How has scientific understanding about the composition of the universe changed over time.

Flowers that rely on butterflies and bees for pollination often display low ultraviolet reflectance near the center of flower.

Pollination is the process of transferring pollen grains from the male reproductive part-anther of a flower to the female reproductive part-stigma. The goal of every living organism on this planet is to create offspring for the next generation through reproduction. One of the ways that plants can produce offspring is through the formation of seeds.

Pollinators are the agents which transfer pollen grains or are responsible for pollination. Insect pollinators include bees, flies, butterflies, moths, and others. Of these, bees are the most important group of pollinators, with both wild and managed species which are acting as pollinators.

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Using the theories of receptor, we got that ligand is the signal molecule that does not enter the cell in the binding of a signal molecule to a surface receptor.

Cell-surface receptors Cell-surface receptors are the membrane-anchored proteins that bind to ligands on  outside surface of the cell. In this type of signaling, the ligand actually does not need to cross the plasma membrane.

In other cases, the receptor binds the DNA in either the presence or absence of hormone, but the hormone binding alters the activity of the receptor as the transcriptional regulatory molecule. For example, thyroid hormone receptor acts as the repressor in the absence of hormone.

Hence, in the binding of a signal molecule to a surface receptor, the signal molecule does not enter the cell is ligand.

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Answer:

amnio acids

Explanation:

Characteristics of natural or treated hair that can be determined by viewing hair under a compound microscope are:

Cuticle is the protective layer of cells for the hairs. These cells are dead in nature and overlap each other to form the protective layer. Healthy cuticle is important to protect the innermost layer of cells.

mt-DNA refers to mitochondrial DNA. This is the DNA present inside the mitochondria instead of the cell's nucleus. The DNA is circular is structure.

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We can use a punnett square to predict the outcome of self-fertilization for the f1 hybrids of a monohybrid cross. In this case, the punnett square should be set up as a blank 2×2 square.

For the f1 hybrids of a monohybrid cross, self-fertilization can be predicted using a punnett square. The punnett square should be configured as a 2x2 square in this situation.The Punnett square uses the representation of crosses between different persons to indicate the possibility of having children with varied genotypes and attributes.Different gamete combinations are produced by these crossings depending on the alleles involved.Remember that every gamete carries a particular allele of one of the important genes.When we talk about monohybrid crosses, we typically mean a single diallelic gene that codes for a single trait. There are two rows and two columns in the Punnett squares used to represent this cross.

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Skulls are less compact and zygomatic arches are less formed  is the reason behind Paranthropus and australopithecines as a group differ from members of the genus homo .

Paranthropus skull included  large premolar and molar teeth and a robust or strongly built lower jaw. Australopithecine species includes the difference in the thickness of the bones they have thin cranium .

Australopithecus were 120 cm tall, and the cranial capacity were also large. It had a low forehead, protruding face, lack of chin and low brain capacity.  They were adapted for tree climbing, have very small brain, and a long line jaws .

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Answer:discharge, or flow

Explanation:n

The common difference among the first four generation is 11.

Linear population growth is meant by the growth when the number of populations grow linearly in a constant amount.

      Mathematically linear population growth can be represented as: -

Pt = Po + (k × T)

Where,

Pt is population at time t

Po is population at time zero

k is constant growth rate

T is elapsed time in years from time zero

    The population increases in a constant amount or number hence keeping the population of each generation constant.

The reproduction of new off springs from the parents give rise to a new generation. The generation surviving the time span is known as generation time.

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Glucose and fructose are both C6H12O6. The structural difference between them is that fructose is a five membered ring and glucose is a six membered ring.

Glucose is sugar whereas fructose is an amino acid and glucose is a monosaccharide whereas fructose is a disaccharide.

Glucose is the common monosaccharide whereas fructose is only rarely found in nature. Glucose generates appetite-regulating signals by the release of insulin whereas fructose does not affect appetite in this way.

Fructose changes blood sugar levels slowly as compared to glucose and does not impact insulin levels. Glucose is processed throughout the body, whereas fructose is entirely metabolized by the liver.

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Explanation:

Water is an essential resource because, well it is essential for us to live.

Water helps fuel our body. While we need nutrients from food and sleep to help our body function, we need water even more. If you were stuck in a room without food or water, you would die of lack of water before lack of food. Water is essential for our health. Not drinking water will dehydrate us. This can have to do with our cells, in biology. If our cells do not have enough water they will die, and if our cells die well then we will die because we are composed of cells.

It is not only humans who require water. Plants also require water, and again, if they become too dehydrated their cells will die, killing them. Animals, like humans require water as well.

Thus, water is essential because we need it for life, and would become dehydrated and then die without it.

When a tall and quick plant are crossed, all the offspring are tall. If the offspring self-fertilize, they produce tall and quick flowers in a ratio of 3:1 withinside the subsequent technology. Mendel's real counts have been 787 tall:277 quick flowers on this technology (2.84:1 ratio).

