in 1914, henry ford doubled his workers wages in order to cut down on turnover (and the related retraining of new employees) and absenteeism. what is this called?

Business ethics with a utilitarian perspective. Utilitarianism, as a theory of business ethics, emphasises the need to carefully consider all of the social benefits and costs of a business action and to pursue only those courses of action where the benefits outweigh the costs.

By defining acceptable behaviours outside of the purview of the state, business ethics strengthen the law. Businesses establish business ethics to encourage moral behaviour among their workforce and win over important constituencies like customers and investors. The moral standards that a company as a whole and specific employees within an Utilitarianism set are known as ethical principles in business.

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What additional organisational variables, besides culture, should be taken into account when choosing a project management structure? - The availability of resources and the proportion of core activity that involves projects are the two main factors.

The process of creating a project management structure is heavily influenced by two design criteria. The degree of expertise and the requirement for coordination are these. Organizational design is significantly influenced by five factors: strategy, environment, technology, size and life cycle, and culture. The goal of functional organisation is to maximise efficiency and effectiveness through departmentalization and specialisation. When a project team is made up of various units or departments, this structure is typically utilised in flat-hierarchy organisations.

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We can infer that his total utility from eating 3 slices of pizza at lunch is greater than 42 and less than 61.

Marginal utility is the additional satisfaction a consumer receives by owning another unit of goods or services. The concept of marginal utility is used by economists to determine whether consumers are willing to buy a product.

Positive marginal utility is when consuming additional items increases total utility. Negative marginal utility, on the other hand, occurs when his total utility decreases when he consumes 1 more unit.

Economists use the idea of ​​marginal utility to estimate how satisfaction affects consumer choices. Economists have also identified a concept known as the law of diminishing marginal utility. Explain how the first unit of consumption of goods and services yields more utility than subsequent units.

Marginal utility helps explain how consumers make decisions to get the most value from their limited budgets. In general, people will continue to consume more goods as long as their marginal utility is greater than their marginal cost.

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The amount of cash that is actually expected to be collected on accounts receivable is referred to as the net realizable value (NRV) of accounts receivable.

NRV represents the estimated amount of cash that a company can expect to collect from its outstanding accounts receivable, after accounting for any uncollectible amounts.

To determine the NRV of accounts receivable, a company must estimate the number of bad debts it expects to incur and subtract this amount from the total amount of accounts receivable. This results in the NRV, which is the amount of cash the company expects to collect from its customers.

The NRV is an important measure for companies that extend credit to customers because it provides a more accurate picture of the amount of cash that is likely to be received from customers. It is also important for financial reporting purposes because it affects the valuation of accounts receivable on the balance sheet and the recognition of bad debt expense on the income statement.

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provides a blueprint for translating business strategy into a plan for it: IT architecture

Developing a plan for Information Systems (IS) is an important step in translating the business strategy into action. The following steps can be used as a blueprint for developing an IS plan:

Understand the Business Strategy: The first step is to understand the business strategy, including its objectives, goals, and the key performance indicators. This provides the context for developing the IS plan.

Analyze the Existing IS Environment: This step involves analyzing the current IS infrastructure, applications, and processes to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. This analysis can be used to identify the areas where the IS plan can add the most value.

Define IS Requirements: Based on the business strategy and the analysis of the existing IS environment, define the IS requirements. These requirements should be specific, measurable, and aligned with the business strategy.

Identify Potential IS Solutions: Identify potential IS solutions that can meet the defined IS requirements. These solutions can be a combination of hardware, software, and services.

Evaluate and Select IS Solutions: Evaluate the potential IS solutions and select the ones that best meet the IS requirements. This evaluation can be based on criteria such as cost, functionality, scalability, and ease of use.

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The French woman could be allowed to file a harassment claim in a federal court in the United States, but it would rely on a number of variables, including the specifics of the harassment.

Typically, a case must have some relationship to the United States, such as the presence of a U.S. person or the commission of a tort on U.S. soil, in order for a U.S. federal court to have authority over it. There are other laws governing when individuals who are not U.S. citizens or residents can be sued in U.S. courts. It might be challenging to prove the requisite link to the United States in this instance because neither the claimant nor the defendant are U.S. citizens, and the alleged harassment allegedly took place in France. Nonetheless, in some cases, such as when the defendant has a sufficient amount of connections with the United States, American courts may have authority over non-citizens.

