Human Resource Management (HRM) refers to the practices and policies adopted by an organization to manage its workforce. HRM has been influenced by the changes brought by globalization, technology, nature of work, among others.
Globalization has led to the emergence of a new economic environment that demands a more skilled, versatile, and diverse workforce. This has resulted in a more competitive business environment where organizations must adapt to stay relevant and productive. Technology has significantly impacted HRM by changing how organizations recruit, train, and retain their employees. The internet has made it easier to advertise job openings, screen resumes, and conduct remote interviews. Nature of work has also changed HRM practices. Most employees are now working remotely, which has led to the need for organizations to adopt policies that allow their employees to work from home effectively. High-performance work system (HPWS) refers to a set of practices that lead to superior performance.
The main characteristics of HPWS include the following: Employee Involvement – HPWS encourages employee participation in the decision-making process. Knowledge Management – HPWS focuses on providing employees with the necessary knowledge and resources to perform their tasks effectively.
Reward System – HPWS provides incentives and rewards to employees who perform well. Work Design – HPWS focuses on designing jobs in a way that allows employees to use their skills effectively and to experience job satisfaction.
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Frey Company, a shoe manufacturer, has been offered an opportunity to receive the following mixed stream of cash flows over the next 5 years. End of year Cash flow $400 800 500 400 300 If the firm must earn at least 9% on its investments, what is the most it should pay for this opportunity?
The maximum amount Frey Company should pay for the opportunity is $1,514.56. This is calculated by discounting each cash flow at a rate of 9% and summing them up.
To determine the maximum amount Frey Company should pay for the opportunity, we need to calculate the present value of the cash flows at a required rate of return of 9%. The present value of each cash flow can be calculated using the formula:
PV = CF / (1 + r)^n
Where PV is the present value, CF is the cash flow, r is the discount rate, and n is the number of periods.
Using this formula, we calculate the present value for each cash flow:
PV1 = $400 / (1 + 0.09)^1 = $366.97
PV2 = $800 / (1 + 0.09)^2 = $657.02
PV3 = $500 / (1 + 0.09)^3 = $385.54
PV4 = $400 / (1 + 0.09)^4 = $279.64
PV5 = $300 / (1 + 0.09)^5 = $225.39
Next, we sum up the present values of all the cash flows to find the maximum amount that Frey Company should pay:
Maximum amount = PV1 + PV2 + PV3 + PV4 + PV5
= $366.97 + $657.02 + $385.54 + $279.64 + $225.39
= $1,514.56
Therefore, the most Frey Company should pay for this opportunity is $1,514.56 in order to earn at least a 9% return on its investments.
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please answer ASAP
QUESTION 31 Harrison Bank has the following financial information: ROE = 16% Net profit margin =12.5% Net Income $1000 Total assets = $62,500 Total equity- $6250 1- What is the bank's asset utilizatio
The bank's asset utilization, represented by its Return on Assets (ROA), is 1.6%. This indicates that for every dollar of assets the bank has, it generates 1.6 cents of net income.
The bank's asset utilization can be calculated using the formula for Return on Assets (ROA), which is the net income divided by total assets. ROA measures how efficiently a company utilizes its assets to generate profits.
Given the information provided, we can calculate the bank's asset utilization as follows:
ROA = Net Income / Total Assets
ROA = $1000 / $62,500
ROA = 0.016 or 1.6%
Therefore, the bank's asset utilization, represented by its Return on Assets (ROA), is 1.6%. This indicates that for every dollar of assets the bank has, it generates 1.6 cents of net income.
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ABC stockbroker offers investors financing to buy stocks with the following requirements:
- Initial margin
- Minimum margin
- Interest rate
- If subjected to a margin call, the investor must deposit some fund to repay part of his
debt and return the position to initial margin.
You buy 100,000 XYZ stocks at the price of Rp 5,000/stock using the margin facility.
a) At what price are you subjected to a margin call?
b) If XYZ stock price drops to Rp 2,500, how much Rp margin do you have to deposit?
c) How much return do you earn if in the next month the stock price is Rp 4,500, and you sell
all your stocks and pay out your debt and its interest?
When buying 100,000 XYZ stocks at Rp 5,000/stock using a margin facility, certain requirements and conditions apply, such as initial margin, minimum margin, and interest rate. To determine the margin call price, the minimum margin level must be calculated.
If the stock price drops to Rp 2,500, the amount of margin to be deposited can be determined. If the stock price rises to Rp 4,500 in the next month and all stocks are sold to repay the debt and interest, the return can be calculated by considering the initial investment, interest expenses, and the selling price of the stocks.
a) To determine the price at which a margin call is triggered, we need to calculate the minimum margin level. The initial margin is the percentage of the total investment that the investor must initially provide. The minimum margin is a lower threshold below which the equity in the account should not fall. Let's assume the initial margin requirement is 60% and the minimum margin requirement is 40%. The total investment is calculated as 100,000 stocks multiplied by Rp 5,000 per stock. The initial margin is 60% of the total investment, and the minimum margin is 40% of the total investment. The margin call price occurs when the equity in the account falls below the minimum margin level.
b) If the XYZ stock price drops to Rp 2,500, the equity in the account decreases. To calculate the required margin deposit, we need to determine the equity level and compare it to the minimum margin level. The equity is calculated as the market value of the stocks minus the outstanding debt. If the equity falls below the minimum margin level, the investor needs to deposit additional funds to restore the equity to the initial margin level. The required margin deposit can be calculated as the difference between the desired equity and the current equity.
By considering these calculations and requirements, investors can assess the potential margin call price, the margin deposit required in case of a stock price drop, and the potential return if the stock price increases and the stocks are sold to repay the debt and interest. It is important for investors to carefully evaluate these factors and assess the risks and costs associated with using margin facilities.
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Draw the The Kinked Demand Curve and its corresponding marginal revenue curve and carefully explain the economic reasoning underlying the Kinked Demand Curve.
The kinked demand curve model is one of the different models used to explain the behavior of firms in an oligopolistic market structure. This model holds that the market demand curve is more elastic above the prevailing price than below it, creating a kink in the demand curve and making the marginal revenue curve discontinuous.
