCl -> NaCl + H2O. Calculate the mass of water produced when 80.0 g of NaOH react with excess HCl.
Answers
Answer:
36 grams
Explanation:
Na 22.989
O 15.999
H 1.008 total 39.996 gm per mole
80 grams is 80 / 39.996 = ~ 2 moles
From the equation each mole of NaOH used results in ONE mole of H2O
so you will get two moles of H20
(1.008 *2 + 15.999) * 2 = ~ 36 gm
i need help ..........
Answers
Answer:
E
Explanation:
The problem with choices A B C D is that the molecular balance numbers are incorrect. E is the only one correctly balanced. For example in A is balanced as
3Mg + 2H2O ===> 3Mg0 + 2H2
The Mg's are correctly balanced.
So are the hydrogens. But take a look at the 0xygens. There are 2 on the left and 3 on the right. The equation is not balanced correctly. B and C have the same problem. One of elements is not balanced correctly.
A diverâs backup oxygen tank reads 900 mm Hg while on her boat, where the temperature is 27 degrees C. When she dives down to the bottom of an unexplored methane lake on a recently discovered moon of Neptune, the temperature will drop to -183 degrees C. What will the pressure in her backup tank be at that temperature?
Answers
Taking into account the Gay Lussac's law, the pressure in the backup tank at -183 °C is 270 mmHg.
Gay Lussac's lawGay Lussac's law establishes the relationship between the temperature and pressure of a gas when the volume is constant.
This law says that the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to its temperature: when there is a constant volume, as the temperature increases, the pressure of the gas increases. And when the temperature is decreased, gas pressure decreases.
Mathematically, Gay-Lussac's law states that the ratio between pressure and temperature has the same value:
[tex]\frac{P}{T} =k[/tex]
Studying an initial state 1 and a final state 2, it is fulfilled:
[tex]\frac{P1}{T1} =\frac{P2}{T2}[/tex]
Pressure in the backup tankIn this case, you know:
P1= 900 mmHgT1= 27 C= 300 K (being 0C= 273 K)P2= ?T2= -183 C= 90 KReplacing in the Gay-Lussac's law:
[tex]\frac{900 mH}{300 K} =\frac{P2}{90 K}[/tex]
Solving:
[tex]P2=90K\frac{900 mH}{300 K}[/tex]
P2=270 mmHg
Finally, the pressure in the backup tank at -183 °C is 270 mmHg.
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."A ternary covalent compound consists of 3 types of nonmetallic elements in its chemical formula." Which is NOT an example of a ternary covalent compound ? A. Ozone (03)
B. Sucrose (C12H22011)
C. Carbonic acid (H2C03)
D. Ammonium sulfide (NH4)2s
Answers
What is the most commonly preferred pH range for soil?
Group of answer choices
7.5 to 9.0
6.2 to 7.0
3.2 to 4.5
Answers
Answer:
6.2 to 7.0
Explanation:
The “ideal” soil pH is close to neutral, and neutral soils are considered to fall within a range from a slightly acidic pH of 6.2-6.5 to slightly alkaline pH of 7.0-7.5. It has been determined that most plant nutrients are optimally available to plants within this 6.5 to 7.5 pH range, plus this range of pH is generally very compatible to plant root growth.
:-befrank
Balance the equation first.
N2 + H2 -> NH3
a) Find how many moles of NH3 are produced when 4.9 moles of N2 are completely reacted with hydrogen.
b) how many moles of H2 are required to produce 59.4 moles of NH3?
Answers
Answer:
Therefore, 12 moles of hydrogen makes 8 moles of ammonia.
Using the proportions of the amount of the molecules, we can convert from any reagent or product to any other reagent or product. In the context of this reaction, for every mole of N2 and every 3 moles of H2 we obtain 2 moles of NH3.
Explanation:
;)’ hola
Which foods are examples of complex carbohydrates? (Select all that apply.)
