If a gene is found only on the X chromosome and not the Y chromosome, it is said to be an X-linked or sex-linked trait. X-linked traits can be dominant or recessive
But they are usually expressed in a dominant or recessive pattern in males, who have only one X chromosome, as they do not have a second X chromosome to mask the effects of the X-linked trait. Females, who have two X chromosomes, can be carriers of X-linked traits, with the trait being expressed only if they inherit two copies of the mutant gene.In X-linked recessive inheritance, the gene is only expressed if both copies of the gene, one on each X chromosome, are mutated. Because females have two X chromosomes, they can be carriers of X-linked recessive traits, with the trait being expressed only if they inherit two copies of the mutant gene. In males, the trait is always expressed if the gene is present on the X chromosome. Examples of X-linked recessive traits include color blindness, hemophilia, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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the depth at which the rate of photosynthesis balances the rate of plant respiration is known as the .
The compensation point is the depth at which the rate of photosynthesis equalizes the rate of plant respiration. There is no net gain or loss of oxygen in the aquatic environment since the amount of oxygen generated during photosynthesis is equal to the amount of oxygen used during respiration.
what is plant respiration?
Plant respiration is a sequence of internal chemical processes that occurs in cells that allows plants to release energy from organic substances like sugars and starches. Similar to how animals break down glucose in the presence of oxygen to provide energy for cellular functions, this process is called cellular respiration. All cells in plants, including the roots, stems, and leaves, engage in respiration, which is crucial for the plant's development and upkeep. The energy generated during respiration is employed for a number of processes, including the upkeep of cellular structures, the delivery of nutrients, and the synthesis of new substances.
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The experiments of Meselson and Stahl showed that DNA __________.
A is the genetic material
B contains complementary base pairing
C codes for the amino acid sequences of proteins
D is composed of nucleotides
E replicates in a semiconservative fashion
The experiments of Meselson and Stahl showed that DNA replicates in a semiconservative fashion. option e)
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid and it is hereditary material. DNA contains the genetic information. DNA consists of the chain of molecules called nucleotides and each nucleotide consists of base pairs that are Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C ).
Replication means the process of duplication and it is the first step in central dogma. Meselson and Stahl concluded that DNA can replicate in a semiconservative manner on the basis of experiments and observations.
Experiment: Two isotopes of nitrogen are taken that are heavy and light and are grown in E coli media containing NH4Cl. As a result, 15N was integrated into the bacterial DNA. Later, they revised the NH4Cl medium containing heavy isotope to NH4Cl medium containing light isotope.At a regular interval of time, they took the sample and checked for the density of DNA.
Conclusion: Sample no. 1 (after 20 minutes): The sample had bacterial DNA with an intermediate density.
Sample no. 2 (after 40 minutes): The sample contained DNA with both intermediate and light densities in the same proportion.
Based on observations and experimental results, Meselson and Stahl concluded that DNA molecules can replicate semi-conservatively.
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Nerve cells do not divide as they lackA. NucleusB. Golgi bodyC. MitochondriaD. Centrosome
Nerve cells, also known as neurons, do not divide as they lack Centrosomes. So option D is correct.
Centrosomes are organelles found in animal cells that play a critical role in cell division.
They help organize the microtubules that form the spindle fibers necessary for separating the chromosomes during mitosis. Without centrosomes, cells cannot divide properly.
While nerve cells do have a nucleus, Golgi body, and mitochondria, the absence of centrosomes is thought to be a key reason why they do not divide.
Due to the nervous system's cells' inability to regenerate or be replaced in the same way that other cells can, injuries to the nervous system, such as injury to the spinal cord or brain tissue, can be extremely crippling.
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place in order the steps involved for flavors on the tongue to create a perception in the brain is called
Food's chemical components dissolve in saliva. The taste buds are activated. The facial nerve sends signals to the thalamus. Taste perception is processed by the gustatory cortex.
One sort of atom or molecule can be used to define substances as materials or other objects. They may be seen in the physical world and are composed of atoms and molecules that are put together in a particular way. A substance can be solid, liquid, or gas, and it can be created naturally or artificially. They are distinguished by a special set of characteristics, including as density, melting point, and boiling point.