This kink in the demand curve is the result of firms in an oligopolistic market structure having a fear of price wars. If a firm tries to increase prices above the prevailing price, there is the likelihood that other firms will not follow, and the firm would experience a fall in demand leading to a fall in profits. On the other hand, if a firm decreases prices below the prevailing price, other firms would follow suit, and the price war would result in a fall in profits for all the firms involved. This fear of price wars and the resulting kink in the demand curve gives the oligopoly market its peculiar characteristics, including price rigidity, mutual interdependence, and difficulty in making long-term pricing decisions.The marginal revenue curve of the kinked demand curve model is also discontinuous. This is because firms would only increase output in response to a change in price if they believe that the change in price is permanent and would not result in retaliation from other firms. However, if they perceive that the change in price is temporary and would result in retaliation, they would not respond to the price change, resulting in the discontinuity of the marginal revenue curve.In conclusion, the kinked demand curve model is one of the ways to explain the behavior of firms in an oligopolistic market structure. The model is based on the assumption that firms have a fear of price wars and will not increase prices above or decrease prices below the prevailing price to avoid a fall in profits. This fear of price wars results in a kink in the demand curve and a discontinuous marginal revenue curve.
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Long-Run Competitive Equilibrium Market demand is given by D(p) = 100 – ½p, all firms in the market have the following long-run cost function C'(y) = y² +9. a) Find the firm's supply function, yż(p). b) Find the equilibrium price, p*. c) Find the equilibrium firm and market quantity, yž, and y*. d) Find the equilibrium number of firms, n*.
a) The firm's supply function is yż(p) = p/2.
b) The equilibrium price is p* = 40.
c) The firm's quantity is 20 and the market quantity is y* = n * yż = n * (p*/2).
d) The equilibrium number of firms (n*) in the market is 3.
a) To find the firm's supply function, we need to equate marginal cost (MC) to price (p). In the long run, a competitive firm will choose the quantity that minimizes its cost for a given price. The firm's cost function is given as C'(y) = y² + 9.
First, we need to find the marginal cost function (MC). Taking the derivative of the cost function with respect to quantity (y), we get:
MC = dC/dy = 2y.
Setting MC equal to price (p), we have:
2y = p.
Solving for y, we get the firm's supply function:
yż(p) = p/2.
b) To find the equilibrium price (p*), we need to equate market demand (D) to market supply. Market demand is given by D(p) = 100 - ½p, and the firm's supply function is yż(p) = p/2.
Setting D(p) equal to the total supply (n*yż(p)), where n is the number of firms in the market, we have:
100 - ½p = n * (p/2).
Simplifying the equation, we get:
100 - ½p = np/2.
Solving for p, we find the equilibrium price:
p* = 40.
c) To find the equilibrium firm quantity (yż) and market quantity (y*), we substitute the equilibrium price (p*) into the firm's supply function (yż(p)) and the market demand function (D(p)).
For the firm's quantity:
yż = yż(p*) = p*/2 = 40/2 = 20.
For the market quantity:
y* = n * yż = n * (p*/2).
d) To find the equilibrium number of firms (n*), we can substitute the equilibrium price (p*) and equilibrium firm quantity (yż) into the market quantity equation:
y* = n * (p*/2).
Given that y* = 100 - ½p*, we have:
100 - ½p* = n * (p*/2).
Substituting the value of p* and solving for n, we find:
100 - ½(40) = n * (40/2).
60 = 20n.
n* = 3.
Therefore, the equilibrium number of firms (n*) in the market is 3.
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Ms Mona Hull is in charge of a project to build a 50-foot yacht for a customer. Eight weeks remain for constructing the yacht. Assume that each week consists of 5 workdays, for a total lead time of 40 days. The work required to complete the yacht comprises 10 operations, 4 days for each including move time between operations. On Tuesday morning of week 3, 3 of the 10 operations had been completed and the yacht was waiting for the fourth operation. What is the critical ratio priority? (rounded to two decimal places) Gantt might help you solve this problem. o None of the answers provided. o .97 o 1.04 o 1.00
To determine the critical ratio priority, we need to calculate the critical ratio for the project. The critical ratio is calculated by dividing the time remaining until the project deadline by the time required to complete the remaining work.
Given that there are 8 weeks (40 workdays) remaining for the project and 3 operations have been completed, we can calculate the time remaining as follows: 40 - (3 * 4) = 28 workdays.
The time required to complete the remaining work is 10 operations * 4 days per operation = 40 days.
Now we can calculate the critical ratio: time remaining (28) divided by time required (40) = 0.7.
However, the options provided in the question do not match the calculated critical ratio. The closest option is "None of the answers provided." It seems there might be an error in the options provided. The correct answer should be "None of the answers provided."
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Which internal control procedure(s) would best prevent or detect the following threats?
a. A company has developed a unique product that is rather complex to manufacture and that contains a large number of unique components, but its manufacturing is a tedious, time consuming process.
b. The production employee requested additional raw materials not indicated on the bill of materials and asked the inventory control clerk to immediately send over the raw materials without waiting for the proper documentation, claiming that the production run was halted as there was a shortage of those raw materials.
c. A compressor used in production malfunctioned and caused a fire on the production line.
d. The quantities indicated on the materials requisition and the move tickets of raw materials for transfers to the factory were indicated as 3% more than required and the excess arriving at the factory was then sold privately.
e. An engineer accessed the inventory records from the engineering department to update them.
f. Physical work-in-progress inventory counts did not match the records in the production information system.
g. A move ticket was completed by a production employee to illegally obtain raw materials from the storeroom.
h. A staff member in production sent the exact steps for manufacturing a novel item to the production engineer via email, but somehow this information made its way onto a social media platform.
i. An employee entered part number 589974 instead of part number 589947 as being used in the production of a specific item.
j. Expensive equipment required for the production of a new item was purchased directly out of a departmental budget.
k. A fast-fashion clothing manufacturer was forced into having an end-of-season sale to move large quantities of excess stock from its inventory to improve its cash flow.
l. A company developed a new product and required several new staff members to man its production line. Planning was ahead of schedule and it was possible to start production earlier than anticipated. Despite proper planning, there was clear evidence of poor performance on some areas of the production line.
a. Implement a quality control system and continuous monitoring to ensure manufacturing consistency and efficiency.