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One on one interviews are the most common approach for gathering needs and one of the primary sources of requirements. They should have a plan before meeting with the interviewee and be prepared to help them make the most of session. Interviewing stakeholders requires the analyst to identify them.

The fundamental parts of the needs process of collecting are four complementary sub processes: requirements elicitation, prerequisites documenting, and requirements comprehension. The process of eliciting upper requirements from all pertinent stakeholders involves asking them for them.

Finding out what your projects must accomplish and what must be produced to make it happen is the process of requirements gathering. You're most likely aware of the fact that every person has their own set of shared project assumptions regarding what a venture should contain.

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Option B - subsidies would be included in GDP because they are part of investment expenditures.

Subsidies provided by the government to encourage the formation of small businesses would be included in GDP (Gross Domestic Product) as part of investment expenditures. Investment expenditures refer to spending on capital goods, such as equipment or machinery, and other expenditures aimed at expanding production or improving efficiency. The subsidies are considered part of investment because they provide financial support to businesses, allowing them to invest in their operations and expand their production capabilities. However, it is important to note that the impact of subsidies on GDP can vary depending on factors such as the size and nature of the businesses receiving the subsidies and the effectiveness of the program in promoting economic growth. While subsidies may help to stimulate economic activity in the short term, their long-term impact on economic growth and sustainability is subject to debate among economists and policymakers.

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Revenue unless a business splits fees with the other business & pays the other firm a portion of a major fee.

The total amount of cash your business makes from operations in a year, excluding any deductions on returns, the price of the things you sold, and expenses Most small firms operate on a cash basis, in which case annual revenue is recorded in the year it is received.

According to the definition, revenue is the overall sum of money obtained through conducting commercial activities like sales. Sales is another name for it on the income statement.

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Option (d), What are our main competitive advantages and strengths? The mission statement of your organization should provide answers to these queries.

The mission statement of a company may be useful. It starts with describing a company's goals and position in the market for its customers, competitors, and other stakeholders. Additionally, it supports keeping focus and direction so that the company may make the greatest choices for the future.

Mission statements outline objectives and chart a course. Your organization's mission statement should be clear and operate as a compass. It acts as the foundation of your strategy and as a facilitator for a variety of operations, including hiring and marketing.

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The statement is False.  it is not important for the external auditor to understand the role and function of the internal audit function as part of understanding the client.

Internal auditing is an independent, objective warranty and consulting interest designed to feature cost and improve an business enterprise's operations. It facilitates an employer to accomplish its targets by bringing a scientific, disciplined technique to evaluate and enhance the effectiveness of change management, control, and governance approaches.

Internal auditing may achieve this purpose with the aid of presenting insight and pointers based totally on analyses and exams of facts and enterprise tactics. With a dedication to integrity and duty, internal auditing affords cost to governing bodies and senior management as a goal supply of independent recommendations. specialists known as inner auditors are hired via groups to carry out the internal auditing interest.

The scope of internal auditing within an employer may be vast and may involve topics along with a company's governance, threat control, and control controls over the performance/effectiveness of operations (together with safeguarding of belongings), the reliability of economic and control reporting, and compliance with laws and policies.

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Coinage Power or Currency Power is the power of the national government to coin money.

The power of the national government to coin money is known as the "Coinage Power" or the "Currency Power". This power is granted to the federal government of the United States by the Constitution, specifically in Article I, Section 8, which outlines the powers of Congress. The Coinage Power gives the federal government the authority to regulate the value and supply of money, issue currency, and mint coins. This power is an important tool for managing the economy, controlling inflation, and promoting economic stability.

Coinage Power refers to the constitutional authority granted to the federal government to regulate the value and supply of money, mint coins, and issue currency. This power is enshrined in Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution, and it allows the national government to control the money supply, promote economic stability, and manage inflation. The Coinage Power has been exercised by the U.S. Department of the Treasury through the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and the United States Mint, which are responsible for the production of paper currency and coins, respectively.

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The concept is that of Financial markets, a market where people trade financial securities and derivatives at low transaction costs. The answer is option B, false.