Each taste bud has cells that are designed to detect flavor at the very tips where they protrude from the tongue.
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In what type of environment would you find extreme halophiles?
a) ice
b) hot springs
c) very salty water
d) anoxic swamps
e) a rain forest
Very salty water is the environment where extreme halophiles are found. Halophiles include a number of bacterial and eukaryotic organisms, the majority of which are members of the class Archaea.
An extremeophile who can survive in salty environments is referred to as a "halophile," which is Greek for "salt-loving." Examples include the alga Dunaliella salina and the fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga. Some well-known species, most notably bacteriorhodopsin, exude red-colored carotenoid molecules. Halophiles can be found in saltier water bodies besides the ocean, such as the Dead Sea, Urmia Lake in Iran, the Great Salt Lake in Utah, and Owens Lake in California. They can also be found in evaporation ponds.
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what are the steps in embryonic development of the brain of a verterbrate( consider proper terminology, timeline, what becomes pns and cns)
The neurulation process, which results in the formation of the neural tube, which will eventually give rise to the central nervous system, causes the neural folds to curve upward and unite. The neural crest, which is also produced by the neural plate, develops into the bulk of PNS and ANS cells when its cells move to different parts of the body.
The majority of the central nervous system (CNS), which is a part of the nervous system, is made up of the brain and spinal cord. All multicellular creatures, with the exception of sponges and diploblasts, have bilaterally symmetric and triploblastic bodies, and the brain regulates and controls the activity of each of these bodies while integrating the information it has been given. It is a structure made of nerve tissue that runs the length of the body from the rostral (the nose end) to the caudal (the bottom end) (the tail end). There may be more brain tissue towards the rostral end. Only arthropods, cephalopods, and vertebrates possess true brains (precursor structures exist in onychophorans, gastropods and lancelets).
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why are archaea considered a monophyletic group according to the three-domain hypothesis?
a. Because this group includes all organisms except eukaryotes
b. Because this group evolved after the origin bacteria
c. Because this group includos an ancestral population and all of its descendants
d. Because all members of this group lack membrane-bound organelles
Archaea is considered a monophyletic category under the three-domain theory since it consists of an ancestral population and all of its progeny.
The several recognised phyla of these bacteria are further divided, and they lack cell nuclei. Although having a visual resemblance to bacteria, they have a closer relationship with eukaryotes. They are also well equipped to thrive in challenging conditions.
Archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes are the three domains of the three-domain system, a biological taxonomy that classifies cellular life forms. The fundamental difference between this classification and other ones like the two-empire system and the five-kingdom classification is the separation of archaea from bacteria as a completely different organism.
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What are two ways lysosomes can be activated?
Lysosomes could be activated by joining forces with an aging organelle or a phagocytosed food vesicle.
An organelle of the a cell that is membrane-bound and houses digestive enzymes is called a lysosome. Numerous biological processes involve lysosomes. They disassemble extra or damaged cell components. They could be applied to eliminate invasive bacteria and viruses. Lysosomes can assist a cell in self-destruction thru a process induce apoptosis, or apoptosis, if indeed the damage is irreparable. Currently, the lysosome is a particular kind of acidic organelle. It must therefore be shielded from the interior of the rest of the cell. Therefore, the proteolytic enzymes that need to be kept inside an acidic, low-pH climate are kept in a chamber with a membrane surrounding it. Large molecules are disassembled into smaller ones by these hydrolytic enzymes.
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Select all of the organisms that typically have cell walls. 1. Animals 2. Fungi 3. Protozoa 4. Algae5. Plants.
With the exception of animals, every creature mentioned in the question normally has cell walls.
Cell walls, which enclose a cell's outside and offer structural support, are solid, semi-permeable structures.
Plants and algae have cell walls made of cellulose, another polysaccharide, although certain protozoa and fungi have cell walls formed of chitin. Animal cell walls are made up of lipids like collagen and proteins.