Answers
Answer:
Here all the given options are examples of complex carbohydrates.
Explanation:
As all these contains sugar, starch and fibre.
HELP FAST!! BRAINLIEST!
Boron-10 is commonly used as a control rod for nuclear reactors because it absorbs _______ and releases an alpha particle and a lithium-7 nuclide.
A. a neutron
b. a gamma ray
c. an electron
d. a protron
Answers
Your answer is A. a neutron
A rod, plate, or tube containing a material such as hafnium, boron, etc., used to control the power of a nuclear reactor. By absorbing neutrons, a control rod prevents the neutrons from causing further fissions.
Answer:
A. a neutron
Explanation:
Boron-10 is commonly used as a neutron absorber due to the high neutron cross section of isotope 10B.
hope this helps!
How are fluids used and controlled in manufactured devices?
Answers
Answer:
Fluid power systems perform work by a pressurized fluid bearing directly on a piston in a cylinder or in a fluid motor. A fluid cylinder produces a force resulting in linear motion, whereas a fluid motor produces torque resulting in rotary motion. Within a fluid power system, cylinders and motors (also called actuators) do the desired work. Control components such as valves regulate the system.
Question 10 of 25
How many total electrons can the p orbitals hold?
O A. 2
B. 3
C. 6
D. 10
SUBM
Answers
Answer:
[tex]\huge\boxed{\sf C. \ 6}[/tex]
Explanation:
Orbitals:
Wave function that describes the location, electronic cloud and wave-like properties of an electron is called an orbital.Types:
There are 4 types of main orbitals.
s orbital (can accommodate 2 electrons)p orbital (can accommodate 6 electrons)d orbital (can accommodate 10 electrons)f orbital (can accommodate 14 electrons)[tex]\rule[225]{225}{2}[/tex]
Distinguish between single and double replacement reactions and give an example of
each.
Answers
Answer:
Anabolism builds complex molecules from simpler ones, while catabolism breaks large molecules into smaller ones.
Explanation:
Question 6 of 10
Which two reactions are faster than the others?
A. Iron metal reacts with oxygen in air to form rust.
B. Black powder in fireworks burns explosively to produce gases
and white light
c. Lead nitrate and potassium iodide react to form a yellow
precipitate.
D. Silver tarnishes in air that contains hydrogen sulfide.
Answers
Answer:The answer is B and CCC
Explanation:
Out of the given chemical changes, the two reactions which are faster are those mentioned in B and C as formation of rust and tarnishing of silver are slow reactions.
What are chemical changes?Chemical changes are defined as changes which occur when a substance combines with another substance to form a new substance.Alternatively, when a substance breaks down or decomposes to give new substances it is also considered to be a chemical change.
There are several characteristics of chemical changes like change in color, change in state , change in odor and change in composition . During chemical change there is also formation of precipitate an insoluble mass of substance or even evolution of gases.
There are three types of chemical changes:
1) inorganic changes
2)organic changes
3) biochemical changes
During chemical changes atoms are rearranged and changes are accompanied by an energy change as new substances are formed.
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A meteorite is found to contain two isotopes of element X, X-12, and X-14. Experimental analysis determined 95% of the element is isotope X-12, whereas 5% of the element is isotope X-14. What is the average atomic mass of element X?
Select one:
12.0 amu
14.0 amu
12.1 amu
13.0 amu
Answers
Considering the definition of atomic mass, isotopes and atomic mass of an element, the atomic mass of the element is 12.1 amu.
Definition of atomic massFirst of all, the atomic mass (A) is obtained by adding the number of protons and neutrons in a given nucleus of a chemical element.
Definition of isotopeThe same chemical element can be made up of different atoms, that is, their atomic numbers are the same, but the number of neutrons is different. These atoms are called isotopes of the element.
Definition of atomic massOn the other hand, the atomic mass of an element is the weighted average mass of its natural isotopes.