Mendel stated that hybridizing true-breeding (P technology) flowers gave upward push to an F1 technology that confirmed most effective one trait of a characteristic. For example, a true-breeding purple-flowering plant crossed with a true-breeding white-flowering plant constantly gave upward push to purple-flowered hybrid flowers.

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San Francisco's hiring proposal is to provide employees with breastfeeding breaks and feeding areas.

Employees who regularly work eight or more hours per week in San Francisco are covered by the HCSO. For example, a worker who regularly works eight hours a week in January is a covered worker for the month, even if she has not worked for two months at the end of the quarter.

These supplements are not to be confused with the SF mandate where employees fund the health care of her over 20 corporate restaurant employees. Employer Mandate is the latest term for Healthy San Francisco. SF requires employers to provide health insurance to their employees. Some have chosen to charge a different fee to cover this as well as increase the prices on the menu sometimes a per person fee and sometimes a percentage of the bill.

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Glycosylases are the enzymes that has a repair function and can excise incorrect nucleotides during dna replication.

Base excision repair is a method for identifying and removing particular kinds of damaged bases. In base excision repair, a class of enzymes known as glycosylases plays a crucial role. Each glycosylase recognises and eliminates a particular type of damaged base.

For instance, a process known as deamination can change a cytosine base into uracil, a base that is generally only found in RNA. Uncorrected cytosine-to-uracil changes can result in mutations because during DNA replication, uracil will pair with adenine rather than guanine (as it would if the base was still cytosine).

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Sex cells go through meiosis(cell division) whereas somatic cells go through mitosis(cell division).

In living things, there are two different forms of cell division: meiosis and mitosis. Meiosis produces four genetically distinct cells, whereas mitosis produces genetically identical cells from a parent cell. Somatic cells, such as liver cells, skin cells, etc., are body cells that do not participate in reproduction. Mitosis is the process through which somatic cells divide. Meiosis is the process through which sex cells, or gametes, are created because they are engaged in reproduction. Meiosis contributes to sexual reproduction's genetic diversity. According to the answer to this query, somatic cells multiply via MITOSIS, whereas sex cells proliferate via MEIOSIS.

(1. Somatic cells reproduce by ______________ , while sex cells reproduce by ______________ .Hint

a) meiosis; mitosis

b) mitosis; mitosis

c) mitosis; meiosis

d) meiosis; meiosis)

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The resistance to blood flow increases with decrease in viscosity resulting in increased perfusion and blood flow.

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Radiations that damage living cells are the most dangerous.

Alpha particles make up the first one. The heaviest form of radiation particle, these particles are made up of two protons and two neutrons. A lot of the earth's naturally occurring radioactive substances, including uranium and thorium, emit alpha particles. Radon in our houses is one example that most people are acquainted with.

The most dangerous outside threat is gamma radiation. "Beta burns" can be brought on by beta particles that partially penetrate skin. Alpha rays can't get through healthy skin. Gamma and x-rays can pass through a person while harming the cells they encounter.

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Cancer cells that have been treated are distributed differently than cancer cells in an untreated sample because they are stopped in the G1 phase.

The S phase comes first, then the G2 phase, and the interphase is made up of these three phases. The mitotic phase, which consists of mitosis and cytokinesis and produces two daughter cells, begins after the interphase.

A procedure in which doctors remove tissue containing cancer cells.

The majority of cell development occurs in G1; cells enlarge and produce the proteins and organelles necessary for DNA synthesis. In particular, the centromere and other centrosome components are formed here, along with proteins and RNAs.

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laws usually describe what will happen in a given situation as demonstrable like a mathematical equation, where theories describe how the phenomenon happens.

Answer:

capillaries

Explanation:

pretty much and network of capillaries

A population's genotype frequency is calculated by the Hardy-Weinberg Principle i.e. dividing the number of people having a particular genotype by the overall population size.

We have a single gene with two alleles, which is the most basic case. These alleles could be A and an or A1 and A2, for example. Say A or A1 is tall and A or A2 is short. Assume that a population has the frequencies p and q. (Since there are only two options and they must sum to one, p + q = 1.). The genotype frequencies can be predicted if we are aware of the allele frequencies.

Expected Frequency

AA or A1A1 = p * p = p²

Aa or A1A2 = pq + pq (or 2pq)

aa or A2A2 = q * q = q²

p² + pq + pq + q² = 1, or 100%

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The biological studies that reveal that parents and biological children are more similar in levels of neuroticism and extroversion than parents and adopted children support the assumption that genetic factors control these traits at a higher level than environmental cues.

The expression of the heritability of a trait makes reference to the factors that control the expression of a given phenotypic feature in an individual such as in this case neuroticism and extroversion traits.

The heritability of a trait may depend on genetic factors, environmental conditions, and or the interaction between genetic and environmental conditions.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that the heritability of a trait may be due to genes, environment, or a mix of both, and certain traits are more closely associated with one type of factor compared with another.