Cell walls are crucial for giving cells shape and acting as an additional barrier against the outside world. They are crucial for the cell's selective permeability, which lets only specific molecules enter or leave the cell.
Cell walls in certain species can function as a source of nutrition and a barrier against predators.
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a urease test is used to identify mycobacterium tuberculosis because
a. urease is a sign of tuberculosis. b. M. tuberculosis produces urease. c. urease is part of an acid-fast cell wall. d. urea accumulates during tuberculosis. e. All of these choices are correct.
The urease test is a simple, rapid and cost-effective method used to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). All of the choices listed are correct,
And they all help to explain why the urease test is used to identify M. tuberculosis. Urease is a sign of tuberculosis, and M. tuberculosis produces urease, which is part of an acid-fast cell wall. During tuberculosis, urea accumulates, and this accumulation can be detected by the urease test. Through the use of the urease test, M. tuberculosis can be identified quickly, accurately and economically. The urease test is especially useful for detecting tuberculosis in low-resource settings. It is a simple, inexpensive and effective way to identify M. tuberculosis and help prevent the spread of the disease.
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Someone help, and please explain how you approached your answer.
Answer:
A)
Explanation:
0.5 mm is 500micrometers
Just eyeballing the cell there is no way it could be B) or C).
In the circumstances of this question I think the only thing you can really do is look at the cell and try to make an approximate guess on the diameter. In a question like this it can be tricky with A) and D) being so close together in magnitude.
I think it is A). This is because it looks like it would take about 5 of the cell to reach the diameter of the microscope lens.
And 100micrometers is 1/5 of 0.5mm.
what percentage of earth’s freshwater is frozen in the cryosphere?
Approximately 68.7% of the freshwater on Earth is frozen in the cryosphere
The cryosphere is a critical component of the Earth's climate system and plays an important role in regulating global temperatures and sea levels. The melting of ice in the cryosphere is a key indicator of climate change, and the resulting rise in sea level can have significant impacts on human societies and natural ecosystems. The continued loss of ice from the cryosphere is also expected to have a wide range of environmental and ecological consequences, including changes to ocean currents, alterations to the water cycle, and impacts on wildlife populations. Understanding the cryosphere and its role in the Earth's climate system is essential for predicting and mitigating the impacts of climate change on a global scale.
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a food that is unprocessed and in a raw state that has never been frozen or undergone any form of heat processing or preservation is called
Fresh foods. Food that has been freshly prepared has not been kept cold or warm, reheated, for an extended period of time, or created from leftovers.
Food that hasn't been preserved or gone bad is referred to as fresh food. This means that the meat was recently killed and butchered, the fish was recently caught or harvested, and it was kept cold. For vegetables and fruits, it means that they were recently harvested and properly cared for afterward.
Dairy goods are perishable because they are just produced. Cheese that hasn't been dried or salted for ageing is hence considered fresh cheese. Cream fraîche, or "fresh cream," refers to sour cream.
Fresh food hasn't been dried, smoked, salted, frozen, canned, pickled, or otherwise preserved. Fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds are among the fresh, wholesome foods that are included.
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The human genetic code, transmitted at the moment of conception and stored in our genes, is composed of specific sequences of ____.A. CellsB. MembranesC. DNAD. Chromosomes
Option C, The human genetic code is a set of instructions encoded in DNA that is transmitted from parents to offspring at the moment of conception.
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a double-stranded molecule composed of four nucleotide bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine) that are arranged in a specific sequence. This sequence of bases forms the genetic code that determines the characteristics of an individual, including physical traits, susceptibility to diseases, and predisposition to certain behaviors. DNA is organized into chromosomes, which are located in the nucleus of cells. Each human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, or a total of 46 chromosomes. The genetic code is read by the cells and used to synthesize proteins, which are essential for the functioning of the body.
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What type of blood vessel is built to handle the highest pressure of any vessel in the cardiovascular system? A) muscular artery B) metarterioles E) conducting correct C) arterioles F) all are correct D) veins G) none
Option A), Muscular artery is the type of blood vessel that is built to handle the highest pressure of any vessel in the cardiovascular system.