Financial markets include any place or system that offers buyers and merchandisers the occasion to trade fiscal instruments, including bonds, stocks, colorful transnational currencies and derivations. fiscal requests grease commerce between those who need capital and those who have capital to invest.

fiscal requests grease commerce between those who need capital and those who have capital to invest. In addition to raising capital, fiscal requests allow actors to transfer threat( generally through derivations) and encourage trading.

A well- developed fiscal request performs other essential functions in addition to converting savings into capital and allocating them to investments.

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If prices are expected to decrease in future, the demand will rise today.

Demand is a fundamental economic concept that refers to the amount of a product or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at a certain price and time. It is the desire of consumers for a particular good or service backed by the purchasing power to obtain it. The demand for a product or service depends on several factors, including consumer income, taste and preferences, the availability of substitute products, the price of related goods, and market trends. A change in any of these factors may cause a shift in demand, resulting in a change in the quantity demanded at a given price level. Understanding demand is crucial for businesses to make informed decisions regarding production, pricing, and marketing strategies.

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The average wage in the United States after the trade is then ($750 / 60 hours) = $12.50 per hour.

To determine the value of the average wage in the United States after the trade, we need to first calculate the amount of each good produced and traded by both countries.

Mexico can produce 15 shirts (60 hours / 4 hours per shirt) or 5 computers (60 hours / 12 hours per computer). The opportunity cost of producing a shirt in Mexico is 3 computers (12 hours/4 hours).

The United States can produce 15 shirts (60 hours / 4 hours per shirt) or 20 computers (60 hours / 3 hours per computer). The opportunity cost of producing a shirt in the United States is 1.33 computers (4 hours/3 hours).

Given these opportunity costs, it is advantageous for Mexico to produce shirts, while the United States specializes in producing computers. The two countries then trade 7.5 shirts for 7.5 computers.

Mexico gives up 22.5 computers (3 computers per shirt x 7.5 shirts) in exchange for 7.5 computers. The value of the shirts Mexico produces is $1,500 (15 shirts x $100 per shirt), while the value of the computers Mexico receives is $750 (7.5 computers x $100 per computer).

The United States gives up 10 shirts (1.33 computers per shirt x 7.5 computers) in exchange for 7.5 computers. The value of the computers the United States produces is $750 (7.5 computers x $100 per computer), while the value of the shirts the United States receives is $750 (7.5 shirts x $100 per shirt).

Therefore, the total value of the trade is $1,500 + $750 = $2,250, which is split evenly between the two countries. The average wage in the United States after trade is then ($750 / 60 hours) = $12.50 per hour.

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Marketers ask whether the segment is substantial, identifiable, reachable, responsive, and profitable during the first step of the STP (Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning) process, which is to evaluate segment attractiveness.

During the first step of the STP process, marketers evaluate the potential of each segment based on five criteria, which are whether the segment is identifiable, substantial, reachable, responsive, and profitable. Identifiability refers to whether the segment can be measured and identified, while substantiality refers to whether the segment is large and profitable enough to be worth targeting.

Reachability refers to whether the segment can be effectively reached and served, while responsiveness refers to whether the segment is likely to respond to marketing efforts. Finally, profitability refers to whether the segment is likely to generate sufficient profit for the company. By evaluating segment attractiveness based on these criteria, marketers can determine which segments to target and how to position their products or services to appeal to those segments.

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The internal rate of return of the project is approximately 17.5%. This is the discount rate at which the project's NPV is zero, meaning that the project is expected to earn a return of 17.5% on the initial investment.

To calculate the internal rate of return (IRR) of the project, we need to find the discount rate at which the project's net present value (NPV) equals zero. We can use trial and error.

Using trial and error, we can start by assuming a rate between 16% and 19%, and then calculate the net present value of the project at that rate. If the NPV is positive, we need to try a higher rate; if the net present value is negative, we need to try a lower rate. By repeating this process, we can narrow down the range of possible IRRs until we find the rate that makes the net present value zero.

Alternatively, we can use the IRR function in Excel. We can input the cash flows of the project as a series of values, including the initial investment and the expected future cash flows, and then use the IRR function to find the rate that makes the NPV of the cash flows zero.

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The correct answer is competitors.The first time coffee was brought to Europe outside of the Ottoman Empire was in the 17th century, and coffeehouse quickly became commonplace.