b. Enforce proper documentation and approval processes for requesting additional raw materials.
c. Perform regular equipment maintenance and inspections to prevent malfunctions.
d. Strengthen inventory control and oversight procedures, including checks on materials requisitions and move tickets.
e. Restrict access to inventory records and require proper authorization for updating them.
f. Conduct regular reconciliation of physical inventory counts with the production information system.
g. Implement stricter access controls and approvals for the issuance of move tickets.
h. Establish a secure communication channel and guidelines for sharing sensitive information internally.
i. Implement data validation and error-checking procedures in the production information system.
j. Enforce proper procurement processes and approvals for the purchase of expensive equipment.
k. Improve demand forecasting and inventory management to avoid overstocking and markdowns.
l. Invest in staff training, supervision, and performance monitoring to ensure optimal performance on the production line.
a. Segregation of duties: Assign different employees to handle different stages of the manufacturing process, to ensure that no single employee has complete control over the entire process. This will help prevent errors and fraudulent activities.
b. Documented procedures: Implement clear procedures for requesting additional raw materials, which include obtaining the necessary approvals and documentation before releasing the materials. This will ensure that all requests are legitimate and help prevent fraudulent requests.
c. Regular equipment maintenance and inspections: Conduct regular inspections and maintenance of all equipment used in production, to identify any potential issues before they cause a fire or other accident.
d. Reconciliation of inventory records: Implement regular reconciliations of inventory records with physical inventory counts, to identify any discrepancies and prevent theft or fraudulent activities.
e. Access controls: Restrict access to inventory records to only those employees who require it for their job responsibilities. This will help prevent unauthorized access and modifications.
f. Regular inventory counts: Conduct regular physical inventory counts to ensure that the records in the production information system are accurate and up-to-date.
g. Segregation of duties: Assign different employees to handle different stages of the raw materials transfer process, to ensure that no single employee has complete control over the entire process. This will help prevent theft or fraudulent activities.
h. Access controls: Restrict access to sensitive information such as manufacturing processes to only those employees who require it for their job responsibilities. This will help prevent unauthorized access and distribution of sensitive information.
i. Double-checking of part numbers: Implement a process where two employees are required to verify the accuracy of part numbers entered in the production process. This will help prevent errors and ensure accurate records.
j. Proper budget controls: Implement proper budget controls, including requiring multiple approvals before making large purchases. This will help prevent unauthorized purchases and ensure that all purchases are legitimate and necessary.
k. Inventory management controls: Implement better inventory management practices, such as forecasting and demand planning, to prevent excess inventory accumulation and improve cash flow.
l. Employee training and performance management: Provide training to employees and establish clear performance expectations to ensure that all staff members are capable of performing their job responsibilities effectively and efficiently. This will help prevent poor performance and ensure quality production.
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Which of the following is a negative effect of a "cap and trade" system?
a. It will not have an effect on production of pollution.
b. Areas with higher concentrations of older plants will still experience a lot of pollution, as many of the permits will be bought by those plants.
c. It costs the government money to run the system.
d. Companies feel it is too punitive and do not want to participate in it.
Out of the following options, "Areas with higher concentrations of older plants will still experience a lot of pollution, as many of the permits will be bought by those plants" is a negative effect of a "cap and trade" system. What is Cap and Trade System?
The Cap and Trade System is a regulatory approach that puts a cap on the number of greenhouse gas emissions that a company can emit. This helps to combat global climate change. This system reduces the quantity of emissions by putting a price on pollution. The industry can then decide whether to reduce emissions or pay to pollute. There are some negative effects of this system which are discussed below:
Negative effect of Cap and Trade System: Areas with higher concentrations of older plants will still experience a lot of pollution, as many of the permits will be bought by those plants. Out of the following options, "Areas with higher concentrations of older plants will still experience a lot of pollution, as many of the permits will be bought by those plants" is a negative effect of a "cap and trade" system. What is Cap and Trade System?
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Bulk Wholesalers took in $374,800 in sales during July. They started the month with inventory worth $173,800 and spent $204,900 on new purchases during the month Cross margin on sales was 76%. Using the gross profit method, estimate the cost value of the inventory at the end of July. a. $89,952. b. $294,900. c. $378,748. d. $468,700
Using the gross profit method, estimate the cost value of the inventory at the end of July is $468,700. They get products from producers in large quantities at a discount, which they then sell to retailers. When retailers buy in bulk from wholesalers, wholesalers also offer cost reductions to retailers.The right answer is D.
Here is a short five-step guide that will let you purchase wholesale goods online to resell from your house.
1. Decide whether to source locally or internationally.
2. Verify Wholesale Product Suppliers.
3. Verify and Test the Wholesale Products.
4. Identify a Few Promising Wholesale Suppliers.
5. Choose the Amount You Want to Buy.
The retailer then divides up the bulk purchases into smaller packages for direct customer sales. Although there are many ways to categorise wholesalers, the Census of Wholesale Trade categories are most frequently used. The three different kinds of wholesalers
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In managing your relationship with bosses, you should understand their goals, their pressures, their strengths, and their style.
true or false
The statement "In managing your relationship with bosses, you should understand their goals, their pressures, their strengths, and their style" is True. The relationship between a boss and their employee is critical in ensuring that the work is done efficiently and productively.
As an employee, it is important to understand your boss' goals, strengths, and style to manage your relationship with them effectively. When working for someone, it's important to understand their goals, pressures, and how they like things done, their strengths, and weaknesses. When you understand your boss, you will be able to provide them with what they need to perform optimally and make their job easier.
Moreover, when you know their working style, you'll be able to anticipate how they will react in specific situations and adjust your approach accordingly. Managing the relationship with your boss is vital in the professional environment. By taking the time to learn and understand your boss, you'll be able to create a solid foundation for working together and achieving the goals of the company.
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The following are selected transactions that may affect shareholders’ equity. Assuming the company follows IFRS (including IAS 39), indicate the effect that each of the 13 transactions has on the financial statement elements that are listed.
Item Assets Liabilities Shareholders’
Equity Share
Capital Contributed
Surplus Retained
Earnings Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income Net
Income
1. Converted bonds to common shares.
2. Declared a cash dividend.
3. Effected a stock split.
4. Recorded the expiration of insurance coverage that
was previously recorded as prepaid insurance.