Muscular arteries have thick walls with a high density of smooth muscle cells, which allow them to constrict and dilate in response to changes in blood pressure and flow. This allows muscular arteries to regulate blood flow and maintain a stable pressure in the cardiovascular system, even under conditions of high demand or stress. Muscular arteries are the largest and most muscular type of artery in the human body. They are designed to handle the highest pressure of any vessel in the cardiovascular system, due to their role in distributing blood to the organs and tissues of the body. The walls of muscular arteries contain three layers: the tunica intima, the tunica media, and the tunica adventitia. The tunica intima is the innermost layer of the artery wall and is in direct contact with the blood flowing through the vessel. It is composed of endothelial cells that form a smooth, non-adhesive surface to prevent blood clotting and to allow easy flow of blood. The tunica media is the middle layer of the artery wall and contains many layers of smooth muscle cells. This muscle layer is responsible for the contraction and dilation of the artery in response to the signals from the sympathetic nervous system.
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If a dog has 72 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after going through mitosis
In the case of a dog with 72 chromosomes, mitosis will result in the formation of two daughter cells, each with a complete set of 72 chromosomes.
This is because mitosis involves the replication and segregation of the full complement of chromosomes in the parent cell.
The process of mitosis can be divided into several stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During prophase, the chromosomes condense and become visible under a microscope. The nuclear envelope breaks down, and the spindle fibers, which will pull the chromosomes apart during cell division, begin to form.
During metaphase, the chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell, and the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome. In anaphase, the spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids of each chromosome apart, and these chromatids are then pulled to opposite poles of the cell.
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________ is an adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli.
Sensory adaptation is an adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli.
Sensory adaptation is a process by which the sensitivity of a sensory system changes over time in response to a constant or repeated stimulus, leading to a reduced sensitivity to that stimulus.
This allows our sensory systems to filter out irrelevant information and focus on detecting changes in the environment that are more important for survival.
Sensory adaptation is a fundamental process that occurs in all of our sensory systems. It is an adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli.
This process is essential for our ability to detect changes in the environment and filter out irrelevant information. Sensory adaptation is a form of neural plasticity, where the sensory system undergoes changes in response to the stimulus over time.
The process of sensory adaptation involves changes in both the peripheral and central nervous systems.
At the peripheral level, the sensory receptor cells that respond to a particular stimulus become less responsive as the stimulus is presented repeatedly. At the central level, the neurons that process the sensory information also become less responsive. This results in a reduction in the intensity of the sensory experience, which is known as sensory adaptation.
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ow would early cells benefit from DNA replacing RNA as the information storage mole RNA would have more flexibility in its catalytic functions. DNA mutates more easily. Information would be stored in a more stable molecule. RNA would serve a role only as mRNA.
Early cells would benefit from DNA replacing RNA as the information storage molecule because information would be stored in a more stable molecule.
DNA is more stable than RNA because it is double-stranded, whereas RNA is single-stranded. This means that DNA is less prone to mutations and can store information for longer periods of time. Additionally, RNA would be able to serve a more specific role as mRNA, which is responsible for carrying the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.
This would allow for more flexibility in the catalytic functions of RNA. Overall, the replacement of RNA with DNA as the information storage molecule would allow for more efficient and accurate storage and use of genetic information in early cells.
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Convergent and coevolution similarities
Convergent and coevolution are similar in such a way that they involves two species that independently develop similar characteristics as a result of a common evolutionary goal.
What is Coevolution?This is referred to as the process which occurs when two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution through the process of natural selection.
It has some similarities with convergent evolution such that it involves two species that independently develop similar characteristics so as to achieve a common evolutionary goal as a result of diufferent forms of environmental changes.
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which of the following statements is true of genetic mutations? a. errors in dna replication are most often fatal. b. errors in dna duplication are normally irreparable. c. mutations may result from environmental agents. d. mutations that occur in somatic cells are inheritable.
Of the options provided, the true statement regarding genetic mutations is that mutations may result from environmental agents. So option c is correct.