In other words, the atomic masses of chemical elements are usually calculated as the weighted average of the masses of the different isotopes of each element, taking into account the relative abundance of each of them.
Atomic mass of the element in this caseIn this case, the first isotope has an atomic mass of 12 amu and a percent natural abundance of 95 %. The second isotope has an atomic mass of 14 amu and a percent natural abundance of 5 %.
Then, the average mass can be calculated as:
12 amu×0.95 + 14 amu×0.05= 12.1 amu
Finally, the atomic mass of the element is 12.1 amu.
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What is the boiling point of water at standard atmospheric pressure?
Answers
Answer:
about 100 degrees Celsius
Explanation:
i dont cap
Why is Seabrook Station the only nuclear power plant in New Hampshire?
Answers
From the video " Are Wormholes The Answer To Time Travel?", how are worm holes described?
Answers
In the video "Are Wormholes The Answer To Time Travel?"Wormholes have been described as hypothetical space-time tunnels or bridges connecting two different locations in space-time allowing faster-than-light travel or perhaps time travel.
What does the video for "Are Wormholes the Answer to Time Travel" Say?Investigating the question of whether wormholes can be used for time travel is "Are wormholes the answer to time travel?" The film explains that wormholes are hypothetical constructs that can join two different points in space-time, allowing travel faster than the speed of light and even time travel.
The video discusses the characteristics of wormholes, including their size, shape, and possible existence. In the film, several ideas and models, such as Einstein's theory of general relativity and the idea of negative energy, have been put forward by physicists and other scientists to explain the potential of wormholes.
Therefore, in the video "Are Wormholes The Answer To Time Travel?"Wormholes have been described as hypothetical space-time tunnels or bridges connecting two different locations in space-time allowing faster-than-light travel or perhaps time travel.
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Which of the following occurs when sodium and chlorine bond together to form sodium
A chlorine atom gains an electron from a sodium atom
A chlorine atom gains a proton from a sodium atom.
A chlorine atom donates a proton to a sodium atom.
A chlorine atom donates an electron to a sodium atom.
Answers
How did Mesosaurus fossils get separated?
First, state your claim about how the Mesosaurus fossils got separated. Then, use evidence to support your claim. For each piece of evidence you use, explain how the evidence supports your claim. I need 2 reasoning and two pieces of evidence. help l will give you 15 points if they answer this now!
Answers
Answer: try thinking with your eyes close
Explanation:
If 2.00 grams of zinc are added to an excess of hydrochloric acid,
what is the volume, in liters, of hydrogen gas is produced?
Answers
Answer:
Zinc metal reacts with excess hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas
Explanation: Acording to the following equation:
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
The product gas, H2, is collected over water at a temperature of 20 °C and a pressure of 753 mm Hg. If the wet H2 gas formed occupies a volume of 5.39 L, the number of moles of Zn reacted was mol. The vapor pressure of water is 17.5 mm Hg at 20 °C.
An atom that has 84 protons and 86 neutrons undergoes a reaction. At the end of the reaction, it has 82 protons and 84 neutrons. What happened to the atom? It accepted radiation in a chemical reaction. It donated neutrons to another atom in a chemical reaction. It emitted an alpha particle in a nuclear reaction. It released a beta particle in a nuclear reaction.
Answers
Answer:
C
Explanation:
It denotes a loss of 2 protons and 2 neutrons for the atom. As a result, the atom released an alpha particle, which is composed of two protons and two neutrons, hence option C is correct.
What is an alpha particle?The structure of alpha particles, also known as alpha rays or alpha radiation, is similar to that of the helium-4 nucleus and is made up of two protons and two neutrons bonded together.
They often result from the alpha decay process, although they can also result from other processes.
If an atom has 84 protons and 86 neutrons, after the reaction, the atom has 82 protons and 84 neutrons, it suggests that the atom has lost 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
Therefore, the atom emitted an alpha particle in a nuclear reaction, hence option C is correct.
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