5. Paid the cash dividend declared in item 2 above.
6. Recorded accrued interest expense on a note payable.
7. Recorded an increase in the fair value of an FV-OCI investment in shares
that will be distributed as a property dividend. The carrying
amount of the FV-OCI investment was greater than its cost.
The shares are traded in an active market.
8. Declared a property dividend (see item 7 above).
9. Distributed the investment to shareholders (see items 7 and 8 above).
10. Declared a stock dividend.
11. Distributed the stock dividend declared in item 10.
12. Repurchased common shares for less than their initial issue price.
13. Converted preferred shares into common shares.
The given transactions have various effects on the financial statement elements. Transaction 1, converting bonds to common shares, increases share capital and decreases liabilities.
Transaction 2, declaring a cash dividend, decreases retained earnings and decreases shareholders' equity. Transaction 3, effecting a stock split, increases the number of shares and decreases the par value per share. Transaction 4, recording the expiration of insurance coverage, decreases prepaid insurance and decreases assets. Transaction 5, paying the cash dividend, decreases cash and decreases shareholders' equity. Transaction 6, recording accrued interest expense, increases interest expense and increases liabilities. Transaction 7, recording an increase in the fair value of an FV-OCI investment, increases accumulated other comprehensive income and increases shareholders' equity. Transaction 8, declaring a property dividend, increases liabilities and decreases retained earnings. Transaction 9, distributing the investment to shareholders, decreases the FV-OCI investment and decreases shareholders' equity. Transaction 10, declaring a stock dividend, increases the number of shares and decreases retained earnings. Transaction 11, distributing the stock dividend, increases the number of shares Transaction 12, repurchasing common shares, decreases cash and decreases shareholders' equity. Transaction 13, converting preferred shares into common shares, increases common shares .
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Cat in the Rain
There were only two Americans stopping at the hotel. They did
not know any of the people they passed on the stairs on their way
to and from their room. Their room was on the second flo
The story "Cat in the Rain" by Ernest Hemingway begins with two Americans staying at a hotel who are unfamiliar with the other guests. Their room is located on the second floor.
In the opening lines of "Cat in the Rain," Hemingway establishes the setting and introduces the main characters, two Americans. The story takes place at a hotel where the Americans are staying temporarily. The narrative mentions that the Americans do not know any of the people they encounter while walking up and down the stairs to their room. This suggests a sense of detachment and unfamiliarity with their surroundings and fellow guests.
By emphasizing the Americans' lack of acquaintance with others in the hotel, Hemingway creates an atmosphere of isolation and detachment. It also sets the stage for the events to come and highlights the Americans' limited social interactions during their stay.
The mention of their room being on the second floor is a simple detail that adds to the overall description of the hotel. It provides a sense of their physical location within the building and serves as a basic reference point for the unfolding story.
The opening lines of "Cat in the Rain" introduce the two American characters who are staying at a hotel and are unfamiliar with the other guests. Their room on the second floor sets the stage for the narrative and contributes to the atmosphere of isolation and detachment that permeates the story.
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Question B4: Assume a team that played in the English League First Division (Tier 3) is relegated to the English League Second Division (Tier 4) at the end of a particular season. It is known that relegation from Tier 3 to Tier 4 reduces spectator attendance by 25%. Use an appropriate partial equilibrium diagram to illustrate the impact of this relegation on the labour market for the club's professional footballers in the following season. What are the key implications of this analysis? Outline clearly any assumptions you make when undertaking your analysis. [10 marks]
The relegation of a football team from Tier 3 to Tier 4 in the English league has implications for the labor market of the club's professional footballers.
The relegation of a football team from Tier 3 to Tier 4 implies a decline in the team's performance and a subsequent decrease in spectator attendance. This reduction in attendance directly affects the club's revenue and financial capacity to invest in professional footballers. Using a partial equilibrium diagram for the labor market, we can observe the impact on the demand for and wages of the club's professional footballers.
The diagram will show a leftward shift in the demand curve for players, indicating a decrease in demand due to the lower financial resources available to the club. As a result, the equilibrium wage rate for professional footballers in the club is likely to decline. This means that players may face lower wages and potentially reduced job opportunities as the club adjusts to its new financial situation.
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Topic 3: Identity Theft in 21st Century
Critically evaluate if identity theft has increased or decreased over the past 5 years. (5 Marks)
What factors can cause identity theft to rise? (5 Marks)
Explain why it is important to understand and be aware of identity theft. (5 Marks)
2500 - 3000 words
In the 21st century, the incidence of identity theft has become widespread. An individual's personal information can be stolen in a variety of ways, including through phishing emails, computer hacking, and physical theft of personal belongings. However, it is unclear whether or not identity theft has increased or decreased in the past five years.In recent years, there have been numerous high-profile data breaches that have exposed the personal information of millions of people.
One major factor is the increasing amount of personal information that is being stored online. As more and more people use the internet to conduct their personal and financial affairs, there is a greater risk of their personal information being stolen by hackers.Another factor that can contribute to the rise of identity theft is the increasing sophistication of cybercriminals. These individuals are becoming more skilled at stealing personal information and using it to commit fraud. In addition, the use of social engineering tactics, such as phishing emails and phone scams, is becoming more widespread, making it easier for criminals to trick people into revealing their personal information.It is important to understand and be aware of identity theft because it can have serious consequences for individuals.
When a person's identity is stolen, they may be subjected to financial losses, damage to their credit score, and other negative outcomes. In some cases, identity theft can even lead to legal problems if the thief uses the stolen identity to commit crimes. Being aware of the risks of identity theft and taking steps to protect personal information can help to mitigate these risks.
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Take me to the text Alco Manufacturing budgeted to work 79,000 direct labor hours in the upcoming period. The company uses a single overhead rate based on direct labor hours. The following is the company's factory budgeted overhead costs: Plant Building Depreciation $900,000 Utilities $120,000 $165,000 Maintenance If a product requires 45 direct labor hours per unit, what is the overhead cost per unit associated with it? Do not enter dollar signs or commas in the input boxes. Round overhead cost per direct labor hour to 2 decimal places. Round all other answers to the nearest whole number. Total manufacturing overhead: Overhead cost per direct labor hour: Overhead cost per unit: Check
the overhead cost per unit associated with the product requiring 45 direct labor hours is approximately $675.