The first coffeehouse is said to have been established by a Jewish trader in Livorno in 1632 or subsequently in Venice in 1640. [23] In the 19th and 20th centuries, writers and painters commonly gathered in coffee shops throughout Europe. [Needs citation]In 1650 and 1651, "Jacob the Jew" opened the first coffeehouse in England in Oxford. In 1654, the Jew Cirques Jobson established Queen's Lane Coffee House across the street as a competition. [26] In 1652, Pasqua Rosée established the first café in London. [27] In his views regarding Oxford's coffee cafes, Anthony Wood

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Us federal reserve is increasing interest rates inside an effort to curb the economic phenomena that is causing the cost of goods and services to rise. True

The Board of Governors is the group responsible for overseeing the Federal Reserve System, and it is based in Washington, D.C. The seven individuals who serve as its "governors" are chosen by us president and ratified by the Senate.

The Federal Reserve, sometimes known as the Fed, is the most potent economic institution around the world, if not the entire country of the United States. Setting interest rates, controlling the money supply, & overseeing the financial system are some of its main functions.

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Growth is an important economic goal because

With quicker GDP growth, the size of the economy as a whole grows, which also improves fiscal conditions. A broadly shared increase in per capita GDP raises the material standard of living for the typical American.

Economic growth, which is defined as an increase in people's real income, shows that the ratio of people's income to the prices of the items they may purchase is rising; as a result, goods and services are more freely available, and people experience less poverty.

The data that GDP gives about the size and health of an economy can be used to explain why it is important. Real GDP growth is widely used as an indicator of how the economy is doing overall. Generally speaking, real GDP growth is regarded as a sign that the economy is doing well.

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The line item that flows from the balance sheet to the statement of cash flows is the "Change in Cash and Cash Equivalents" line item.

This line item reflects the change in the company's cash and cash equivalents from one period to another and is calculated by subtracting the cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period from the cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period.

This line item is important because it provides insight into the company's liquidity and ability to meet its short-term obligations. It is also an important component of the statement of cash flows, which provides information about the company's cash inflows and outflows during the period.

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The company should report $20,000 in software amortization expense for the year ended December 31, year 1.

We must first decide how much of the software cost should be assigned to the first year before we can compute the amortisation costs. The average yearly revenue from software sales is $500,000 / 2 = $250,000 if the projected economic life is two years and the total software sales are $500,000. The amount of software expense to be allocated to year 1 would be $300,000 / $250,000 = 1.2 times the average yearly income if the firm had software sales of $300,000 in year 1. So, the software expense that would go towards year 1 would be $40,000 x 1.2 = $48,000. In such case, $48,000 / 2 = $24,000 would be the amortisation expenditure for the year that ended on December 31, year 1. Therefore, the business must disclose a $24,000 charge for software amortisation.

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The following illustrates the tragedy of the commons: a nonprofit organization does a winter clothing drive, and the first people to show up to get winter clothing grab far more than they need, leaving nothing for the families that show up a few minutes later. The correct option is d.

The tragedy of the commons is a situation in which individual users, who have open access to a resource unhampered by shared social structures, formal rules, charges, fees, or taxes that regulate access and use, act independently according to their self-interest and, contrary to the common good of all users.

It causes depletion of the resource through their uncoordinated action in the case that there are too many users related to the available resources.

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The average return for portfolio an over the past twelve months is 3%, with a standard deviation of 4%. the average return for portfolio b over this same period is also 3%, but with a standard deviation of 6%. the geometric mean return of portfolio an is 2.85%. the geometric mean return of portfolio b is A less than 2.85%. Thus, option (a) is correct.

The term standard deviation is the part of the statistics economy. It was a measure of how spread the data is in relation to the mean. It was the measure of the value of the variation or dispersion.

Given, the amount:

R(A) = 0.03, SD(A) = 0.04,

R(B) = 0.03, SD(B) = 0.06

As per the shown as the has R(A) = 0.03, SD(A) = 0.04, a lower standard deviation on the closer as the arithmetic mean.

As per the shown as the has R(B) = 0.03, SD(B) = 0.06, a higher standard deviation on the higher as compare to the A. So, A less than 2.85%.

As a result, the significance of the standard deviation are the forementioned.

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Your question is incomplete, but most probably the full question was.