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The limiting factor for anaerobic glycolysis is glycogen depletion. So, option A is the answer.

An anaerobic glycolytic system activates in case the aerobic system is no longer able to produce enough ATP required for the sustenance of the level of activity. In simpler terms, it is done when we need to transform glucose to lactate but we have a limited amount of Oxygen present.

To be able to undergo glycolysis for ATP production, the system requires glycogen to convert into glucose. But, if the glycogen gets depleted, there is no glucose which means the process stops happening.

Hence, glycogen depletion becomes the limiting factor for anaerobic glycolysis.

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Muscle cells can use both fatty acids and glucose for his or her aerobic respiratory. ATP is used for 2 matters in muscle cells: lively shipping of calcium (Ca++) and motion of motor proteins.

It also reminds us that ATP is needed by using the muscle mobile for the electricity stroke of the myosin pass bridge, for disconnecting the cross bridge from the binding web page on actin, and for transporting calcium ions back into the SR.

ATP is used for contraction when: the myosin heads are activated by an ATP molecule, which supplies it with the energy to carry out a electricity stroke. ATP is used at some point of rest to break the bond among the myosin heads and the actin filament.

ATP binding to myosin at some point of the contractile cycle effects in myosin detachment from actin, and electricity liberated from next ATP hydrolysis is then used to pressure the next contractile cycle. ATP is likewise used to decrease myoplasmic calcium ranges at some point of muscle rest.

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Two parents with black eyes can give rise to offspring with red eye (ee) which is a recessive trait only when both the parents are heterozygous (Ee) for the trait. This is showed in the cross on the given image.

Recessive condition in the genotype can only occur during homozygous state when both the alleles for the gene are recessive. Recessive alleles are the mutated version of the gene that are not able to produce any effect when present along with a dominant allele.

Heterozygous state of the genotype is when both the alleles for a given trait are different or contrasting. One of the alleles is able to show its effect while the other is not, in a heterozygous condition. Sometimes heterozygous trait can have a phenotype that is different from the dominant and recessive phenotype.  

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There are five different types of subunits are there in bacterial RNAP holoenzyme.

The Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) is a multi-subunit enzyme composed of five subunits including α (two copies), β, β’ and ω subunits. These five subunits form the RNAP core enzyme responsible for RNA synthesis using DNA as template and ribonucleotide (rNTP) as substrate. For initiating promoter specific DNA transcription, the core enzyme has to bind a σ factor, which helps to direct the polymerase to specific promoters. The core polymerase with sigma factor is referred to as the holoenzyme.

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Waves of calcium that enter cells are propagated through the cytoplasmic compartment, as happens within the first minute or so after fertilization, generally transient because Ca2+ ions are quickly pushed from the cytosol straight into the ER and/or extracellular space.

Define cytosol?

The cytosol is referred to as the cytoplasm's matrix. In eukaryotes, it encircles the cell organelles. Prokaryotes carry out all metabolic processes.

The nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria are among the organelles that are housed in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. The portion of the cytoplasm that is not contained in a organelle is known as the cytosol. Despite the cytoplasm's apparent lack of structure.

Therefore, waves of calcium that enter cells are propagated through the cytoplasmic compartment, as happens within the first minute or so after fertilization, generally transient because Ca2+ ions are quickly pushed from the cytosol straight into the ER and/or extracellular space.

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False, Only low concentrations of hormones are needed in the bloodstream to activate a signal transduction pathway.

Signal transduction pathway is a Process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted to a specific cellular response in a series of steps.

Signal transduction pathway involves the binding of extracellular signaling molecules and ligands to receptors located on the cell surface or inside the cell that helps to trigger processes inside the cell, to invoke a response. Three steps includes Reception process by which a cell detects a signal in the environment. Transduction is process of activating a series of proteins inside the cell and Thirdly response that is change in behavior that occurs in the cell as a result of the signal.

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A vaccine against HIV proteins made by a genetically engineered vaccinia virus that has infected a eukaryotic cell line is subunit vaccine.

HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is the virus that affects the immune system of the infected human. If the virus is present in large amounts, they may cause the disease AIDS. The virus can be transmitted through infected blood, from the semen or vaginal discharge of the person, etc.

Subunit vaccine is the one made from proteins or glycoprotein or polysaccharides part of the pathogen. These vaccines are considered to be safer than the whole-pathogen vaccines.

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Different tissues in the human body naturally divide at different rates is Ovary.

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Marine bacteria ate the subsurface oil removing oxygen from the water, killing both plants and animals and causing dead zones.

Marine microorganisms are minuscule creatures that only appear under a microscope and exist in aquatic habitats. They include viruses that accompany cellular organisms like bacteria, fungus, algae, and plankton.

A family of single-celled marine bacteria known as SAR11 is the most prevalent creature in the oceans, and potentially on the entire planet. These tiny jelly bean-like drifting organisms have evolved to outcompete other bacteria for the ocean's limited nutrients.

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