To calculate the overhead cost per unit associated with a product that requires 45 direct labor hours per unit, we need to determine the total manufacturing overhead and divide it by the total direct labor hours.
Budgeted direct labor hours: 79,000
Plant Building Depreciation: $900,000
Utilities: $120,000
Maintenance: $165,000
Total Manufacturing Overhead:
Total Manufacturing Overhead = Plant Building Depreciation + Utilities + Maintenance
Total Manufacturing Overhead = $900,000 + $120,000 + $165,000
Total Manufacturing Overhead = $1,185,000
Overhead Cost per Direct Labor Hour:
Overhead Cost per Direct Labor Hour = Total Manufacturing Overhead / Budgeted Direct Labor Hours
Overhead Cost per Direct Labor Hour = $1,185,000 / 79,000
Overhead Cost per Direct Labor Hour ≈ $15.00 (rounded to 2 decimal places)
Overhead Cost per Unit:
Overhead Cost per Unit = Overhead Cost per Direct Labor Hour * Direct Labor Hours per Unit
Overhead Cost per Unit = $15.00 * 45
Overhead Cost per Unit = $675 (rounded to the nearest whole number)
Therefore, the overhead cost per unit associated with the product requiring 45 direct labor hours is approximately $675.
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Additional paid-in capital is not affected by the issuance
of:
no-par stock.
no par with a stated value stock.
par value stock.
preferred stock.
The issuance of no-par stock, no par with a stated value stock, par value stock, and the preferred stock does not affect additional paid-in capital.
Additional paid-in capital is a component of shareholders' equity that represents the amount received from investors in excess of the par or stated value of the stock. It is generated when a company issues its stock at a price higher than its par or stated value.
When it comes to the issuance of different types of stock, such as no-par stock, no par with a stated value stock, par value stock, and preferred stock, none of these types directly impact additional paid-in capital.
No-par stock does not have a predetermined par value assigned to it. Instead, the entire amount received from investors is recorded as common stock or capital stock. Since there is no par value, there is no distinction between the amount received and the par value, and thus additional paid-in capital is not affected.
Similarly, with no par stock with a stated value, although it has a stated value, it is not directly linked to additional paid-in capital. The stated value represents the minimum amount at which the stock can be sold, but any amount received above the stated value is still considered common stock and does not impact additional paid-in capital.
Par value stock has a predetermined par value assigned to each share. However, the issuance of par value stock does not affect additional paid-in capital. The difference between the issuance price and the par value is recorded as common stock, while the par value itself does not contribute to additional paid-in capital.
Lastly, preferred stock represents a different class of stock with specific rights and preferences. The issuance of preferred stock does not impact additional paid-in capital because it is accounted for separately from common stock.
In conclusion, the issuance of no-par stock, no par with a stated value stock, par value stock, and the preferred stock does not affect additional paid-in capital. Additional paid-in capital is primarily influenced by the issuance of common stock at a price exceeding its par or stated value.
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Describe the generally accepted accounting principles, including the underlying assumptions and principles. (LO 2) State the accounting equation and define each element of the equation. (LO 3) Define the role of accounting and ethics in business. (L01)
Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are a set of standardized guidelines and procedures that govern financial accounting practices. The accounting equation, assets = liabilities + equity, represents the fundamental concept of accounting.
Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are a collection of widely recognized guidelines and procedures that serve as the foundation for financial accounting. These principles ensure consistency, comparability, and transparency in financial reporting. They provide a framework for preparing and presenting financial statements, making it easier for investors, creditors, and other stakeholders to understand and evaluate a company's financial performance.
Underlying Assumptions:
GAAP is based on several underlying assumptions that form the basis of financial accounting. The first assumption is the entity concept, which states that a business's financial transactions should be separate from the personal transactions of its owners. This principle ensures that the business is treated as a separate legal entity.
The second assumption is the going concern concept, which assumes that a business will continue to operate indefinitely unless there is evidence to the contrary. This assumption allows companies to prepare financial statements under the assumption that they will continue their operations in the foreseeable future.
Principles:
GAAP also includes several accounting principles that guide the recognition, measurement, and presentation of financial information. These principles include the historical cost principle, which states that assets should be recorded at their original cost and not their current market value. The revenue recognition principle guides when and how revenue should be recognized in financial statements. The matching principle requires that expenses be recognized in the same period as the revenues they help generate.
Accounting Equation:
The accounting equation, assets = liabilities + equity, is a fundamental concept in accounting. It shows the relationship between a company's assets (what it owns), liabilities (what it owes), and equity (the owners' claim on the assets). Assets represent the economic resources controlled by the business, liabilities are the company's obligations to external parties, and equity is the residual interest in the assets after deducting liabilities.
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The market for soda is characterized by the following supply and demand functions: Supply: Qs = 60 + 5p Demand: QD = 120 - 7p, where Qs stands for quantity supplied (number of bottles), QD stands for quantity demand (number of bottles), and p stands for price (per bottle). Without determining the equilibrium price, you know that the equilibrium quantity in the market for soda is bottles.
To find the equilibrium quantity in the market for soda, we need to set the quantity supplied (Qs) equal to the quantity demanded (QD) and solve for Q.
Supply: Qs = 60 + 5p
Demand: QD = 120 - 7p
Setting Qs equal to QD:
60 + 5p = 120 - 7p
Combining like terms:
12p = 60
Dividing both sides by 12:
p = 5
Now that we have found the equilibrium price, we can substitute it back into either the supply or demand equation to find the equilibrium quantity.
Using the demand equation:
QD = 120 - 7p
QD = 120 - 7(5)
QD = 120 - 35
QD = 85
Therefore, the equilibrium quantity in the market for soda is 85 bottles.
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How do you think governments should manage the relationship
between environmental objectives and international trade?
Governments should implement policies that align environmental objectives with international trade through measures like eco-friendly regulations and incentives.