The average return for Portfolio A over the past twelve months is 3%, with a standard deviation of 4%. The average return for Portfolio B over this same period is also 3%, but with a standard deviation of 6%. The geometric mean return of Portfolio A is 2.85%. The geometric mean return of Portfolio B is:

A less than 2.85%.

B equal to 2.85%.

C greater than 2.85%.

True. Stability, clear expectations, and creating order are all considered strengths of bureaucracies.

An organisational structure that prioritises rules, processes, and distinct lines of power is called a bureaucracy. The predictability and consistency of a bureaucracy's processes and procedures, which can give the organisation a sense of structure and order, is what gives it stability. Standardized rules and processes may reduce misunderstanding and increase efficiency by setting clear expectations. Because the system is built to handle complicated tasks and coordinate the activity of numerous individuals, bureaucracies excel at establishing order. It is important to keep in mind, though, that bureaucracies might have some flaws, such delayed decision-making and reluctance to change.

A complicated organisation with numerous systems and procedures is referred to as a bureaucracy.

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A common organizational structure follows a system in which power flows upward thru the organization, and all personnel follow a chain of command. The typical organizational chart may also appear like a pyramid.

There are three fundamental sorts of organizational structure: useful structure, divisional structure and a blend of the two, referred to as matrix structure.

In a standard hierarchy, human beings in the corporation document to just one boss. In a matrix organization, personnel report to each a practical manager and a product or venture manager.

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The adjusting factor in the creation of a common size income statement is sales. A common-size income statement is one in which the percentage of total sales or revenue is expressed for each line item of a traditional income statement.

A tool for analysing a company's historical performance over a number of periods is provided by common-size income statements. Find the largest common-size between the two terms in the ratio to write it in its simplest form. The biggest number that divides two numbers equally is known as the greatest common factor. Next, multiply the ratio's two terms by its largest common factor.

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If Julia releases formal statement, enspoused values level of the organizational culture she is affecting.

Organizational culture is the shared values, beliefs, assumptions, behaviors, and practices that define an organization and its employees. It shapes the way people interact and work together, and influences decision-making, communication, and overall performance. Culture can be reflected in the organization's mission statement, policies, traditions, and symbols, as well as in the way employees dress, talk, and behave. A strong organizational culture can promote employee engagement, motivation, and retention, as well as improve productivity and customer satisfaction. Conversely, a negative or toxic culture can lead to low morale, high turnover, and poor performance. Therefore, it is crucial for organizations to create and maintain a positive and healthy culture that aligns with their goals and values.

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       Economies of scale are cost advantages that businesses enjoy as a result of efficient production. In order to attain economies of scale, businesses must increase production while reducing expenses.  

TYPES OF ECONOMIES SCALE

Internal Economies of Scale originate from internal factors within the organization. The Internal Economies of Scale are the internal factors that can be controlled by the organization to lower the cost of production.

Economies of scale can be defined as the long-term cost advantages that an organization can get by expanding their output. Hence, the benefits of large-scale growth are referred to as "Economies of Scale." The advantage in cost is achieved through the lower average cost per unit.

external economies of scale factors External economies of scale take place within the same industry but outside of a specific business. Keep in mind that economies of scale in economics refer to the fact that a company's cost of producing each unit decreases as it produces more units.

The cost of production per unit, on the other hand, is impacted by external economies of scale. The elements that lower the cost of production are the external economies of scale. External economies of scale cannot be managed by the organization, in contrast to internal economies of scale. These include things like tax breaks, partnerships, the availability of highly skilled labor, etc.

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Agglomerations provided by specialized cities are: Low cost labor, easier availability of raw materials, development of associated services like transport, recreation etc, better framing of city plan as per industries need.

Agglomerations provided by diversified cities: city can deal with economic fluctuations better, diversity can reduce dependence on one industry, all kinds of associated businesses develop from hotels to hospitals and from schools to recreation.

Businesses relocate to specialized cities to take advantage of the plentiful labor supply. It might be able to take advantage of the transportation and infrastructure network that has already been established. Also, the government might designate a city as a special economic zone where there are lenient labor regulations and possible tax breaks for businesses that export. Businesses might also want to benefit from lax environmental restrictions.

This may have happened due to following factors:

1. Overspecialization of all factors of production for GM and Ford in Detroit

2. The internal and external economies of scale.

3. Detroit's ability to attract best workers.

4. Development of all ancillary industries nearby.

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