Environmental factors can induce mutations in the DNA of an organism, leading to changes in the genetic code that can have both positive and negative effects. These environmental agents can include exposure to radiation, chemicals, and certain viruses. In addition to environmental factors, mutations can also occur spontaneously during DNA replication or as a result of errors in cellular processes such as DNA repair.
While errors in DNA replication or duplication can lead to mutations, they are not necessarily fatal or irreparable. In fact, cells have a range of mechanisms to repair damaged or mutated DNA, including mismatch repair and nucleotide excision repair. However, in cases where the damage or mutation is extensive or affects critical genes, it can lead to serious consequences, including cell death or the development of cancer.
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How does climate change impact fungal diseases?
Fungi are especially sensitive to climate extremes. Persistently warmer temperatures at increasingly higher latitudes are contributing to ongoing expansion of geographic ranges of known fungal pathogens. Alongside fungal species’ advancement into new territories, many have the capacity to develop thermotolerance.
A greater number of previously unharmful or underappreciated fungal species emerge by climate change. Extreme weathers - including heat waves, drought, and flooding - foster circumstances favoring survival and infectivity of pathogens. However, fungi can be trained to evolve thermotolerance, and gradual adaptation to increasing temperature caused by climate lead to an increase of organisms that can cause disease. Climate change increases geographic range of pathogenic species, leading to emergence of diseases in areas where they have not been reported.
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the classification of organisms is called(1 point) responses evolutionary biology. evolutionary biology. ecology. ecology. taxonomy. taxonomy. anatomy.
The classification of organisms is called taxonomy. Taxonomy is the science of naming, characterizing, and classifying creatures, and it encompasses all of the world's plants, animals, and microorganisms.
Taxonomy is the scientific study of naming, defining and classifying groupings of biological species based on similar traits. It is derived from the Ancient Greek 'arrangement' and -o 'method'. Taxa are groupings of organisms that are assigned a taxonomic rank; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to produce a more inclusive group of higher rank, resulting in a taxonomic hierarchy.
In modern botany, the main ranks are domain, kingdom, phylum (division is often used instead of phylum), class, order, family, genus, and species.
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Full Question: The classification of organisms is called(1 point) responses
evolutionary biology.. ecology. taxonomy. anatomy.Answer:
the answer is taxonomy
Explanation:
Please help and put the numbers in order!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Thankssss
The correct sequence of stages in Calvin Cycle are
1.Carboxylation- RuBP (5 carbon) is carboxylated by CO2 in presence of RuBisCO
2.Reduction- of 1,3 bis phosphoglycerate by NADPH in presence of glyceraldehyde -3 phosphate dehydrogease, producing Glyceraldehyde -3 phosphate (G3P) and NADP
3.Regeneration-of RuBP, five G3P molecules produce three RuBP molecules utilizing three ATP
So, the correct answer is 'Carboxylation → reduction →Regeneration.
What is carboxylation?
A carboxylate group is added to a substrate during carboxylation. PHAs become more hydrophobic and undergo carboxylation when unsaturated PHAs, epoxidized side chains, or chlorine groups are oxidised. The hydrophilicity of the polymer is increased by the carboxylic group addition. There have been reports of about 70 PHA polymers containing OH or -COO end groups. Unsaturated PHO-co-polyhydroxyundecenoate (PHU) was carboxylated using ozone and osmium tetroxide (OsO4), and the reaction took place in heated dimethylformamide, which caused backbone breakdown. Gel permeation chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to establish the degradation, and variations in the solubility of the polymer were used to demonstrate the carboxylation.To know more about carboxylation, click the link given below:
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What is the identity of this atom?
X
X
X
A
B
C
D
Berrylium (Be)
Fluorine (F)
Cobalt (Co)
Argon (Ar)
assume that a test cross is made between aabb and aabb plants and the phenotypes of offspring occur in the following numbers: 106 ab, 48 ab, 52 ab, 94 ab. these results are consistent with a. independent assortment. b. linkage with approximately 33 map units between the two gene loci. c. none of the other choices is correct. d. linkage with 50% crossing over.