How can governments balance environmental objectives and international trade?To effectively manage the relationship between environmental objectives and international trade, governments should adopt a holistic approach. This involves implementing environmental regulations and standards that promote sustainable practices in industries engaged in international trade. Governments can incentivize businesses to adopt eco-friendly technologies and practices by offering tax breaks, subsidies, and grants. By integrating environmental considerations into trade agreements, governments can encourage responsible and sustainable production and consumption patterns. This approach not only supports environmental objectives but also ensures fair competition and enhances global cooperation towards addressing climate change and other environmental challenges.
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In order to manage the relationship between environmental objectives and international trade, governments should adopt the following strategies: 1. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). 2. Governments should also collaborate with international organizations. 3. Governments should use trade agreements to incentivize sustainable production and consumption practices 4. Governments should encourage greater cooperation between environmental and trade institutions.
In order to manage the relationship between environmental objectives and international trade, governments should adopt the following strategies:
1. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Before approving any project or policy that could have an impact on the environment, governments should conduct an EIA to assess its potential impact and propose mitigating measures.
2. Governments should also collaborate with international organizations to ensure that environmental regulations are being followed and to support developing countries in complying with environmental regulations. Trade and environmental policies should also be designed in such a way that they are mutually supportive.
3. Governments should use trade agreements to incentivize sustainable production and consumption practices by promoting the adoption of green technologies and environmentally friendly practices. This can be done through measures such as green procurement policies, investment incentives, and environmental labeling schemes.
4. Governments should encourage greater cooperation between environmental and trade institutions. This would entail greater collaboration between institutions such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP), and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) to address the trade-environment nexus and ensure that environmental objectives are integrated into international trade policy-making.
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The costs of services may be estimated as:
i. a basis of setting prices.
ii. a basis to determine which services to promote.
iii. a basis of cost control.
iv. an alternative to actual cost analysis.
A.
i, iii and iv
B.
i, ii, iii and iv
C.
ii, iii and iv
D.
i, ii and iii
The costs of services may be estimated as A.i, iii and iv a basis of setting prices, a basis of cost control, and an alternative to actual cost analysis.
i. A basis of setting prices: Estimating the costs of services is important for setting prices. By understanding the costs involved in providing a service, businesses can determine the appropriate pricing strategy to ensure profitability and competitiveness in the market.
ii. A basis to determine which services to promote: While this statement is not included in the options provided, it is worth noting that estimating costs can also help businesses identify which services to promote. By analyzing the costs associated with different services, businesses can focus on promoting those that offer higher profitability or align with their strategic objectives.
iii. A basis of cost control: Estimating costs allows businesses to monitor and control their expenses. By comparing estimated costs with actual costs, businesses can identify any variances and take corrective actions to manage their expenses effectively.
iv. An alternative to actual cost analysis: Estimating costs provides an alternative to actual cost analysis, especially when detailed cost data is not readily available. By using estimation techniques, businesses can make informed decisions based on projected costs rather than relying solely on historical or actual cost information.
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Explain the difference between an LP(limited partnerships) and
an LLP(Limited liability partnerships)?
150-200 words typed please
A limited partnership (LP) and a limited liability partnership (LLP) are two types of business structures that differ in their liability, management, and taxation. A limited partnership is a partnership where one or more general partners run the business and are personally liable for the business's debts and obligations.
Limited partners contribute capital but do not participate in the management of the business and are not personally liable beyond the amount of their investment. They only face loss in the form of their initial investment.In contrast, an LLP is a partnership where all partners have limited liability for the business's debts and obligations. This means that each partner is only responsible for their own actions and not those of other partners. Furthermore, LLPs are typically run by all partners, who share equal management responsibilities and liability.The taxation of an LP and an LLP also differs. An LP is not taxed at the partnership level. Instead, profits and losses pass through to the partners, who then report it on their personal tax returns. In an LLP, the business itself is not taxed at the partnership level. Instead, the profits and losses are passed through to the partners who report it on their personal tax returns.In summary, an LP is a business structure where the general partners manage the business and are personally liable, while limited partners contribute capital and have limited liability. An LLP, on the other hand, is a partnership where all partners have limited liability and share management responsibilities and liability. Additionally, LPs and LLPs differ in their taxation, with an LP not being taxed at the partnership level and an LLP's profits and losses being passed through to the partners.
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Provide your own brief example of How Summer dinks can use Forward integration with respect to their supply chain. (5 marks) 2.2 Provide your own brief example of How Summer dinks can use Backward integration with respect to their supply chain. (5 marks) 2.3. Describe the supply chain benefits that Summer Drinks could enjoy should they adopt a backward integration strategy 16 marks)
Forward Integration Example:
Summer Drinks, a beverage company, can use forward integration by acquiring or establishing their own distribution network. Instead of relying on third-party distributors, they can directly own and control the distribution channels to deliver their products to retailers or end consumers. For example, Summer Drinks can acquire a fleet of delivery trucks and hire their own drivers to ensure timely and efficient distribution. By integrating forward in the supply chain, Summer Drinks can have better control over product availability, delivery schedules, and customer service, resulting in improved customer satisfaction and increased market share.
Backward Integration Example:
Summer Drinks can use backward integration by acquiring or partnering with suppliers of raw materials, such as fruit growers or sugar producers. By doing so, they can ensure a stable and cost-effective supply of high-quality ingredients. For instance, Summer Drinks can establish contracts with fruit farms to directly source fresh fruits for their beverages or acquire a sugar production facility to have control over the sugar supply. This backward integration allows Summer Drinks to reduce dependency on external suppliers, mitigate supply chain risks, and potentially lower costs through vertical integration.
2.3 Benefits of Backward Integration:
By adopting a backward integration strategy, Summer Drinks can enjoy several supply chain benefits:
Cost Control: Backward integration can help eliminate middlemen, reducing the costs associated with sourcing raw materials. Summer Drinks can negotiate better prices, optimize procurement processes, and reduce the risk of price fluctuations.
Quality Assurance: With backward integration, Summer Drinks can have greater control over the quality of raw materials. They can implement strict quality standards, conduct quality checks, and ensure the consistency and freshness of ingredients, leading to improved product quality and customer satisfaction.
Supply Chain Stability: By integrating backward, Summer Drinks can reduce supply chain disruptions caused by unreliable suppliers. They can establish long-term partnerships, secure their supply, and have better visibility into the availability and delivery of raw materials, ensuring consistent production and on-time delivery to customers.
Innovation and Differentiation: Backward integration can provide Summer Drinks with the opportunity to innovate and differentiate their products. By having direct access to suppliers, they can collaborate on product development, introduce unique ingredients, and tailor their beverages to changing consumer preferences.
Overall, backward integration can enhance supply chain efficiency, reduce costs, improve quality control, and provide strategic advantages to Summer Drinks in a competitive market.
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A company wants to plan the production amounts for the first six months of a year. Demands, production costs, holding costs and shortage costs are given in table below. Company has 100 units of product in January and wants to hold 100 units of stock to other time period (after June). Units sold in a month cannot be higher than demand and product amount after production is done. Write a model to minimize total cost of company
The objective function is to minimize the total cost of the company, which is given as follows: minimize Z = 50x1 + 30x2 + 30x3 + 50x4 + 40x5 + 40x6 + 20(x6 - 100). Thus, the given model is solved using the below constraints and the objective function to find the number of units produced in each month, which will minimize the total cost of the company.
To solve the given problem, we need to minimize the total cost of the company. The table given below provides the cost parameters of the company: Months Demands Production costs Holding costs Shortage costsJanuary200503February150303March100303April250504May200405June150304Table of production costs, holding costs, shortage costs, and demands. From the table, it can be seen that the company has 100 units of products in January, which is the starting month of the production cycle. Also, the company wants to hold 100 units of stock in other time periods (after June). Further, the units sold in a month cannot be higher than the demand and the product amount after production is done. Let the number of units produced in the i-th month be xi, where i = 1, 2, …, 6. Since the units sold in a month cannot be higher than demand and product amount after production is done, the following constraints are obtained:x1 ≤ 200 (demand in January)x2 ≤ x1 + 150 (demand in February) x3 ≤ x2 + 100 (demand in March) x4 ≤ x3 + 250 (demand in April) x5 ≤ x4 + 200 (demand in May) x6 ≤ x5 + 150 (demand in June) x6 + 100 = 100 (required stock at the end of June) x1 = 100 (starting stock in January).
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Dividing Partnership Net Income Steve Conyers and Chelsy Dane formed a partnership, dividing income as follows: 1. Annual salary allowance to Dane of $94,050. 2. Interest of 5% on each partner's capital balance on January 1. 3. Any remaining net income divided to Conyers and Dane, 1:2. Conyers and Dane had $45,000 and $111,000, respectively, in their January 1 capital balances. Net income for the year was $165,000. Required: How much net income should be distributed to Conyers and Dane? Conyers: $ 5,250 X Dane: $ 11,550 X
The net income that should be distributed to Conyers and Dane can be calculated as follows:
Calculate the interest on each partner's capital balance:
Conyers' interest = $45,000 * 5% = $2,250
Dane's interest = $111,000 * 5% = $5,550
Calculate the remaining net income after deducting the annual salary allowance and interest:
Net income remaining = Net income - Annual salary allowance - Interest
Net income remaining = $165,000 - $94,050 - ($2,250 + $5,550)
Net income remaining = $165,000 - $94,050 - $7,800
Net income remaining = $63,150
Divide the remaining net income between Conyers and Dane based on their profit-sharing ratio:
Conyers' share = $63,150 * (1/3) = $21,050
Dane's share = $63,150 * (2/3) = $42,100
Therefore, the net income to be distributed to Conyers is $21,050 and to Dane is $42,100.
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Involves the review, comparison, and reconciliation of data prepared by other employees. Which of the following principles of internal control does the company follow not follow A Establishment of responsibility B. Segregation of duties D. Physical controls E. Independent internal verification F. Human resource controls C. Documentation procedures 2. Three people handle cash sales from the same cash register drawer. Which of the following principles of internal control does the company followinot follow: D. Physical controls A Establishment of responsibility B. Segregation of duties E. Independent internal verification C. Documentation procedures F. Human resource controls 23 Match the principle of internal control to each of the following cases a) Establishment of responsibility b) Segregation of duties c) Accountability for assets d) Documentation procedures Physical control 1. Cash is locked in a safe overnight 2. Employees who receive shipments of goods do not have access to the accounting records for merchandise. 3. Shipping documents are prenumbered. 4. The bookkeeper does not have physical custody of assets. 5. Only the treasurer of the company can sign checks ACCI110-MODULE & EXERCISE 21 857-1 Match each situation with the fraud triangle factor (opportunity financial pressure. or rationalization) that best describes it (a) An employer's monthly credit card payments are nearly 75% of their monthly earnings. (b) An employee earns minimum wage at a firm that has reported record earnings for each of the last five years. (c) An employee has an expensive gambling habit. (4) An employee has check-writing and-signing responsibilities for a small company and is also responsible for reconciling the bank account. 22 1. Which of the following describes the internal control procedure "assignment of responsibilities"? A) To validate their accounting records, a company should have an audit by an external accountant 8) Separate the custody of assets from accounting C) External auditors monitor internal controls. D) With clearly assigned responsibilities, at important jobs get done 2. Which of the following describes the internal control procedure "separation of duties"? A) Cashiers must not have access to accounting records 8) External auditors will monitor internal controls C) The information system is critical D) Prenumber invoices and other documents 3. Which of the following describes the internal control procedure "proper documents? A) Mandatory vacations improve B) Separate the custody of assets from accounting C) Prenumber invoices and other documents. D) A company should purchase a fireproof vault 4. Employees who receive shipments of goods do not have access to the accounting records for merchandise. Which of the following principles of internal control does the company follow not follo? A D. Physical controls Establishment of responsibility Segregation of duties 8. E Independent internal verification F. Human resource controls C Documentation procedures ひ
The correct description of the internal control procedure "assignment of responsibilities" is: D) With clearly assigned responsibilities, important jobs get done.
The correct description of the internal control procedure "separation of duties" is: A) Cashiers must not have access to accounting records.
The correct description of the internal control procedure "proper documents" is: C) Prenumber invoices and other documents.
The principle of internal control that the company does not follow in the given case is: B) Segregation of duties.