The results of the test cross, where aa bb is crossed with aa bb and the phenotypes of the offspring are observed, are consistent with independent assortment of the two gene loci. Therefore, the correct answer is (a) independent assortment.
Independent assortment refers to the random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, which results in the random distribution of alleles for different genes located on different chromosomes. In this case, the two gene loci are on different chromosomes, so they would be expected to assort independently during meiosis. This would result in a 1:1:1:1 ratio of the four possible phenotypes ([tex]ab, aB, Ab, AB[/tex]) if the genes are unlinked. The observed phenotypic ratio of[tex]106 ab : 48 aB : 52 Ab : 94 AB[/tex]is consistent with independent assortment, since it is very close to the expected 1:1:1:1 ratio. If the genes were linked, the observed ratio would likely deviate from this expected ratio, depending on the degree of linkage and crossing over. Therefore, the correct answer is (a) independent assortment.
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What are the roles of primers in PCR?
Role of Primers in PCR: 1) polymerize free nucleotides to form new DNA strands. 2) provide energy for DNA polymerization reactions. 3) provide 3' end for DNA polymerase.
What are PCR primers?PCR primers are short single-stranded DNA fragments that are complementary to and flank the target region. They act as starting points for new strands. The enzyme polymerase can only add DNA bases to double strand of DNA. Only when the primer binds can the polymerase enzyme bind and start building a new complementary strand of DNA from the loose DNA bases.
What is the importance of primer specificity in PCR technology?Careful design of synthetic oligonucleotide primers is critical to the overall success of a PCR experiment. An ideally designed primer pair ensures efficiency and specificity of the amplification reaction, resulting in high yields of the desired amplicon.
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injection of calcium chelators, such as edta, into a postsynaptic neuron would most likely have what effect on synaptic plasticity?
Injection of calcium chelators, such as edta, into a postsynaptic neuron would most likely have LTP would not be observed
What is synaptic plasticity ?Synapses, the connections that allow neurons to communicate with one another, undergo change known as synaptic plasticity. Donald Hebb, a Canadian psychologist, was the first to postulate that synapses could alter and that this change depended on how active or passive they were.
Examples of short-term plasticity in response to outside stimulus include paired-pulse depression and paired-pulse facilitation.
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nondisjunction that leads to problems in offspring can occur in _____.
Meiosis I and II can both experience nondisjunction, which might be problematic for the offspring.
Since the chromatids do not separate as a result of nondisjunction, one cell obtains both chromatids while the other cell does not.
Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosomes to properly separate during meiosis, which can result in gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers. Nondisjunction can occur in both males and females and can affect any chromosome, but it is most common in chromosomes 21, 18, 13, X, and Y.
When nondisjunction affects the sex chromosomes, it can result in conditions such as Turner syndrome (45, X), Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY), Triple X syndrome (47, XXX) in females, and XYY syndrome (47, XYY) in males.
When nondisjunction affects autosomes (non-sex chromosomes), it can result in conditions such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), and Patau syndrome (trisomy 13).
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EXTENDED RESPONSE
A single layer of smooth muscle encircles the walls of
blood vessels. The walls of the stomach and small
intestine have a layer of circular smooth muscle and
a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle.
Part A
How does the muscle arrangement of blood
vessels reflect the function of this structure?
Part B How does the muscle arrangement of the
stomach and small intestine reflect the func-
tion of these structures?
Tunica media is a thicker arterial wall layer which is mostly made up of smooth muscle cells. It forms the middle layer in blood vessels.
What is Smooth muscle cells?Smooth muscle cells regulate blood flow by constricting and dilating the blood vessels. This regulation is important for the efficient transport of gases and nutrients when reaches the capillary bed.
Due to having a large amount of smooth muscle cells, these arterioles play an important role in regulating the flow of blood between arteries and capillaries.
Therefore, Tunica media is a thicker arterial wall layer which is mostly made up of smooth muscle cells. It forms the middle layer in blood vessels.
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4. An object is moving along at a constant velocity of 100 cm/s. What is the external force acting on the object?
Answer & Explanation: Constant velocity means that the forces are balanced, and thus Fnet = 0.