Based on the information provided, the company does not follow the principle of segregation of duties. This is evident in the case where three people handle cash sales from the same cash register drawer, indicating that there is not a clear separation of duties and responsibilities.
To match the principles of internal control to the given cases:
a) Physical control: 1. Cash is locked in a safe overnight.
b) Segregation of duties: 2. Employees who receive shipments of goods do not have access to the accounting records for merchandise.
c) Accountability for assets: 4. The bookkeeper does not have physical custody of assets.
d) Documentation procedures: 3. Shipping documents are prenumbered.
e) Establishment of responsibility: 5. Only the treasurer of the company can sign checks.
Matching the fraud triangle factors to the given situations:
a) Financial pressure: (a) An employer's monthly credit card payments are nearly 75% of their monthly earnings.
b) Rationalization: (b) An employee earns minimum wage at a firm that has reported record earnings for each of the last five years.
c) Financial pressure: (c) An employee has an expensive gambling habit.
d) Opportunity: (d) An employee has check-writing and signing responsibilities for a small company and is also responsible for reconciling the bank account.
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Which of the following terms is used to Describe quantity or amount produced during a given time
Answer:
output
Explanation:
Demand for computer chips is normally distributed with average 10,000 computer chips and a standard deviation of 3,333.
The company targets a service level of 90%.
How much safety inventory does the company need to carry to achieve this service level? Answer in units.
The company needs to carry approximately 4,266 units of safety inventory to achieve a service level of 90%.
To find the z-score for a service level of 90% (or a probability of 0.9), we can use the Z-table or a calculator. The closest value to 0.9 in the Z-table is 0.8997, which corresponds to a z-score of approximately 1.28.
The formula to calculate safety inventory is:
Safety Inventory = Z-score * Standard Deviation
Given:
Average demand (mean) = 10,000 computer chips
Standard deviation = 3,333 computer chips
Z-score for a service level of 90% = 1.28
Safety Inventory = 1.28 * 3,333
Safety Inventory = 4,266 computer chips
Therefore, the company needs to carry approximately 4,266 units of safety inventory to achieve a service level of 90%.
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Cash-basis accounting provides the most useful measure of future operating performance. true or false?
The statement Cash-basis accounting provides the most useful measure of future operating performance - false. Cash basis accounting is a bookkeeping approach in which a company records financial transactions only when cash is received or paid out.
In other words, it records only transactions when cash is received, and not transactions when goods or services are delivered.Cash basis accounting is useful for small firms with little or no inventory since it is straightforward to record transactions when they happen. Because sales are recorded only when cash is received, it may be challenging to track accounts receivable or inventory.
It may be challenging to see how much money a business has because it may include money owed to it and not yet paid. The cash basis of accounting is a method of recording transactions that may be overly simplistic for certain businesses, limiting a firm's ability to see its full financial position.It is for this reason that accrual accounting is generally considered the better approach for companies that are interested in understanding their financial position, performance, and cash flows.
Accrual accounting is a technique in which a company records financial transactions as they happen rather than when cash is received or paid out. It provides a more comprehensive and precise depiction of a company's overall financial position and performance.
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Which of the following activities falls under supply chain management?
Group of answer choices
Procurement of supplies
Storage of supplies
Preservice insurance verification to determine coverage for supplies used in patient care
Answers a. and b. are both correct
Answers a., b., and c. are all correct
Answers a. and b. are both correct. Procurement of supplies and storage of supplies are both considered part of supply chain management.
Procurement of supplies and storage of supplies are both considered part of supply chain management. Preservice insurance verification to determine coverage for supplies used in patient care is not typically considered part of supply chain management, as it is more closely related to healthcare billing and reimbursement processes.
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1.Ernie owns a water pump. Because pumping large amounts of water is harder than pumping small amounts, the cost of producing a bottle of water rises as he pumps more. Here is the cost he incurs to produce each bottle of water: Cost of first bottle $1 Cost of second bottle $3 Cost of third bottle $5 Cost of fourth bottle $7.
2.After economics class one day, your friend suggests that taxing food would be a good way to raise revenue because the demand for food is quite inelastic. In what sense is taxing food a "good" way to raise revenue? In what sense is it not a "good" way to raise revenue?
3.Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the late senator from New York, once introduced a bill that would levy a 10,000 percent tax on certain hollow-tipped bullets. a. Do you expect that this tax would raise much revenue? Why or why not? b. Even if the tax would raise no revenue, why might Senator Moynihan have proposed it?
4.Suppose that Congress imposes a tariff on imported automobiles to protect the U.S. auto industry from foreign competition. Assuming that the United States is a price taker in the world auto market, show the following on a diagram: the change in the quantity of imports, the loss to U.S. consumers, the gain to U.S. manufacturers, government revenue, and the deadweight loss associated with the tariff. The loss to consumers can be decomposed into three pieces: a gain to domestic producers, revenue for the government, and a deadweight loss. Use your diagram to identify these three pieces
5.Consider a country that imports a good from abroad. For each of following statements, state whether it is true or false. Explain your answer. a. "The greater the elasticity of demand, the greater the gains from trade." b. "If demand is perfectly inelastic, there are no gains from trade." c. "If demand is perfectly inelastic, consumers do not benefit from trade."
It is not a good way of raising revenue in the sense that it targets essential items consumed by people.
The concept of increasing costs is clearly depicted in the table given below: Ernie’s Water Pump Price of Water Bottles Cost of First Bottle$1 Cost of Second Bottle$3 Cost of Third Bottle$5 Cost of Fourth Bottle $7. It is shown in the above table that the cost of producing each bottle of water is increasing as more and more water bottles are produced. The first bottle cost $1 and the second bottle cost $3. So, the cost of the second bottle is $2 more than the first one. Similarly, the third bottle cost $5, which is $2 more than the second bottle. So, the cost of the fourth bottle will be $7, which is again $2 more than the third one.2. The main idea behind taxing food items is to generate revenue. Taxing food items is a good way of generating revenue because food has inelastic demand. In other words, regardless of the price, consumers would still be willing to purchase the item. Therefore, it generates a considerable amount of revenue for the government as it is consumed by a large number of people. However, it is not a good way of raising revenue in the sense that it targets essential items consumed by people.
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